Pub Date : 2021-02-17DOI: 10.1177/1748895820987319
Harriet Burgess BL
{"title":"Book review: Privatising Justice: The Security Industry, War and Crime Control, by Wendy Fitzgibbon and John Lea","authors":"Harriet Burgess BL","doi":"10.1177/1748895820987319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895820987319","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47217,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1748895820987319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42100039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-14DOI: 10.1177/1748895820911796
Emma Milne
explicitly considering ‘how the larger, social contexts in which mothers must operate contribute to her lethal violence’ (p. 13). By contextualising women’s violence against their infants in the structures of ideologies of ‘good mothering’, Smithey outlines how women assess their parenting actions and the behaviour of their infant against unrealistic standard, coming to the inevitable conclusion that they are simply not good enough mothers. As such, the crying of the baby and the inability to escape that crying, due to social-cultural circumstances that constrict parenting activities for all but the wealthy, results in a situation whereby force to gain compliance is not an unreasonable or unexpected next step for a mother. As such, Smithey roots mother’s fatal assaults of their infants firmly within the structures of patriarchy, exposing another consequence of gender economic and cultural inequality. As a conclusion of her analysis, Smithey briefly touches on the unhelpfulness of criminal justice and social services interventions, identifying the condemnation of ‘bad mothering’ as an element of the problem, rather than part of the solution, particularly in relation to stringent punishments and criminal justice responses (which is common in the United States comparative to legal jurisdictions that have the offence of infanticide, such as the England and Wales, Canada and New Zealand). As part of this conclusion, Smithey carefully skirts around the question of women’s agency in committing these violent acts. An assessment of agency was not a focus of Smithey’s analysis and so my comments here are not to note a limitation of the book. However, the complex and compelling analysis that Smithey presents lends itself to further develop this idea of agency and what role criminal control and punishment should play in response to maternal infant filicide if, as Smithey argues, the causes of this violence are entirely rooted in patriarchal capitalism, the oppression of women by men, and devaluation and disregard for the stresses and strains of raising children. The question of women’s agency as criminal offenders is one that has been at the focus of feminist criminology for decades and that still requires theorisation, particularly in light of sociological analysis of criminal activity, such as that provided by Smithey. Overall, this is a compelling book that provides an excellent overview of the issue of maternal violence towards their infants. The data presented and sociological theorisation is impressive. The book is well written, and the reader is walked through the theory, identifying the steps towards fatal maternal violence. The selected extracts from the interviews add depth and dynamic to the theorisation, supporting Smithey’s arguments and facilitating understanding.
{"title":"Book review: A Criminology of Moral Order","authors":"Emma Milne","doi":"10.1177/1748895820911796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895820911796","url":null,"abstract":"explicitly considering ‘how the larger, social contexts in which mothers must operate contribute to her lethal violence’ (p. 13). By contextualising women’s violence against their infants in the structures of ideologies of ‘good mothering’, Smithey outlines how women assess their parenting actions and the behaviour of their infant against unrealistic standard, coming to the inevitable conclusion that they are simply not good enough mothers. As such, the crying of the baby and the inability to escape that crying, due to social-cultural circumstances that constrict parenting activities for all but the wealthy, results in a situation whereby force to gain compliance is not an unreasonable or unexpected next step for a mother. As such, Smithey roots mother’s fatal assaults of their infants firmly within the structures of patriarchy, exposing another consequence of gender economic and cultural inequality. As a conclusion of her analysis, Smithey briefly touches on the unhelpfulness of criminal justice and social services interventions, identifying the condemnation of ‘bad mothering’ as an element of the problem, rather than part of the solution, particularly in relation to stringent punishments and criminal justice responses (which is common in the United States comparative to legal jurisdictions that have the offence of infanticide, such as the England and Wales, Canada and New Zealand). As part of this conclusion, Smithey carefully skirts around the question of women’s agency in committing these violent acts. An assessment of agency was not a focus of Smithey’s analysis and so my comments here are not to note a limitation of the book. However, the complex and compelling analysis that Smithey presents lends itself to further develop this idea of agency and what role criminal control and punishment should play in response to maternal infant filicide if, as Smithey argues, the causes of this violence are entirely rooted in patriarchal capitalism, the oppression of women by men, and devaluation and disregard for the stresses and strains of raising children. The question of women’s agency as criminal offenders is one that has been at the focus of feminist criminology for decades and that still requires theorisation, particularly in light of sociological analysis of criminal activity, such as that provided by Smithey. Overall, this is a compelling book that provides an excellent overview of the issue of maternal violence towards their infants. The data presented and sociological theorisation is impressive. The book is well written, and the reader is walked through the theory, identifying the steps towards fatal maternal violence. The selected extracts from the interviews add depth and dynamic to the theorisation, supporting Smithey’s arguments and facilitating understanding.","PeriodicalId":47217,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1748895820911796","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44440825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-14DOI: 10.1177/1748895820918444
Justin Bengry
{"title":"Book review: Queer Histories and the Politics of Policing (Queering Criminology and Criminal Justice), by Emma K Russell","authors":"Justin Bengry","doi":"10.1177/1748895820918444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895820918444","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47217,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1748895820918444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43811874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-10DOI: 10.1177/1748895821993525
S. Weston, Gabe Mythen
This article reports findings from a qualitative study investigating the efficacy and the effects of a child sexual exploitation awareness raising intervention with young people. Drawing on in-depth interviews with members of a multi-agency team set up to prevent child sexual exploitation, we elucidate the way in which practitioners communicate the problem of child sexual exploitation and how risk registers are deployed to assess the dangerousness of young people’s behaviours. In examining practitioners’ understandings of child sexual exploitation, we illuminate the ways in which educative interventions in this domain are informed by a confluence of policy guidelines and personal/experiential perceptions. Unravelling the tensions arising between these two frames of interpretation, we illustrate that – despite routine recourse to embedded professional knowledge – underlying moral and cultural assumptions alongside anxieties about childhood sexuality influence practitioners’ understandings of the nature of risk, who is at risk and the context in which risks manifest themselves.
{"title":"Disentangling practitioners’ understandings of child sexual exploitation: The risks of assuming otherwise?","authors":"S. Weston, Gabe Mythen","doi":"10.1177/1748895821993525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895821993525","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports findings from a qualitative study investigating the efficacy and the effects of a child sexual exploitation awareness raising intervention with young people. Drawing on in-depth interviews with members of a multi-agency team set up to prevent child sexual exploitation, we elucidate the way in which practitioners communicate the problem of child sexual exploitation and how risk registers are deployed to assess the dangerousness of young people’s behaviours. In examining practitioners’ understandings of child sexual exploitation, we illuminate the ways in which educative interventions in this domain are informed by a confluence of policy guidelines and personal/experiential perceptions. Unravelling the tensions arising between these two frames of interpretation, we illustrate that – despite routine recourse to embedded professional knowledge – underlying moral and cultural assumptions alongside anxieties about childhood sexuality influence practitioners’ understandings of the nature of risk, who is at risk and the context in which risks manifest themselves.","PeriodicalId":47217,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1748895821993525","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42585847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-08DOI: 10.1177/1748895821991607
William Graham, A. Robertson
Although there is growing interest in criminal justice policy transfer, a dearth of empirical research in this area has been acknowledged. This article addresses this gap by presenting the results of research conducted on a case of policy transfer of a criminal justice programme, focused on group/gang violence reduction, from America to Scotland. Policy transfer models were used to develop, frame and conduct the analysis of what was considered a ‘successful’ programme transfer; however, it was found that no single model could fully account conceptually for a key finding of the research, namely a policy transfer ‘backflow’. This article details the key processes, mechanisms and outcomes of the policy transfer and in doing so reflects on the usefulness of orthodox and non-orthodox/social-constructionist policy transfer approaches in understanding the outcomes of this case of criminal justice programme transfer.
{"title":"Exploring criminal justice policy transfer models and mobilities using a case study of violence reduction","authors":"William Graham, A. Robertson","doi":"10.1177/1748895821991607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895821991607","url":null,"abstract":"Although there is growing interest in criminal justice policy transfer, a dearth of empirical research in this area has been acknowledged. This article addresses this gap by presenting the results of research conducted on a case of policy transfer of a criminal justice programme, focused on group/gang violence reduction, from America to Scotland. Policy transfer models were used to develop, frame and conduct the analysis of what was considered a ‘successful’ programme transfer; however, it was found that no single model could fully account conceptually for a key finding of the research, namely a policy transfer ‘backflow’. This article details the key processes, mechanisms and outcomes of the policy transfer and in doing so reflects on the usefulness of orthodox and non-orthodox/social-constructionist policy transfer approaches in understanding the outcomes of this case of criminal justice programme transfer.","PeriodicalId":47217,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1748895821991607","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42876204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-08DOI: 10.1177/1748895821991622
Susie Hulley, T. Young
The so-called ‘wall of silence’ presents a threat to successful police investigations and criminal trials. Explanations for it have focused on cultural narratives, including distrust in the police, a ‘no snitching’ culture and manipulative ‘professional criminals’. Drawing on a study of serious multi-handed violence and ‘joint enterprise’ as a legal response, this article highlights the role of the law, and its agents, in generating silence among young suspects, whose primary concern is the legal risks of talking. Yet, these young people face a precarious trap, as their silence is interpreted as guilt by the police, propelling them towards charge. This article concludes that to avoid over-charging and to encourage young people with knowledge of serious violence to talk, structural change is needed. The system must reverse the legal rules regarding silence and reform the law on secondary liability to reduce the legal risks of talking.
{"title":"Silence, joint enterprise and the legal trap","authors":"Susie Hulley, T. Young","doi":"10.1177/1748895821991622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895821991622","url":null,"abstract":"The so-called ‘wall of silence’ presents a threat to successful police investigations and criminal trials. Explanations for it have focused on cultural narratives, including distrust in the police, a ‘no snitching’ culture and manipulative ‘professional criminals’. Drawing on a study of serious multi-handed violence and ‘joint enterprise’ as a legal response, this article highlights the role of the law, and its agents, in generating silence among young suspects, whose primary concern is the legal risks of talking. Yet, these young people face a precarious trap, as their silence is interpreted as guilt by the police, propelling them towards charge. This article concludes that to avoid over-charging and to encourage young people with knowledge of serious violence to talk, structural change is needed. The system must reverse the legal rules regarding silence and reform the law on secondary liability to reduce the legal risks of talking.","PeriodicalId":47217,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1748895821991622","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65568277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-05DOI: 10.1177/1748895821992460
P. Bleakley
Hallie Rubenhold’s The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed By Jack the Ripper has drawn the criticism of the community of amateur sleuths dubbed ‘Ripperologists’ for its revisionist perspective, which claims that the canonical five victims of Jack the Ripper were not all sex workers. Rubenhold’s victim-centred approach has opened a new front in the history wars, as Ripperologists accuse her of historical denialism in pursuit of a feminist agenda. This article assesses Rubenhold’s methods, and her contribution to historical criminology, as well as considering why dominant historical narratives of crime prove so resistant to reinterpretation.
{"title":"A new front in the history wars? Responding to Rubenhold’s feminist revision of the Ripper","authors":"P. Bleakley","doi":"10.1177/1748895821992460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895821992460","url":null,"abstract":"Hallie Rubenhold’s The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed By Jack the Ripper has drawn the criticism of the community of amateur sleuths dubbed ‘Ripperologists’ for its revisionist perspective, which claims that the canonical five victims of Jack the Ripper were not all sex workers. Rubenhold’s victim-centred approach has opened a new front in the history wars, as Ripperologists accuse her of historical denialism in pursuit of a feminist agenda. This article assesses Rubenhold’s methods, and her contribution to historical criminology, as well as considering why dominant historical narratives of crime prove so resistant to reinterpretation.","PeriodicalId":47217,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1748895821992460","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41802870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1177/1748895821990428
Jonathan Evans, R. Jones, Nerys Musgrove
The concept of ‘dragonisation’ was the first authoritative attempt to engage with criminal justice policy in post-devolution Wales. Its central claim, that devolution created the space and conditions for progressive justice policy to flourish in Wales while remaining part of the unitary England and Wales jurisdiction, remains largely unchallenged more than a decade since it first entered Welsh criminological vocabulary. By reviewing policy developments and drawing upon empirical research, this article revisits dragonisation to assess the extent to which Welsh policy has continued to diverge from England since the formative years of devolution. The arguments presented here contribute to emerging discussions over the future of criminal justice policy in Wales and form part of a wider criminological research agenda aimed at producing fine-grained territorial analyses of criminal justice practices, including differences within the same jurisdiction.
{"title":"‘Dragonisation’ revisited: A progressive criminal justice policy in Wales?","authors":"Jonathan Evans, R. Jones, Nerys Musgrove","doi":"10.1177/1748895821990428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895821990428","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of ‘dragonisation’ was the first authoritative attempt to engage with criminal justice policy in post-devolution Wales. Its central claim, that devolution created the space and conditions for progressive justice policy to flourish in Wales while remaining part of the unitary England and Wales jurisdiction, remains largely unchallenged more than a decade since it first entered Welsh criminological vocabulary. By reviewing policy developments and drawing upon empirical research, this article revisits dragonisation to assess the extent to which Welsh policy has continued to diverge from England since the formative years of devolution. The arguments presented here contribute to emerging discussions over the future of criminal justice policy in Wales and form part of a wider criminological research agenda aimed at producing fine-grained territorial analyses of criminal justice practices, including differences within the same jurisdiction.","PeriodicalId":47217,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1748895821990428","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44588608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-18DOI: 10.1177/1748895820984820
Carmen Meneses-Falcón, Antonio Rúa-Vieites, Jorge Uroz-Olivares
This study explores the difficulties that Spanish judges face during the judicial investigation and trial of the trafficking of human beings for sexual exploitation. Here, we highlight the issues of judges’ lack of training and the saturation of the courts due to the excessive work that these crimes entail. To collect data, responses from 71 Spanish judges were collected through a questionnaire, and nine semi-structured interviews were conducted in three Spanish provinces (Barcelona, Malaga and Madrid). Noteworthy findings include the fact that almost half of the judges had dealt with a case involving this type of crime and that a third ended up closing the case. In the responses received, the lack of victims’ collaboration in the judicial process was highlighted as one of the difficulties as was the lack of resources to investigate these crimes and the involvement of other crimes.
{"title":"Exploring the role of Spanish judges in the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation","authors":"Carmen Meneses-Falcón, Antonio Rúa-Vieites, Jorge Uroz-Olivares","doi":"10.1177/1748895820984820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895820984820","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the difficulties that Spanish judges face during the judicial investigation and trial of the trafficking of human beings for sexual exploitation. Here, we highlight the issues of judges’ lack of training and the saturation of the courts due to the excessive work that these crimes entail. To collect data, responses from 71 Spanish judges were collected through a questionnaire, and nine semi-structured interviews were conducted in three Spanish provinces (Barcelona, Malaga and Madrid). Noteworthy findings include the fact that almost half of the judges had dealt with a case involving this type of crime and that a third ended up closing the case. In the responses received, the lack of victims’ collaboration in the judicial process was highlighted as one of the difficulties as was the lack of resources to investigate these crimes and the involvement of other crimes.","PeriodicalId":47217,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1748895820984820","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44431281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-12DOI: 10.1177/1748895820986966
E. Aizpurua, M. Rogan
Oversight bodies play a critical role in upholding human rights standards in prison. Several international instruments require states to establish independent forms of prison oversight and to give them the powers they need to conduct their work. Resources are central to the effectiveness and independence of oversight bodies. Of equal importance is the ability of prison oversight bodies to offer protections against reprisals for those who choose to speak to them and for their own staff. In this article, we provide results from the first survey of prison oversight bodies in the European Union and the United Kingdom, focusing on the resources and protections which prison oversight bodies in these states have to enable them to conduct their work. Our results suggest the need to strengthen the financial independence of prison oversight bodies, with slightly less than half of the bodies having their own budget to monitor prisons. Bodies which had their own budgets had a greater number of staff members and a greater variety of professional backgrounds among their members, likely influencing their ability to fulfil their mandate. Our results also point to the need to develop further protection mechanisms against reprisals for those who speak with inspectors as well as for staff from prison oversight bodies.
{"title":"Correctional oversight bodies’ resources and protections across the European Union: Are their hands tied?","authors":"E. Aizpurua, M. Rogan","doi":"10.1177/1748895820986966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895820986966","url":null,"abstract":"Oversight bodies play a critical role in upholding human rights standards in prison. Several international instruments require states to establish independent forms of prison oversight and to give them the powers they need to conduct their work. Resources are central to the effectiveness and independence of oversight bodies. Of equal importance is the ability of prison oversight bodies to offer protections against reprisals for those who choose to speak to them and for their own staff. In this article, we provide results from the first survey of prison oversight bodies in the European Union and the United Kingdom, focusing on the resources and protections which prison oversight bodies in these states have to enable them to conduct their work. Our results suggest the need to strengthen the financial independence of prison oversight bodies, with slightly less than half of the bodies having their own budget to monitor prisons. Bodies which had their own budgets had a greater number of staff members and a greater variety of professional backgrounds among their members, likely influencing their ability to fulfil their mandate. Our results also point to the need to develop further protection mechanisms against reprisals for those who speak with inspectors as well as for staff from prison oversight bodies.","PeriodicalId":47217,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1748895820986966","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43910801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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