Pub Date : 2022-09-12DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2119135
A. Tchie
ship with local populations that encounter PMSCs. The authors argue that publicly traded companies are more likely to adhere to these norms because of their expanded client lists and desire to retain their reputation than are privately owned PMSCs. The book includes an empirical case study of Iraq that simultaneously evaluates the effects of global competition (e.g. publicly traded firms) and introduces subcontracting into the empirical literature. The authors catalog instances of financial fraud and human rights abuse in Iraq from 2003 to 2018. Publicly traded firms are associated with decreases in abuse and fraud, or increases in performance, compared to privately held PMSCs. The case study on Iraq would benefit from a discussion of how the US changed its management approach and use of PMSCs through the period. One striking vignette is the competition between Aegis and DynCorp for a contract to monitor other PMSCs. Aegis won the contract and reported violations by other PMSCs and themselves making this a case that fits the authors theoretical claims about competition and improved monitoring. However, the episode has limited generalizability to weak states or instances where financial constraint limits the number of firms the employer can hire. The authors also explore the role of subcontracting – which occurs when a primary contractor hires another PMSC to deliver services and, thus, extends the potential agency problems. Subcontracting is common in security privatization and frequently mentioned by scholars and media, but this is the first rigorous treatment of the subject. Consistent with expectations, the authors find that subcontracting increases the likelihood of abuse and fraud. In sum, through clear theorizing, innovative research design, and extensive analysis, Akcinaroglu and Radziszewski significantly extend our understanding of PMSCs, counterinsurgency, and civil wars.
{"title":"States of Disorder, Ecosystems of Governance: Complexity Theory Applied to UN Statebuilding in the DRC and South Sudan","authors":"A. Tchie","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2119135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2119135","url":null,"abstract":"ship with local populations that encounter PMSCs. The authors argue that publicly traded companies are more likely to adhere to these norms because of their expanded client lists and desire to retain their reputation than are privately owned PMSCs. The book includes an empirical case study of Iraq that simultaneously evaluates the effects of global competition (e.g. publicly traded firms) and introduces subcontracting into the empirical literature. The authors catalog instances of financial fraud and human rights abuse in Iraq from 2003 to 2018. Publicly traded firms are associated with decreases in abuse and fraud, or increases in performance, compared to privately held PMSCs. The case study on Iraq would benefit from a discussion of how the US changed its management approach and use of PMSCs through the period. One striking vignette is the competition between Aegis and DynCorp for a contract to monitor other PMSCs. Aegis won the contract and reported violations by other PMSCs and themselves making this a case that fits the authors theoretical claims about competition and improved monitoring. However, the episode has limited generalizability to weak states or instances where financial constraint limits the number of firms the employer can hire. The authors also explore the role of subcontracting – which occurs when a primary contractor hires another PMSC to deliver services and, thus, extends the potential agency problems. Subcontracting is common in security privatization and frequently mentioned by scholars and media, but this is the first rigorous treatment of the subject. Consistent with expectations, the authors find that subcontracting increases the likelihood of abuse and fraud. In sum, through clear theorizing, innovative research design, and extensive analysis, Akcinaroglu and Radziszewski significantly extend our understanding of PMSCs, counterinsurgency, and civil wars.","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45802496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-06DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2119134
Andrew E. Yaw Tchie
‘African Peacekeeping Training Centres: Socialisation as a Tool for Peace?’ explores how activities of peacekeeping training centres are influenced by attempts to diffuse international norms to shape peacekeepers’ behaviour. The book contributes to the existing literature that examines the processes of socialization that take place within African peacekeeping training centres. The book focuses on two peacekeeping training centres, which have been selected based on their different approach to supporting continental peace: the Kofi Anna International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) and the African Centre for Constructive Resolution of disputes (ACCORD). The book uses qualitative methodologies to understand how African peacekeeping training centres construct knowledge and enhance peacekeepers’ capacities. However, the book concludes that there are limitations to socialization through peacekeeping training in terms of attitude and behavioural changes. This is not surprising given the limited time that peacekeepers spend at training centres and the scarcity of reflection time available and often given to peacekeepers in general. The book is composed of five main chapters that discuss various aspects of socialization within these centres. For example, in chapter one, the author presents the main research puzzle asking whether African peacekeeping training centres act as socialization agents of the peacekeeping profession. The socialization theory is primarily based on Checkel’s work. Chapter two examines the impact of liberal peace theory on international interventions and how these normative dimensions translate into practical and
{"title":"Understanding Africa’s Adaptability to Peace and Security Challenges","authors":"Andrew E. Yaw Tchie","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2119134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2119134","url":null,"abstract":"‘African Peacekeeping Training Centres: Socialisation as a Tool for Peace?’ explores how activities of peacekeeping training centres are influenced by attempts to diffuse international norms to shape peacekeepers’ behaviour. The book contributes to the existing literature that examines the processes of socialization that take place within African peacekeeping training centres. The book focuses on two peacekeeping training centres, which have been selected based on their different approach to supporting continental peace: the Kofi Anna International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) and the African Centre for Constructive Resolution of disputes (ACCORD). The book uses qualitative methodologies to understand how African peacekeeping training centres construct knowledge and enhance peacekeepers’ capacities. However, the book concludes that there are limitations to socialization through peacekeeping training in terms of attitude and behavioural changes. This is not surprising given the limited time that peacekeepers spend at training centres and the scarcity of reflection time available and often given to peacekeepers in general. The book is composed of five main chapters that discuss various aspects of socialization within these centres. For example, in chapter one, the author presents the main research puzzle asking whether African peacekeeping training centres act as socialization agents of the peacekeeping profession. The socialization theory is primarily based on Checkel’s work. Chapter two examines the impact of liberal peace theory on international interventions and how these normative dimensions translate into practical and","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49445000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2114902
Benjamin K Tkach
{"title":"Private Militaries and the Security Industry in Civil Wars: Competition and Market Accountability","authors":"Benjamin K Tkach","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2114902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2114902","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44038594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-12DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2111552
B. Hammett
nections with broader dynamics at play. For example, the matter of external dependency, APSA, and ownership of the peacebuilding process are only addressed in the conclusion. This is understandable given the editors’ desire to include twenty authors and the diversity of their perspectives. The volume lays the groundwork for future research on understanding conflict and peacebuilding dynamics in Africa, especially on how the AU and RECs should cooperate more efficiently and avoid overlap. All three books are unique contributions to the debates that attempt to understand how the continent’s ability to deal with peace and security questions has evolved over the last two decades. The books do well to describe how institutions, such as the AU and RECs, as well as member states, work to solve manifold challenges posed by the new era of conflict and instability. The books demonstrate that African institutions are doing their best not only to reform but also to continually build Africa’s capacity to deal with emerging issues through adaptable approaches that are often African led. Finally, the books in their own right highlight how African institutions continue to be a beacon of hope but also radically respond to emerging issues.
{"title":"The Lord’s Resistance Army: Violence and Peacemaking in Africa","authors":"B. Hammett","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2111552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2111552","url":null,"abstract":"nections with broader dynamics at play. For example, the matter of external dependency, APSA, and ownership of the peacebuilding process are only addressed in the conclusion. This is understandable given the editors’ desire to include twenty authors and the diversity of their perspectives. The volume lays the groundwork for future research on understanding conflict and peacebuilding dynamics in Africa, especially on how the AU and RECs should cooperate more efficiently and avoid overlap. All three books are unique contributions to the debates that attempt to understand how the continent’s ability to deal with peace and security questions has evolved over the last two decades. The books do well to describe how institutions, such as the AU and RECs, as well as member states, work to solve manifold challenges posed by the new era of conflict and instability. The books demonstrate that African institutions are doing their best not only to reform but also to continually build Africa’s capacity to deal with emerging issues through adaptable approaches that are often African led. Finally, the books in their own right highlight how African institutions continue to be a beacon of hope but also radically respond to emerging issues.","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43913137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-29DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2098650
Zuhaib Mahmood, K. Beardsley, Christopher Newton, Chhandosi Roy, Jacob D Kathman, Colin Tucker, W. Nomikos, Danielle N. Villa, Martin Binder, S. Allen, Amy Yuen, Tim Passmore, Megan Shannon, L. Hultman, Terrence L. Chapman
From its capacity for deploying joint operations in conflict zones to its status as a standard-bearing forum for international behaviour, the United Nations has asserted its relevance in a diverse array of issues and conflicts around the world. Equally as diverse has been the scholarship surrounding the United Nations over the past several decades. This collection of essays provides a snapshot of these diverse lines of scholarship, highlighting existing scholarship on a range of topics, as well as identifying areas of opportunity for future scholarly work on these topics. Taken as a whole, this forum more broadly provides insight into core pillars of the United Nations' mission--including the maintenance of peace and security; fostering friendly relations between nations; promoting human rights and humanitarian goals; and encouraging cooperation and harmonization of interests between nations. Moving forward, it is our hope that this collection will serve as a sprigboard for inspiring future work to both build and expand upon the insights from the past several decades of scholarship on the United Nations.
{"title":"The United Nations After 75: Assessing Current Understandings, Charting Fruitful Research Agendas","authors":"Zuhaib Mahmood, K. Beardsley, Christopher Newton, Chhandosi Roy, Jacob D Kathman, Colin Tucker, W. Nomikos, Danielle N. Villa, Martin Binder, S. Allen, Amy Yuen, Tim Passmore, Megan Shannon, L. Hultman, Terrence L. Chapman","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2098650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2098650","url":null,"abstract":"From its capacity for deploying joint operations in conflict zones to its status as a standard-bearing forum for international behaviour, the United Nations has asserted its relevance in a diverse array of issues and conflicts around the world. Equally as diverse has been the scholarship surrounding the United Nations over the past several decades. This collection of essays provides a snapshot of these diverse lines of scholarship, highlighting existing scholarship on a range of topics, as well as identifying areas of opportunity for future scholarly work on these topics. Taken as a whole, this forum more broadly provides insight into core pillars of the United Nations' mission--including the maintenance of peace and security; fostering friendly relations between nations; promoting human rights and humanitarian goals; and encouraging cooperation and harmonization of interests between nations. Moving forward, it is our hope that this collection will serve as a sprigboard for inspiring future work to both build and expand upon the insights from the past several decades of scholarship on the United Nations.","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41954524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-05DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2096596
Louise Ridden
{"title":"Everyday Peace: How So-called Ordinary People Can Disrupt Violent Conflict","authors":"Louise Ridden","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2096596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2096596","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44249605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2094781
Kaitlin Gibson, Alina Dixon, A. Goebel, S. Bartels
ABSTRACT The narrow framing of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) and the United Nations Zero-Tolerance Policy inadequately accounts for the range of sexual interactions in peacekeeping contexts and obscures the wider social contexts within which sexual decision making occurs. We draw on personal narratives from women who have had such sexual interactions, as well as community observers to demonstrate the complexity, multiple forms and ambiguities that characterize these relationships. We focus particularly on ‘love’ and long-term relationships. The complexities revealed cast doubt on the efficacy and appropriateness of the UN’s zero-tolerance policy and call for a modification of the concept of the peacekeeping economy to include consideration of intimacy, emotion and quests to fulfil expectations of gendered social roles in the contradictory landscape of peacekeeping.
{"title":"Love, Sex, and Exchange in the Context of Peacebuilding in the Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"Kaitlin Gibson, Alina Dixon, A. Goebel, S. Bartels","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2094781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2094781","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The narrow framing of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) and the United Nations Zero-Tolerance Policy inadequately accounts for the range of sexual interactions in peacekeeping contexts and obscures the wider social contexts within which sexual decision making occurs. We draw on personal narratives from women who have had such sexual interactions, as well as community observers to demonstrate the complexity, multiple forms and ambiguities that characterize these relationships. We focus particularly on ‘love’ and long-term relationships. The complexities revealed cast doubt on the efficacy and appropriateness of the UN’s zero-tolerance policy and call for a modification of the concept of the peacekeeping economy to include consideration of intimacy, emotion and quests to fulfil expectations of gendered social roles in the contradictory landscape of peacekeeping.","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46204727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2089875
Melanie Sauter
ABSTRACT While the peacekeeping mission in Mali is the deadliest active mission, aid workers are not a prominent target. This is puzzling because humanitarians argue that integrated missions aligning political, military and humanitarian goals impede their security. I argue that the fallacy of integrated peacekeeping missions is that the humanitarian space shrinks due to rising insecurity. This takes place when integrated missions blur the lines between civilian and military action and when they politicize humanitarian aid through biased mandates. I test the argument by comparing new data on peacekeeping stabilization projects with other aid projects, using a matched wake analysis that estimates a difference-in-difference model with sliding spatio-temporal windows. I find that peacekeeping stabilization activities increase violence against civilians on the ground in the short term, which ultimately decreases humanitarian access. Paradoxically, the UN names lack of humanitarian access as a key challenge to protecting civilians, but contributes to the access challenge itself.
{"title":"A Shrinking Humanitarian Space: Peacekeeping Stabilization Projects and Violence in Mali","authors":"Melanie Sauter","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2089875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2089875","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While the peacekeeping mission in Mali is the deadliest active mission, aid workers are not a prominent target. This is puzzling because humanitarians argue that integrated missions aligning political, military and humanitarian goals impede their security. I argue that the fallacy of integrated peacekeeping missions is that the humanitarian space shrinks due to rising insecurity. This takes place when integrated missions blur the lines between civilian and military action and when they politicize humanitarian aid through biased mandates. I test the argument by comparing new data on peacekeeping stabilization projects with other aid projects, using a matched wake analysis that estimates a difference-in-difference model with sliding spatio-temporal windows. I find that peacekeeping stabilization activities increase violence against civilians on the ground in the short term, which ultimately decreases humanitarian access. Paradoxically, the UN names lack of humanitarian access as a key challenge to protecting civilians, but contributes to the access challenge itself.","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42993993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-24DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2089876
Jared Oestman
ABSTRACT Shortfalls in personnel are common across UN peacekeeping operations (PKOs). An ongoing concern is that many PKOs lack sufficient resources to effectively fulfil their mandates. This may in turn be a major contributing factor to shortages of peacekeepers. How do provisions of non-personnel resources to UN PKOs shape other states’ voluntary commitments of peacekeeping personnel? This study focuses on the role of the U.S.’s voluntary peacekeeping assistance as a mechanism for reducing personnel shortfall. By providing additional assistance for specific peacekeeping operations, the U.S. enhances the ability of states that are willing but lack the resources to deploy peacekeepers and increases the willingness of states that are otherwise reluctant to make personnel commitments to these operations. In turn, these provisions of support lead to greater personnel commitments to the missions where the U.S. allocates this aid. Results from an analysis of U.S. peacekeeping assistance and personnel commitments within UN operations from 2000 to 2015 indicate that these aid provisions lead to reductions in shortfalls of peacekeepers. These findings suggest that the U.S. not only increases collective personnel commitments by providing this additional assistance but, in doing so, may also enhance the effectiveness of the missions it supports.
{"title":"Beyond Dues: The Role of U.S. Military Aid in UN Peacekeeping Operations","authors":"Jared Oestman","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2089876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2089876","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Shortfalls in personnel are common across UN peacekeeping operations (PKOs). An ongoing concern is that many PKOs lack sufficient resources to effectively fulfil their mandates. This may in turn be a major contributing factor to shortages of peacekeepers. How do provisions of non-personnel resources to UN PKOs shape other states’ voluntary commitments of peacekeeping personnel? This study focuses on the role of the U.S.’s voluntary peacekeeping assistance as a mechanism for reducing personnel shortfall. By providing additional assistance for specific peacekeeping operations, the U.S. enhances the ability of states that are willing but lack the resources to deploy peacekeepers and increases the willingness of states that are otherwise reluctant to make personnel commitments to these operations. In turn, these provisions of support lead to greater personnel commitments to the missions where the U.S. allocates this aid. Results from an analysis of U.S. peacekeeping assistance and personnel commitments within UN operations from 2000 to 2015 indicate that these aid provisions lead to reductions in shortfalls of peacekeepers. These findings suggest that the U.S. not only increases collective personnel commitments by providing this additional assistance but, in doing so, may also enhance the effectiveness of the missions it supports.","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48532875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-27DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2082413
M. Casiraghi
{"title":"Finding Soldiers of Peace: Three Dilemmas for UN Peacekeeping Missions","authors":"M. Casiraghi","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2082413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2082413","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47072195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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