Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2134858
Wukki Kim, T. Sandler
ABSTRACT This research note extends the Bara and Hultman (2020) study on the effectiveness of non-UN peacekeeping missions in terms of curbing one-sided violence (OSV) against civilians. In particular, we employ two novel instruments to address the two-way causality between the number of non-UN peacekeepers and OSV measures. For each panel year, our instruments involve the interaction between the sum of various designated peacekeepers contributed and the inverse distance between the capitals of contributor and conflict countries. As required, the instrument satisfies the necessary inclusion and exclusion (exogeneity) requirements. The instrument-based results establish a robust reduction in government OSV stemming from the number of non-UN peacekeepers deployed. That reduction also holds for propensity-score matching and the inclusion of UN peacekeepers in the same regression. Non-UN peacekeepers did not have a robust influence on rebel OSV.
{"title":"How Do Non-UN Peacekeepers Affect Civilian Violence? An Instrument Investigation","authors":"Wukki Kim, T. Sandler","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2134858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2134858","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research note extends the Bara and Hultman (2020) study on the effectiveness of non-UN peacekeeping missions in terms of curbing one-sided violence (OSV) against civilians. In particular, we employ two novel instruments to address the two-way causality between the number of non-UN peacekeepers and OSV measures. For each panel year, our instruments involve the interaction between the sum of various designated peacekeepers contributed and the inverse distance between the capitals of contributor and conflict countries. As required, the instrument satisfies the necessary inclusion and exclusion (exogeneity) requirements. The instrument-based results establish a robust reduction in government OSV stemming from the number of non-UN peacekeepers deployed. That reduction also holds for propensity-score matching and the inclusion of UN peacekeepers in the same regression. Non-UN peacekeepers did not have a robust influence on rebel OSV.","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":"29 1","pages":"780 - 803"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43970552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2128337
Sally Sharif
ABSTRACT Mid-level commanders are commonly considered the visible heads of the rebel body: as leaders of combat operations, they are often targeted in counterterrorism or counterinsurgency operations. While their role during conflict has been theorized extensively, only recent scholarship has focused on mid-level commanders in post-conflict transitions. Specifically, it is not clear how mid-level commanders function within ex-combatant groups to create divergent peacebuilding results. This paper argues that transitions from conflict involve fraying of wartime bonds and rebel command-and-control structures, which is counterproductive to peace when rebels demobilize collectively. In peacetime and in the absence of wartime command, social groups formed through military logic struggle to redefine individual roles. Mid-level commanders, responsible for shaping intergroup bonds during conflict, are essential for allocating ex-combatant roles and redefining rebel-civilian relations. Against the common practice of breaking rebel wartime command-and-control structure during demobilization, this paper argues that ex-combatant groups can demobilize and reintegrate more successfully if they maintain their wartime cohesion and are provided the necessary tools for building sustainable livelihoods. To support the argument, the paper provides original qualitative and quantitative evidence from the Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programme with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).
{"title":"Can the Rebel Body Function without its Visible Heads? The Role of Mid-Level Commanders in Peacebuilding","authors":"Sally Sharif","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2128337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2128337","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mid-level commanders are commonly considered the visible heads of the rebel body: as leaders of combat operations, they are often targeted in counterterrorism or counterinsurgency operations. While their role during conflict has been theorized extensively, only recent scholarship has focused on mid-level commanders in post-conflict transitions. Specifically, it is not clear how mid-level commanders function within ex-combatant groups to create divergent peacebuilding results. This paper argues that transitions from conflict involve fraying of wartime bonds and rebel command-and-control structures, which is counterproductive to peace when rebels demobilize collectively. In peacetime and in the absence of wartime command, social groups formed through military logic struggle to redefine individual roles. Mid-level commanders, responsible for shaping intergroup bonds during conflict, are essential for allocating ex-combatant roles and redefining rebel-civilian relations. Against the common practice of breaking rebel wartime command-and-control structure during demobilization, this paper argues that ex-combatant groups can demobilize and reintegrate more successfully if they maintain their wartime cohesion and are provided the necessary tools for building sustainable livelihoods. To support the argument, the paper provides original qualitative and quantitative evidence from the Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programme with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":"29 1","pages":"709 - 740"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48227343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-12DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2119135
A. Tchie
ship with local populations that encounter PMSCs. The authors argue that publicly traded companies are more likely to adhere to these norms because of their expanded client lists and desire to retain their reputation than are privately owned PMSCs. The book includes an empirical case study of Iraq that simultaneously evaluates the effects of global competition (e.g. publicly traded firms) and introduces subcontracting into the empirical literature. The authors catalog instances of financial fraud and human rights abuse in Iraq from 2003 to 2018. Publicly traded firms are associated with decreases in abuse and fraud, or increases in performance, compared to privately held PMSCs. The case study on Iraq would benefit from a discussion of how the US changed its management approach and use of PMSCs through the period. One striking vignette is the competition between Aegis and DynCorp for a contract to monitor other PMSCs. Aegis won the contract and reported violations by other PMSCs and themselves making this a case that fits the authors theoretical claims about competition and improved monitoring. However, the episode has limited generalizability to weak states or instances where financial constraint limits the number of firms the employer can hire. The authors also explore the role of subcontracting – which occurs when a primary contractor hires another PMSC to deliver services and, thus, extends the potential agency problems. Subcontracting is common in security privatization and frequently mentioned by scholars and media, but this is the first rigorous treatment of the subject. Consistent with expectations, the authors find that subcontracting increases the likelihood of abuse and fraud. In sum, through clear theorizing, innovative research design, and extensive analysis, Akcinaroglu and Radziszewski significantly extend our understanding of PMSCs, counterinsurgency, and civil wars.
{"title":"States of Disorder, Ecosystems of Governance: Complexity Theory Applied to UN Statebuilding in the DRC and South Sudan","authors":"A. Tchie","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2119135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2119135","url":null,"abstract":"ship with local populations that encounter PMSCs. The authors argue that publicly traded companies are more likely to adhere to these norms because of their expanded client lists and desire to retain their reputation than are privately owned PMSCs. The book includes an empirical case study of Iraq that simultaneously evaluates the effects of global competition (e.g. publicly traded firms) and introduces subcontracting into the empirical literature. The authors catalog instances of financial fraud and human rights abuse in Iraq from 2003 to 2018. Publicly traded firms are associated with decreases in abuse and fraud, or increases in performance, compared to privately held PMSCs. The case study on Iraq would benefit from a discussion of how the US changed its management approach and use of PMSCs through the period. One striking vignette is the competition between Aegis and DynCorp for a contract to monitor other PMSCs. Aegis won the contract and reported violations by other PMSCs and themselves making this a case that fits the authors theoretical claims about competition and improved monitoring. However, the episode has limited generalizability to weak states or instances where financial constraint limits the number of firms the employer can hire. The authors also explore the role of subcontracting – which occurs when a primary contractor hires another PMSC to deliver services and, thus, extends the potential agency problems. Subcontracting is common in security privatization and frequently mentioned by scholars and media, but this is the first rigorous treatment of the subject. Consistent with expectations, the authors find that subcontracting increases the likelihood of abuse and fraud. In sum, through clear theorizing, innovative research design, and extensive analysis, Akcinaroglu and Radziszewski significantly extend our understanding of PMSCs, counterinsurgency, and civil wars.","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":"30 1","pages":"157 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45802496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-06DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2119134
Andrew E. Yaw Tchie
‘African Peacekeeping Training Centres: Socialisation as a Tool for Peace?’ explores how activities of peacekeeping training centres are influenced by attempts to diffuse international norms to shape peacekeepers’ behaviour. The book contributes to the existing literature that examines the processes of socialization that take place within African peacekeeping training centres. The book focuses on two peacekeeping training centres, which have been selected based on their different approach to supporting continental peace: the Kofi Anna International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) and the African Centre for Constructive Resolution of disputes (ACCORD). The book uses qualitative methodologies to understand how African peacekeeping training centres construct knowledge and enhance peacekeepers’ capacities. However, the book concludes that there are limitations to socialization through peacekeeping training in terms of attitude and behavioural changes. This is not surprising given the limited time that peacekeepers spend at training centres and the scarcity of reflection time available and often given to peacekeepers in general. The book is composed of five main chapters that discuss various aspects of socialization within these centres. For example, in chapter one, the author presents the main research puzzle asking whether African peacekeeping training centres act as socialization agents of the peacekeeping profession. The socialization theory is primarily based on Checkel’s work. Chapter two examines the impact of liberal peace theory on international interventions and how these normative dimensions translate into practical and
{"title":"Understanding Africa’s Adaptability to Peace and Security Challenges","authors":"Andrew E. Yaw Tchie","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2119134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2119134","url":null,"abstract":"‘African Peacekeeping Training Centres: Socialisation as a Tool for Peace?’ explores how activities of peacekeeping training centres are influenced by attempts to diffuse international norms to shape peacekeepers’ behaviour. The book contributes to the existing literature that examines the processes of socialization that take place within African peacekeeping training centres. The book focuses on two peacekeeping training centres, which have been selected based on their different approach to supporting continental peace: the Kofi Anna International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) and the African Centre for Constructive Resolution of disputes (ACCORD). The book uses qualitative methodologies to understand how African peacekeeping training centres construct knowledge and enhance peacekeepers’ capacities. However, the book concludes that there are limitations to socialization through peacekeeping training in terms of attitude and behavioural changes. This is not surprising given the limited time that peacekeepers spend at training centres and the scarcity of reflection time available and often given to peacekeepers in general. The book is composed of five main chapters that discuss various aspects of socialization within these centres. For example, in chapter one, the author presents the main research puzzle asking whether African peacekeeping training centres act as socialization agents of the peacekeeping profession. The socialization theory is primarily based on Checkel’s work. Chapter two examines the impact of liberal peace theory on international interventions and how these normative dimensions translate into practical and","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":"29 1","pages":"809 - 814"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49445000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2114902
Benjamin K Tkach
{"title":"Private Militaries and the Security Industry in Civil Wars: Competition and Market Accountability","authors":"Benjamin K Tkach","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2114902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2114902","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":"30 1","pages":"155 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44038594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-12DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2111552
B. Hammett
nections with broader dynamics at play. For example, the matter of external dependency, APSA, and ownership of the peacebuilding process are only addressed in the conclusion. This is understandable given the editors’ desire to include twenty authors and the diversity of their perspectives. The volume lays the groundwork for future research on understanding conflict and peacebuilding dynamics in Africa, especially on how the AU and RECs should cooperate more efficiently and avoid overlap. All three books are unique contributions to the debates that attempt to understand how the continent’s ability to deal with peace and security questions has evolved over the last two decades. The books do well to describe how institutions, such as the AU and RECs, as well as member states, work to solve manifold challenges posed by the new era of conflict and instability. The books demonstrate that African institutions are doing their best not only to reform but also to continually build Africa’s capacity to deal with emerging issues through adaptable approaches that are often African led. Finally, the books in their own right highlight how African institutions continue to be a beacon of hope but also radically respond to emerging issues.
{"title":"The Lord’s Resistance Army: Violence and Peacemaking in Africa","authors":"B. Hammett","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2111552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2111552","url":null,"abstract":"nections with broader dynamics at play. For example, the matter of external dependency, APSA, and ownership of the peacebuilding process are only addressed in the conclusion. This is understandable given the editors’ desire to include twenty authors and the diversity of their perspectives. The volume lays the groundwork for future research on understanding conflict and peacebuilding dynamics in Africa, especially on how the AU and RECs should cooperate more efficiently and avoid overlap. All three books are unique contributions to the debates that attempt to understand how the continent’s ability to deal with peace and security questions has evolved over the last two decades. The books do well to describe how institutions, such as the AU and RECs, as well as member states, work to solve manifold challenges posed by the new era of conflict and instability. The books demonstrate that African institutions are doing their best not only to reform but also to continually build Africa’s capacity to deal with emerging issues through adaptable approaches that are often African led. Finally, the books in their own right highlight how African institutions continue to be a beacon of hope but also radically respond to emerging issues.","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":"29 1","pages":"814 - 816"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43913137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-29DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2098650
Zuhaib Mahmood, K. Beardsley, Christopher Newton, Chhandosi Roy, Jacob D Kathman, Colin Tucker, W. Nomikos, Danielle N. Villa, Martin Binder, S. Allen, Amy Yuen, Tim Passmore, Megan Shannon, L. Hultman, Terrence L. Chapman
From its capacity for deploying joint operations in conflict zones to its status as a standard-bearing forum for international behaviour, the United Nations has asserted its relevance in a diverse array of issues and conflicts around the world. Equally as diverse has been the scholarship surrounding the United Nations over the past several decades. This collection of essays provides a snapshot of these diverse lines of scholarship, highlighting existing scholarship on a range of topics, as well as identifying areas of opportunity for future scholarly work on these topics. Taken as a whole, this forum more broadly provides insight into core pillars of the United Nations' mission--including the maintenance of peace and security; fostering friendly relations between nations; promoting human rights and humanitarian goals; and encouraging cooperation and harmonization of interests between nations. Moving forward, it is our hope that this collection will serve as a sprigboard for inspiring future work to both build and expand upon the insights from the past several decades of scholarship on the United Nations.
{"title":"The United Nations After 75: Assessing Current Understandings, Charting Fruitful Research Agendas","authors":"Zuhaib Mahmood, K. Beardsley, Christopher Newton, Chhandosi Roy, Jacob D Kathman, Colin Tucker, W. Nomikos, Danielle N. Villa, Martin Binder, S. Allen, Amy Yuen, Tim Passmore, Megan Shannon, L. Hultman, Terrence L. Chapman","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2098650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2098650","url":null,"abstract":"From its capacity for deploying joint operations in conflict zones to its status as a standard-bearing forum for international behaviour, the United Nations has asserted its relevance in a diverse array of issues and conflicts around the world. Equally as diverse has been the scholarship surrounding the United Nations over the past several decades. This collection of essays provides a snapshot of these diverse lines of scholarship, highlighting existing scholarship on a range of topics, as well as identifying areas of opportunity for future scholarly work on these topics. Taken as a whole, this forum more broadly provides insight into core pillars of the United Nations' mission--including the maintenance of peace and security; fostering friendly relations between nations; promoting human rights and humanitarian goals; and encouraging cooperation and harmonization of interests between nations. Moving forward, it is our hope that this collection will serve as a sprigboard for inspiring future work to both build and expand upon the insights from the past several decades of scholarship on the United Nations.","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":"29 1","pages":"551 - 623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41954524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2094781
Kaitlin Gibson, Alina Dixon, A. Goebel, S. Bartels
ABSTRACT The narrow framing of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) and the United Nations Zero-Tolerance Policy inadequately accounts for the range of sexual interactions in peacekeeping contexts and obscures the wider social contexts within which sexual decision making occurs. We draw on personal narratives from women who have had such sexual interactions, as well as community observers to demonstrate the complexity, multiple forms and ambiguities that characterize these relationships. We focus particularly on ‘love’ and long-term relationships. The complexities revealed cast doubt on the efficacy and appropriateness of the UN’s zero-tolerance policy and call for a modification of the concept of the peacekeeping economy to include consideration of intimacy, emotion and quests to fulfil expectations of gendered social roles in the contradictory landscape of peacekeeping.
{"title":"Love, Sex, and Exchange in the Context of Peacebuilding in the Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"Kaitlin Gibson, Alina Dixon, A. Goebel, S. Bartels","doi":"10.1080/13533312.2022.2094781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2094781","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The narrow framing of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) and the United Nations Zero-Tolerance Policy inadequately accounts for the range of sexual interactions in peacekeeping contexts and obscures the wider social contexts within which sexual decision making occurs. We draw on personal narratives from women who have had such sexual interactions, as well as community observers to demonstrate the complexity, multiple forms and ambiguities that characterize these relationships. We focus particularly on ‘love’ and long-term relationships. The complexities revealed cast doubt on the efficacy and appropriateness of the UN’s zero-tolerance policy and call for a modification of the concept of the peacekeeping economy to include consideration of intimacy, emotion and quests to fulfil expectations of gendered social roles in the contradictory landscape of peacekeeping.","PeriodicalId":47231,"journal":{"name":"International Peacekeeping","volume":"29 1","pages":"678 - 705"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46204727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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