Khalid Saifullah PhD Scholar, Irfan Hussain Qaisrani Associate Professor, Adam Saud Professor and Dean Faculty of Humanities and Socia
Transition and diffusion of power are changing the political context and have made soft power more relevant than ever. The Government of Pakistan has started taking some initiatives to harvest soft power through its foreign policy. These include providing development assistance, signing bilateral and multilateral agreements, promoting culture, providing scholarships to international students, contributing to global peace and providing humanitarian assistance. This study aims to describe how soft power operates within the foreign policy of Pakistan. It also aims to explain how far the integration of soft power in foreign policy benefitted Pakistan and what new strategies are there to explore. The study borrows the conceptual framework of soft power proposed by Joseph Nye, follows the qualitative research design and uses primary and secondary data.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-08DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2022.2161522
A. Bateman
ABSTRACT During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union implemented multiple arms control treaties that depended on National Technical Means (NTM) for verification. Since NTM included covert satellite reconnaissance systems that gathered a sizeable portion of American intelligence on the USSR, the US government kept the details about its NTM ambiguous. Consequently, US diplomats had to negotiate a verification framework dependant on NTM without compromising sensitive space-based intelligence capabilities. This article uses newly declassified documents to explore how Washington and Moscow navigated the boundaries of secrecy concerning space reconnaissance to create a robust arms control verification regime.
{"title":"Trust but verify: Satellite reconnaissance, secrecy and arms control during the Cold War","authors":"A. Bateman","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2022.2161522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2022.2161522","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union implemented multiple arms control treaties that depended on National Technical Means (NTM) for verification. Since NTM included covert satellite reconnaissance systems that gathered a sizeable portion of American intelligence on the USSR, the US government kept the details about its NTM ambiguous. Consequently, US diplomats had to negotiate a verification framework dependant on NTM without compromising sensitive space-based intelligence capabilities. This article uses newly declassified documents to explore how Washington and Moscow navigated the boundaries of secrecy concerning space reconnaissance to create a robust arms control verification regime.","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78746845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-08DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2022.2160713
J. Stone
{"title":"Montesquieu: Strategist ahead of his time","authors":"J. Stone","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2022.2160713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2022.2160713","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78754219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2023.2181913
T. Mahnken
We would like to welcome Chiara Libiseller to the editorial team of The Journal of Strategic Studies. We are excited to have her join us as Deputy Editor. We would similarly like to extend our deepest appreciation to Joshua Rovner for his years of service as Deputy Editor and to Alan James for his tenure as the journal’s Reviews Editor. In recent years, as evidence of China’s nuclear and conventional buildup has grown, so too has concern over the prospects of escalation stemming from the entanglement of Chinese nuclear and conventional weapon systems. In ‘Are They Reading Schelling in Beijing? The Dimensions, Drivers, and Risks of Nuclear-Conventional Entanglement in China’, David C. Logan of Princeton University develops a framework for assessing entanglement and its risks. Applying that framework to China, he finds that Beijing’s missiles are not as entangled as is sometimes feared. He argues that strategic signaling and perception management will be key to controlling escalation risks stemming from nuclear-conventional entanglement in China. The issue’s next three essays examine the topics of strategic culture and military innovation. In ‘Theory of Strategic Culture: An Analytical Framework for Russian Cyber Threat Perception’, Martti J. Kari of the University of Jyväskylä and Katri Pynnöniemi of the University of Helsinki formulate an analytical framework to study the formation of Russian thinking on cyber threats as part of Russian strategic culture. They identify a sense of vulnerability, the narrative of Russia as a besieged fortress, and the technological inferiority of Russia as specific factors influencing Russian cyber threat perceptions.
我们欢迎Chiara Libiseller加入《战略研究杂志》的编辑团队。我们很高兴她能成为我们的副主编。同样，我们也要向多年来担任副主编的Joshua Rovner和担任杂志评论编辑的Alan James表示最深切的感谢。近年来，随着中国核武器和常规武器建设的证据越来越多，人们对中国核武器和常规武器系统纠缠所导致的升级前景的担忧也越来越多。在《他们在北京读谢林的书吗?》《中国核常规纠缠的维度、驱动因素和风险》一书中，普林斯顿大学的David C. Logan开发了一个评估纠缠及其风险的框架。将这一框架应用于中国，他发现北京的导弹并不像人们有时担心的那样纠缠不开。他认为，战略信号和感知管理将是控制中国核常规纠缠带来的升级风险的关键。本期接下来的三篇文章探讨了战略文化和军事创新的主题。在《战略文化理论:俄罗斯网络威胁感知的分析框架》中，Jyväskylä大学的Martti J. Kari和赫尔辛基大学的Katri Pynnöniemi制定了一个分析框架，以研究俄罗斯作为俄罗斯战略文化一部分的网络威胁思维的形成。他们认为，影响俄罗斯网络威胁认知的具体因素包括脆弱感、俄罗斯被围困堡垒的叙事，以及俄罗斯的技术劣势。
{"title":"From the editors","authors":"T. Mahnken","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2023.2181913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2023.2181913","url":null,"abstract":"We would like to welcome Chiara Libiseller to the editorial team of The Journal of Strategic Studies. We are excited to have her join us as Deputy Editor. We would similarly like to extend our deepest appreciation to Joshua Rovner for his years of service as Deputy Editor and to Alan James for his tenure as the journal’s Reviews Editor. In recent years, as evidence of China’s nuclear and conventional buildup has grown, so too has concern over the prospects of escalation stemming from the entanglement of Chinese nuclear and conventional weapon systems. In ‘Are They Reading Schelling in Beijing? The Dimensions, Drivers, and Risks of Nuclear-Conventional Entanglement in China’, David C. Logan of Princeton University develops a framework for assessing entanglement and its risks. Applying that framework to China, he finds that Beijing’s missiles are not as entangled as is sometimes feared. He argues that strategic signaling and perception management will be key to controlling escalation risks stemming from nuclear-conventional entanglement in China. The issue’s next three essays examine the topics of strategic culture and military innovation. In ‘Theory of Strategic Culture: An Analytical Framework for Russian Cyber Threat Perception’, Martti J. Kari of the University of Jyväskylä and Katri Pynnöniemi of the University of Helsinki formulate an analytical framework to study the formation of Russian thinking on cyber threats as part of Russian strategic culture. They identify a sense of vulnerability, the narrative of Russia as a besieged fortress, and the technological inferiority of Russia as specific factors influencing Russian cyber threat perceptions.","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83564164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-21DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2022.2152800
C. Yorke
ABSTRACT Empathy is increasingly seen as integral to effective strategy, offering solutions to policy failures and new ways to achieve strategic and operational success. Despite its softer connotations, empathy is hard, requiring strategists to confront misperceptions and false assumptions, and overcome individual egos and national hubris. This article reviews the literature, examining some of the gaps and costs incurred. Whilst strategic empathy may have transactional and instrumental connotations, it suggests that the concept holds greater potential to transform strategy. Used wisely, it offers an ethos and means to put people first, foster greater security, and offer innovative approaches to contemporary challenges.
{"title":"Is empathy a strategic imperative? A review essay","authors":"C. Yorke","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2022.2152800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2022.2152800","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Empathy is increasingly seen as integral to effective strategy, offering solutions to policy failures and new ways to achieve strategic and operational success. Despite its softer connotations, empathy is hard, requiring strategists to confront misperceptions and false assumptions, and overcome individual egos and national hubris. This article reviews the literature, examining some of the gaps and costs incurred. Whilst strategic empathy may have transactional and instrumental connotations, it suggests that the concept holds greater potential to transform strategy. Used wisely, it offers an ethos and means to put people first, foster greater security, and offer innovative approaches to contemporary challenges.","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83963082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2022.2146095
Andrew J Gawthorpe
ABSTRACT Two recent books suggest that the crisis of American democracy can be productively understood and addressed through concepts from security studies, namely ‘counterinsurgency’ and ‘civil war’. Yet doing so raises a host of ethical and practical problems which are only likely to make the crisis of American democracy worse.
{"title":"Counterinsurgency comes home","authors":"Andrew J Gawthorpe","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2022.2146095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2022.2146095","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Two recent books suggest that the crisis of American democracy can be productively understood and addressed through concepts from security studies, namely ‘counterinsurgency’ and ‘civil war’. Yet doing so raises a host of ethical and practical problems which are only likely to make the crisis of American democracy worse.","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82071862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-03DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2022.2138355
Samuel Žilinčík
{"title":"Awe for strategic effect: Hardly worth the trouble","authors":"Samuel Žilinčík","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2022.2138355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2022.2138355","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89153177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-25DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2022.2127092
Insoo Kim, D. Kuehn
ABSTRACT South Korea’s transition from military-controlled authoritarianism to consolidated civilian-dominated democracy is widely considered a success story. However, civilians’ roles within the MND remain severely limited due to the institutional design of the MND. A decentralised structure emerged in the MND, delegating policy decision-making in critical areas to professional soldiers. Data analysis on 1,060 employees in 21 MND departments shows a clear cut between the military domain and the civilian domain within the MND, which enabled the military to thwart 30 years of civilian efforts to reform the military structure without challenging the principle of civilian supremacy.
{"title":"The Ministry of National Defence in South Korea: Military dominance despite civilian supremacy?","authors":"Insoo Kim, D. Kuehn","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2022.2127092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2022.2127092","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT South Korea’s transition from military-controlled authoritarianism to consolidated civilian-dominated democracy is widely considered a success story. However, civilians’ roles within the MND remain severely limited due to the institutional design of the MND. A decentralised structure emerged in the MND, delegating policy decision-making in critical areas to professional soldiers. Data analysis on 1,060 employees in 21 MND departments shows a clear cut between the military domain and the civilian domain within the MND, which enabled the military to thwart 30 years of civilian efforts to reform the military structure without challenging the principle of civilian supremacy.","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88341397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2022.2127093
Vicken Cheterian
{"title":"Technological determinism or strategic advantage? Comparing the two Karabakh Wars between Armenia and Azerbaijan","authors":"Vicken Cheterian","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2022.2127093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2022.2127093","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77151536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2022.2111306
Beatrice Heuser
Taking risks might be encouraged, both in business and military strategy, when the potential price of losing would not be excessive while the gains in winning, worth wagering such a bet. In military contexts, a side set on aggression and conquest might take such a risk. Chance, fortuna, determining the outcome of risk taking has been seen differently throughout history – fatalistically, as prevalent in the Middle Ages – as been something that could not be influenced, or, as in Antiquity and in more recent times, as a factor open to influence by the astute and forceful military commander, or to prudent planners. New situations could be seen as dangerous and risky, with risks against which one has to hedge. Or they could be seen as a chance to change things in one’s own interest. This might be done through extensive contingency planning, or by seizing an opportunity quickly, applying the genius general’s coup d’oeil to turn a new development to one’s advantage, always conscious that this was a gamble and the outcome uncertain. While such a gamble could win or lose a battle and in turn a war, in the nuclear age, such a gamble would seem difficult to justify given the potential negative outcomes.
{"title":"Fortuna, chance, risk and opportunity in strategy from Antiquity to the Nuclear Age","authors":"Beatrice Heuser","doi":"10.1080/01402390.2022.2111306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2022.2111306","url":null,"abstract":"Taking risks might be encouraged, both in business and military strategy, when the potential price of losing would not be excessive while the gains in winning, worth wagering such a bet. In military contexts, a side set on aggression and conquest might take such a risk. Chance, fortuna, determining the outcome of risk taking has been seen differently throughout history – fatalistically, as prevalent in the Middle Ages – as been something that could not be influenced, or, as in Antiquity and in more recent times, as a factor open to influence by the astute and forceful military commander, or to prudent planners. New situations could be seen as dangerous and risky, with risks against which one has to hedge. Or they could be seen as a chance to change things in one’s own interest. This might be done through extensive contingency planning, or by seizing an opportunity quickly, applying the genius general’s coup d’oeil to turn a new development to one’s advantage, always conscious that this was a gamble and the outcome uncertain. While such a gamble could win or lose a battle and in turn a war, in the nuclear age, such a gamble would seem difficult to justify given the potential negative outcomes.","PeriodicalId":47240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strategic Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85328146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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