Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599522x16419948695323
Joerg Koenigstorfer, Yanxiang Yang, J. Bocarro, I. Brittain, E. Lundberg, D. McGillivray, L. Misener, L. Chalip, M. Duignan
This scoping review integrates literature from diverse perspectives to better understand when and how management of major sport events promotes or harms human rights. The authors critically review 130 peer-reviewed English language articles to identify conceptual contributions to research and practice. The findings reveal that politics and political reform, legal frameworks and organizational actions are crucial influences in when and how management of events promotes or harms human rights. The most frequently considered rights in the literature are: equality, human trafficking-related, sport as a human right, worker rights and freedom of residence. Activism for human rights stimulates change within relevant stakeholders via collaboration, naming and shaming, in-public debates and media coverage. The committed, transparent and inclusive consideration of human rights in all stages of managing sport events (from bid preparation, bidding, planning and hosting to post-event leverage) may increase the likelihood that the event has social benefits.
{"title":"THE STATE OF PLAY BETWEEN MANAGING MAJOR SPORTS EVENTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A SCOPING REVIEW","authors":"Joerg Koenigstorfer, Yanxiang Yang, J. Bocarro, I. Brittain, E. Lundberg, D. McGillivray, L. Misener, L. Chalip, M. Duignan","doi":"10.3727/152599522x16419948695323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948695323","url":null,"abstract":"This scoping review integrates literature from diverse perspectives to better understand when and how management of major sport events promotes or harms human rights. The authors critically review 130 peer-reviewed English language articles to identify conceptual contributions to research and practice. The findings reveal that politics and political reform, legal frameworks and organizational actions are crucial influences in when and how management of events promotes or harms human rights. The most frequently considered rights in the literature are: equality, human trafficking-related, sport as a human right, worker rights and freedom of residence. Activism for human rights stimulates change within relevant stakeholders via collaboration, naming and shaming, in-public debates and media coverage. The committed, transparent and inclusive consideration of human rights in all stages of managing sport events (from bid preparation, bidding, planning and hosting to post-event leverage) may increase the likelihood that the event has social benefits.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69737886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599523x16907613842273
Emma Harriet Wood, Maarit Kinnunen, Patricia Frances Coll
There is a dearth of research that addresses post-festival experience and particularly the effect of memory sharing on the sharer and the listener. In this paper, we gather the memory stories from eleven festival goers focusing on those they share with others. Analysing these using Aristotelian storytelling principles helps us understand how they are constructed, what makes them memorable and affective. It allows us to better understand the effects on others of sharing these and the purpose behind sharing. Our findings show that a storytelling analysis provides a rich understanding that has implications for festival design and post-event marketing. We found that emotional resonance in the plot coupled with a moral outcome is often present. More surprisingly, we discovered that each story is condensed to a short phrase or title to aid recall in the teller and the listener. Implications for narrative analysis, post-event marketing and festival design are discussed.
{"title":"The Structure and Purpose of Shared Festival Memories: A Storytelling Approach","authors":"Emma Harriet Wood, Maarit Kinnunen, Patricia Frances Coll","doi":"10.3727/152599523x16907613842273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599523x16907613842273","url":null,"abstract":"There is a dearth of research that addresses post-festival experience and particularly the effect of memory sharing on the sharer and the listener. In this paper, we gather the memory stories from eleven festival goers focusing on those they share with others. Analysing these using Aristotelian storytelling principles helps us understand how they are constructed, what makes them memorable and affective. It allows us to better understand the effects on others of sharing these and the purpose behind sharing. Our findings show that a storytelling analysis provides a rich understanding that has implications for festival design and post-event marketing. We found that emotional resonance in the plot coupled with a moral outcome is often present. More surprisingly, we discovered that each story is condensed to a short phrase or title to aid recall in the teller and the listener. Implications for narrative analysis, post-event marketing and festival design are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135600386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599522x16419948695305
Marko Perić, Vanja Vitezić
Even when held during the COVID-19 pandemic, motorsport events can have a wide range of impacts on host communities. Based on the case of 2021 World Rally Championship race that was hosted in Zagreb, Croatia, this study examines whether respondents' level of environmental consciousness and place of residence influence perception of impact and support for the event and sport tourism. 462 valid responses were collected, of which 194 respondents were from Zagreb (host city) and 268 were from Rijeka (non-host city). An exploratory factor analysis reduced the number of event impacts to seven factors. Social and indirect economic impacts outweighed direct economic impacts. Both environmentally conscious respondents and non-host city residents perceive most impacts as more intense than less environmentally conscious respondents and host city residents. In particular, environmentally conscious non-host residents tend to overestimate the impact of the event and give it the most support.
{"title":"WRC 2021 CROATIA DURING THE PANDEMIC: DO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE AFFECT RESPONDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF IMPACTS AND SUPPORT?","authors":"Marko Perić, Vanja Vitezić","doi":"10.3727/152599522x16419948695305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948695305","url":null,"abstract":"Even when held during the COVID-19 pandemic, motorsport events can have a wide range of impacts on host communities. Based on the case of 2021 World Rally Championship race that was hosted in Zagreb, Croatia, this study examines whether respondents' level of environmental consciousness and place of residence influence perception of impact and support for the event and sport tourism. 462 valid responses were collected, of which 194 respondents were from Zagreb (host city) and 268 were from Rijeka (non-host city). An exploratory factor analysis reduced the number of event impacts to seven factors. Social and indirect economic impacts outweighed direct economic impacts. Both environmentally conscious respondents and non-host city residents perceive most impacts as more intense than less environmentally conscious respondents and host city residents. In particular, environmentally conscious non-host residents tend to overestimate the impact of the event and give it the most support.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69737790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599523x16820528697852
L. Lockstone-Binney, J. Mair, Kisten Holmes
It is touted that mega-event host cities can strategically use the skills, knowledge and networks developed from hosting as a catalyst to bid for and host subsequent events. There is currently scant research to support this claim. This study set out to develop and refine a set of indicators that can be used to assess an event hosting legacy. Based on the concepts of “eventful cities” and “event portfolios”, a review of secondary data sources was conducted to compile a list of draft indicators that could evaluate an event hosting legacy in respect of assessing the skills, knowledge and networks required to host future events. These measures were refined by an expert Delphi panel over three rounds to arrive at a final set of 12 indicators. An agenda for future research to confirm the reliability and validity of these indicators is discussed.
{"title":"DEVELOPING “EVENTFUL” MEGA-EVENT HOSTING LEGACY INDICATORS","authors":"L. Lockstone-Binney, J. Mair, Kisten Holmes","doi":"10.3727/152599523x16820528697852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599523x16820528697852","url":null,"abstract":"It is touted that mega-event host cities can strategically use the skills, knowledge and networks developed from hosting as a catalyst to bid for and host subsequent events. There is currently scant research to support this claim. This study set out to develop and refine a set of indicators that can be used to assess an event hosting legacy. Based on the concepts of “eventful cities” and “event portfolios”, a review of secondary data sources was conducted to compile a list of draft indicators that could evaluate an event hosting legacy in respect of assessing the skills, knowledge and networks required to host future events. These measures were refined by an expert Delphi panel over three rounds to arrive at a final set of 12 indicators. An agenda for future research to confirm the reliability and validity of these indicators is discussed.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69737823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599523x16796167688112
Andrew Smith
Hiring out sites, particularly urban parks, to the organisers of private events is now an important way that some public spaces are funded. Government austerity, and the additional pressures that COVID-19 has placed on government finances, means this approach to public space management is becoming more visible and widespread. By focusing on some notable cases from south London, this research note highlights this trend and its implications. The analysis unpicks the notions of private and public to better understand outdoor events and explores whether paid entry events deliver net benefits for the public. Some parks now switch between functioning as public spaces and event venues and are governed beyond the state. This suggests hybrid, ‘public-private’ parks are emerging. The piece concludes with some recommendations for research that captures this different way of thinking about events: not as amenities that require public funds, but as contested ways of funding public amenities.
{"title":"PRIVATE EVENTS FOR PUBLIC BENEFIT? EVENTS AND THE EMERGENCE OF PRIVATE-PUBLIC PARKS","authors":"Andrew Smith","doi":"10.3727/152599523x16796167688112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599523x16796167688112","url":null,"abstract":"Hiring out sites, particularly urban parks, to the organisers of private events is now an important way that some public spaces are funded. Government austerity, and the additional pressures that COVID-19 has placed on government finances, means this approach to public space management is becoming more visible and widespread. By focusing on some notable cases from south London, this research note highlights this trend and its implications. The analysis unpicks the notions of private and public to better understand outdoor events and explores whether paid entry events deliver net benefits for the public. Some parks now switch between functioning as public spaces and event venues and are governed beyond the state. This suggests hybrid, ‘public-private’ parks are emerging. The piece concludes with some recommendations for research that captures this different way of thinking about events: not as amenities that require public funds, but as contested ways of funding public amenities.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69737969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599522x16419948695260
H. Marshall, James Johnson, A. Brown
This paper seeks to better understand the solo eventgoer experience at UK music events. There is an established market of solo consumption in general and a growing trend of eventgoer’s choosing to attend music events alone. 15 in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with solo eventgoers. Data analysis has identified that whilst solo eventgoers attend alone, socialising remains important. Eventgoers escape from existing social ties which enables a deeper immersive experience. Overcoming the barrier of attending alone provides opportunities for freedom and flexibility in the experience. Overall, the study provides insights for event managers in the design and management of music event experiences for their solo attendees. Moreover, this article has theoretical implications in that the case of the solo eventgoer has not been critically explored in the events management literature.
{"title":"GOING ALONE: THE EXPERIENCE IF SOLO EVENTGOERS AT MUSIC EVENTS IN THE UK","authors":"H. Marshall, James Johnson, A. Brown","doi":"10.3727/152599522x16419948695260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948695260","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks to better understand the solo eventgoer experience at UK music events. There is an established market of solo consumption in general and a growing trend of eventgoer’s choosing to attend music events alone. 15 in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with solo eventgoers. Data analysis has identified that whilst solo eventgoers attend alone, socialising remains important. Eventgoers escape from existing social ties which enables a deeper immersive experience. Overcoming the barrier of attending alone provides opportunities for freedom and flexibility in the experience. Overall, the study provides insights for event managers in the design and management of music event experiences for their solo attendees. Moreover, this article has theoretical implications in that the case of the solo eventgoer has not been critically explored in the events management literature.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69738166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599523x16817925582096
D. Getz
It is a very challenging time to be an event producer or manager, or to be a researcher seeking to make a contribution to the field. Following a long period of unprecedented growth in the leisure, tourism, hospitality and events sectors, a great shock disrupted everything - and it probably will not be the last. Hence, whilst the events sector has always been changing (Michopoulou et al., 2019) we are now living in a very different world.
{"title":"THOUGHTS ON RESILIENCE AND INNOVATION IN EVENTS TODAY","authors":"D. Getz","doi":"10.3727/152599523x16817925582096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599523x16817925582096","url":null,"abstract":"It is a very challenging time to be an event producer or manager, or to be a researcher seeking to make a contribution to the field. Following a long period of unprecedented growth in the leisure, tourism, hospitality and events sectors, a great shock disrupted everything - and it probably will not be the last. Hence, whilst the events sector has always been changing (Michopoulou et al., 2019) we are now living in a very different world.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69738223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599523x16836740488004
Timothy Yeardley
Significant research into the development of managers and leaders primarily focuses on the development of middle to senior managers. This could explain why there is little research into the development of First Level Managers (FLMs), and in the Events Industry, there is no evidence of research into UK Event First Level Managers (EFLMs). This research is aimed at broadening understanding around what training UK EFLMs receive and the type of managerial styles and competencies training they undertake when commencing their managerial careers. The findings suggest that EFLMs get no or very little formal management development. Despite this lack of training, EFLMs are already enacting pre-formed approaches, not necessarily the most appropriate, when managing event teams and these managerial styles are based mostly around previous workplace experiences. These findings assist EFLMs and those involved in event HR managerial and leadership training to capitalise on EFLMs being, rather than becoming, Event Managers.
{"title":"BEING RATHER THAN BECOMING MANAGERS: DILEMMAS FACING EVENT FIRST LEVEL MANAGERS","authors":"Timothy Yeardley","doi":"10.3727/152599523x16836740488004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599523x16836740488004","url":null,"abstract":"Significant research into the development of managers and leaders primarily focuses on the development of middle to senior managers. This could explain why there is little research into the development of First Level Managers (FLMs), and in the Events Industry, there is no evidence of research into UK Event First Level Managers (EFLMs). This research is aimed at broadening understanding around what training UK EFLMs receive and the type of managerial styles and competencies training they undertake when commencing their managerial careers. The findings suggest that EFLMs get no or very little formal management development. Despite this lack of training, EFLMs are already enacting pre-formed approaches, not necessarily the most appropriate, when managing event teams and these managerial styles are based mostly around previous workplace experiences. These findings assist EFLMs and those involved in event HR managerial and leadership training to capitalise on EFLMs being, rather than becoming, Event Managers.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69738473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599523x16836740488031
Zhiqi Tang, C. Wu, Wan Lok Alan Cheng
This study aims to conduct a systematic review on human rights as related to mega-events (MEs) to locate possible key areas and gaps for further research in the field. A systematic literature review has been undertaken utilizing the databases of Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar. A final sample of 127 articles was used for this review exercise. Findings resulted in past research studies classified into six groups and 18 topics for recommending for future research. The findings contribute to theory by identifying and underlining the key areas and research gaps for orientating further studies such as discovering some new phenomena which may elicit relevant research interests. The findings also contribute practically by urging the relevant policy and practice actors to actively seek out the stakeholders entailed in a mega event to minimize its possible adverse effects on the stakeholders.
本研究旨在对与重大事件(MEs)相关的人权进行系统审查，以确定可能的关键领域和差距，以便在该领域进行进一步研究。利用Scopus、Web of Sciences和谷歌Scholar等数据库进行了系统的文献综述。本次审查练习使用了127篇文章的最终样本。研究结果将过去的研究分为6组和18个主题，为未来的研究提供建议。这些发现通过识别和强调关键领域和研究空白来促进理论，从而为进一步研究提供方向，例如发现一些可能引发相关研究兴趣的新现象。研究结果还敦促相关的政策和实践行为者积极寻找大型活动所涉及的利益相关者，以尽量减少其对利益相关者可能产生的不利影响，从而做出实际贡献。
{"title":"HUMAN RIGHTS AND MEGA-EVENTS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"Zhiqi Tang, C. Wu, Wan Lok Alan Cheng","doi":"10.3727/152599523x16836740488031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599523x16836740488031","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to conduct a systematic review on human rights as related to mega-events (MEs) to locate possible key areas and gaps for further research in the field. A systematic literature review has been undertaken utilizing the databases of Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar. A final sample of 127 articles was used for this review exercise. Findings resulted in past research studies classified into six groups and 18 topics for recommending for future research. The findings contribute to theory by identifying and underlining the key areas and research gaps for orientating further studies such as discovering some new phenomena which may elicit relevant research interests. The findings also contribute practically by urging the relevant policy and practice actors to actively seek out the stakeholders entailed in a mega event to minimize its possible adverse effects on the stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69738540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599523x16842083117783
D. Weaver, C. McLennan, B. Moyle, Luca Casali
With fewer willing hosts, mega-events face uncertainty. From stakeholder and core/periphery perspectives, dystopic outcomes are occurring because mega-event elites benefit far more than peripheral stakeholders, including host city residents. To overcome the current crisis of confidence in mega-events and enable pro-community ideals of stakeholder theory, we identify levels of host community support for the 2032 Brisbane Olympic Games in the early pre-event stage, when proactive planning interventions are still possible. Two-thirds of 897 surveyed host city respondents supported the Brisbane Games in our 2022 study, but this support is “soft”. Specifically, cluster analysis reveals an event-loyal inner periphery of ‘enthused legacy optimists’ and ‘enthused immersives’ who can be targeted for early personal engagement and recruitment of other residents, especially the large middle periphery of ‘sceptics’. A passively opposed outer periphery of ‘neutral negatives’ and ‘naysayers’ was also identified that may resist recruitment but is unlikely to disrupt preparation or hosting.
{"title":"EARLY RESIDENT SUPPORT FOR A MEGA-EVENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2032 BRISBANE SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES","authors":"D. Weaver, C. McLennan, B. Moyle, Luca Casali","doi":"10.3727/152599523x16842083117783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599523x16842083117783","url":null,"abstract":"With fewer willing hosts, mega-events face uncertainty. From stakeholder and core/periphery perspectives, dystopic outcomes are occurring because mega-event elites benefit far more than peripheral stakeholders, including host city residents. To overcome the current crisis of confidence in mega-events and enable pro-community ideals of stakeholder theory, we identify levels of host community support for the 2032 Brisbane Olympic Games in the early pre-event stage, when proactive planning interventions are still possible. Two-thirds of 897 surveyed host city respondents supported the Brisbane Games in our 2022 study, but this support is “soft”. Specifically, cluster analysis reveals an event-loyal inner periphery of ‘enthused legacy optimists’ and ‘enthused immersives’ who can be targeted for early personal engagement and recruitment of other residents, especially the large middle periphery of ‘sceptics’. A passively opposed outer periphery of ‘neutral negatives’ and ‘naysayers’ was also identified that may resist recruitment but is unlikely to disrupt preparation or hosting.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69738551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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