Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599522x16419948695116
Janice D Hemmonsbey, B. Knott
The growing sport event tourism sector generates substantial socio-economic impacts for host destinations. However, the Covid-19 pandemic significantly impacted this industry, resulting in a dramatic decline in international tourist arrivals of 20-30% globally (UNWTO, 2020a) and the cancellation/ postponement of sport tourism events (Hemmonsbey et al., 2021). An emerging topic within organisational management theory is that of “resilience”, which relates to how organisations proactively adapt to and recover from disturbances in the system. This study therefore aimed to determine existing applications of resilience theory to the sport event tourism industry to assess its usefulness for these organisations as they seek to recover from Covid-19. This paper focuses on the first stage of this study, reflecting the findings of a systematic literature review of articles relating to sport event tourism and organisational resilience (n=164). A qualitative analysis revealed the lack of application of this theory to this sector. A deeper analysis revealed the unique industry challenges and opportunities relating to organisational resilience for sport event tourism in times of global crises. The study extends the conceptualisation and application of resilience theory to the sport event tourism field of study. Drawing from this theory, it informs sport event tourism best practice in terms of preparedness for future crises and outlines an agenda for further research in this field.
不断发展的体育赛事旅游业对主办目的地产生了巨大的社会经济影响。然而，2019冠状病毒病大流行严重影响了这一行业，导致全球国际游客人数急剧下降20-30% (UNWTO, 2020a)，体育旅游赛事取消/推迟(Hemmonsbey et al.， 2021)。组织管理理论中的一个新兴主题是“弹性”，它涉及组织如何主动适应并从系统中的干扰中恢复。因此，本研究旨在确定弹性理论在体育赛事旅游业中的现有应用，以评估其对这些组织在寻求从Covid-19中恢复时的有用性。本文侧重于本研究的第一阶段，反映了对体育赛事旅游和组织弹性相关文章的系统文献综述的发现(n=164)。定性分析表明，这一理论在这一领域的应用不足。一项更深入的分析揭示了在全球危机时期与体育赛事旅游组织弹性相关的独特行业挑战和机遇。本研究将弹性理论的概念和应用扩展到体育赛事旅游研究领域。根据这一理论，它告知体育赛事旅游在防范未来危机方面的最佳实践，并概述了在这一领域进一步研究的议程。
{"title":"SPORT EVENT TOURISM ORGANISATIONS AND RESILIENCE THEORY – A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"Janice D Hemmonsbey, B. Knott","doi":"10.3727/152599522x16419948695116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948695116","url":null,"abstract":"The growing sport event tourism sector generates substantial socio-economic impacts for host destinations. However, the Covid-19 pandemic significantly impacted this industry, resulting in a dramatic decline in international tourist arrivals of 20-30% globally (UNWTO, 2020a) and the cancellation/ postponement of sport tourism events (Hemmonsbey et al., 2021). An emerging topic within organisational management theory is that of “resilience”, which relates to how organisations proactively adapt to and recover from disturbances in the system. This study therefore aimed to determine existing applications of resilience theory to the sport event tourism industry to assess its usefulness for these organisations as they seek to recover from Covid-19. This paper focuses on the first stage of this study, reflecting the findings of a systematic literature review of articles relating to sport event tourism and organisational resilience (n=164). A qualitative analysis revealed the lack of application of this theory to this sector. A deeper analysis revealed the unique industry challenges and opportunities relating to organisational resilience for sport event tourism in times of global crises. The study extends the conceptualisation and application of resilience theory to the sport event tourism field of study. Drawing from this theory, it informs sport event tourism best practice in terms of preparedness for future crises and outlines an agenda for further research in this field.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69737652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599522x16419948391069
Dave McMahon, J. Spencer, Lisa Witzig
The authors propose a strategy to help event planners pivot and adjust to the post-COVID world. This involves the use of social media and sales force automation (SFA). The authors explain how both of these can be accomplished in a low cost, easy to learn and use manner by adopting LinkedIn. The authors also present three tools that will help the event planner assess if they and their personnel are ready to make such a change. The authors conclude with a set of managerial imperatives that include not only how to be proactive and competitive but also the operational adjustments that will be necessary for the mode of operation, the reach of the planner, how online presence and content will drive awareness, the role and definition of personnel, how client relationships are conducted, and how the different facets of the event itself will change.
{"title":"A Post-COVID Strategy for Event Planners","authors":"Dave McMahon, J. Spencer, Lisa Witzig","doi":"10.3727/152599522x16419948391069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948391069","url":null,"abstract":"The authors propose a strategy to help event planners pivot and adjust to the post-COVID world. This involves the use of social media and sales force automation (SFA). The authors explain how both of these can be accomplished in a low cost, easy to learn and use manner by adopting LinkedIn. The authors also present three tools that will help the event planner assess if they and their personnel are ready to make such a change. The authors conclude with a set of managerial imperatives that include not only how to be proactive and competitive but also the operational adjustments that will be necessary for the mode of operation, the reach of the planner, how online presence and content will drive awareness, the role and definition of personnel, how client relationships are conducted, and how the different facets of the event itself will change.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69736869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599522x16419948391131
N. Bredikhina, Thilo Kunkel
Empirical investigations on an effective sport event sponsorship format have remained sparse. The purpose of this research is to compare the outcomes of activation and advertising-like event sponsorship, explaining the factors that drive change in sponsor brand attitudes among event attendees. We propose that 1) activation should lead to a significantly stronger increase of sponsorship perceptions and sponsor brand attitudes than advertising-like sponsorship, 2) changes in sponsorship perceptions should influence changes in sponsor brand attitudes, and 3) self-congruity with the sponsor should play a mediator role in the relationship between consumers’ sponsorship perceptions and attitudes toward sponsor. To test our assumptions, we conducted a field experiment at an international sport event with two waves of surveys (before/after the event). We compare longitudinal changes in sponsor-event fit, sponsorship authenticity, sponsor brand attitude, and self-congruity with the sponsor for two brands: one pursuing activation and the other one pursuing advertising-like sponsorship. Hypotheses were tested using paired samples t-tests and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Findings reveal that for activating sponsor, improvements in sponsorship perceptions were significantly stronger and explained more variance in changes of sponsor brand attitudes. Self-congruity with the sponsor was a mediator between sponsorship perceptions and sponsor brand attitudes. The study contributes to event sponsorship literature by longitudinally demonstrating that activation is more effective than advertising-like sponsorship in brand promotions and highlights the mediating role of self-congruity in the relationship between sponsorship inferences and sponsor brand outcomes.
{"title":"Make It Count: Examining Outcomes of Activation and Advertising-Like Event Sponsorship","authors":"N. Bredikhina, Thilo Kunkel","doi":"10.3727/152599522x16419948391131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948391131","url":null,"abstract":"Empirical investigations on an effective sport event sponsorship format have remained sparse. The purpose of this research is to compare the outcomes of activation and advertising-like event sponsorship, explaining the factors that drive change in sponsor brand attitudes among event attendees. We propose that 1) activation should lead to a significantly stronger increase of sponsorship perceptions and sponsor brand attitudes than advertising-like sponsorship, 2) changes in sponsorship perceptions should influence changes in sponsor brand attitudes, and 3) self-congruity with the sponsor should play a mediator role in the relationship between consumers’ sponsorship perceptions and attitudes toward sponsor. To test our assumptions, we conducted a field experiment at an international sport event with two waves of surveys (before/after the event). We compare longitudinal changes in sponsor-event fit, sponsorship authenticity, sponsor brand attitude, and self-congruity with the sponsor for two brands: one pursuing activation and the other one pursuing advertising-like sponsorship. Hypotheses were tested using paired samples t-tests and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Findings reveal that for activating sponsor, improvements in sponsorship perceptions were significantly stronger and explained more variance in changes of sponsor brand attitudes. Self-congruity with the sponsor was a mediator between sponsorship perceptions and sponsor brand attitudes. The study contributes to event sponsorship literature by longitudinally demonstrating that activation is more effective than advertising-like sponsorship in brand promotions and highlights the mediating role of self-congruity in the relationship between sponsorship inferences and sponsor brand outcomes.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69737017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599522x16419948694784
Y. Lu, Wei, L. Wu, Jason A. Swanson, D. Getz
This research was to examine the effects of meeting size on attendee experience at association meetings. From perspectives of social anxiety, this research investigates how meeting size influences attendees’ social anxiety levels; how attendees’ perceived self-esteem and group identity at meetings moderate the effects of meeting size on social anxiety; and how attendees’ perceived social anxiety influences their satisfaction with meeting attendance and perceived return-on-investment (ROI) of the meeting. With a survey of 470 attendees, results showed that the bigger the meetings are, the less social anxiety attendees will feel. The impact of meeting size is further moderated by self-esteem and group identity. Furthermore, attendees’ felt social anxiety negatively affects their meeting satisfaction and perceived ROI of the meeting. Theoretical and practical contributions of the research are discussed.
{"title":"The Role of Meeting Size in Attendees’ Psychological Response and Consequence Behavior: A Social Anxiety Approach","authors":"Y. Lu, Wei, L. Wu, Jason A. Swanson, D. Getz","doi":"10.3727/152599522x16419948694784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948694784","url":null,"abstract":"This research was to examine the effects of meeting size on attendee experience at association meetings. From perspectives of social anxiety, this research investigates how meeting size influences attendees’ social anxiety levels; how attendees’ perceived self-esteem and group identity at meetings moderate the effects of meeting size on social anxiety; and how attendees’ perceived social anxiety influences their satisfaction with meeting attendance and perceived return-on-investment (ROI) of the meeting. With a survey of 470 attendees, results showed that the bigger the meetings are, the less social anxiety attendees will feel. The impact of meeting size is further moderated by self-esteem and group identity. Furthermore, attendees’ felt social anxiety negatively affects their meeting satisfaction and perceived ROI of the meeting. Theoretical and practical contributions of the research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69737023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599522x16419948391023
Thea Vinnicombe, Joey Pek U Sou
Market segmentation by expenditure enables the identification of high spending visitors to festivals and events, enabling organizers to target this group with appropriate product offerings and promotions, thereby facilitating the achievement of economic goals from smaller participant numbers. Despite the potential usefulness of this tool, few studies have applied this technique in the festival and event literature. This paper examines the existing studies with a view to identifying similarities and differences amongst high spenders and other points of interest. An additional case study of visitors to the 2019 Macau Grand Prix is added to the current research. High, medium and light spending categories of Grand Prix attendees are identified and profiled. High spenders are found to differ from their counterparts on a number of socio-demographic and trip related characteristics, including age, income, length of stay in Macau and most of all a desire to thoroughly enjoy their whole Grand Prix trip, staying in comfortable accommodation, dinning and drinking and trying their luck in the city’s casinos. In addition, they exhibit a higher level of interest or attachment to the Macau Grand Prix and to motor sports more broadly. These outcomes support the findings of other studies using expenditure to segment festival and event goers, and provide valuable information for the event organizers and tourism operators in Macau.
{"title":"Who are the Big Spenders at a Grand Prix in a Gaming Destination?","authors":"Thea Vinnicombe, Joey Pek U Sou","doi":"10.3727/152599522x16419948391023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948391023","url":null,"abstract":"Market segmentation by expenditure enables the identification of high spending visitors to festivals and events, enabling organizers to target this group with appropriate product offerings and promotions, thereby facilitating the achievement of economic goals from smaller participant numbers. Despite the potential usefulness of this tool, few studies have applied this technique in the festival and event literature. This paper examines the existing studies with a view to identifying similarities and differences amongst high spenders and other points of interest. An additional case study of visitors to the 2019 Macau Grand Prix is added to the current research. High, medium and light spending categories of Grand Prix attendees are identified and profiled. High spenders are found to differ from their counterparts on a number of socio-demographic and trip related characteristics, including age, income, length of stay in Macau and most of all a desire to thoroughly enjoy their whole Grand Prix trip, staying in comfortable accommodation, dinning and drinking and trying their luck in the city’s casinos. In addition, they exhibit a higher level of interest or attachment to the Macau Grand Prix and to motor sports more broadly. These outcomes support the findings of other studies using expenditure to segment festival and event goers, and provide valuable information for the event organizers and tourism operators in Macau.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69737214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599522x16419948695134
W. Lei, U. Couto, Fernando Lourenço, Cheng Man Wu, Chi Cheng Mak
Through the nexus of event attendance motives, event experience, eventscape, and the Uses and Gratifications Theory to inform the conceptual framework of this study, this paper sheds light on the motives and experience in attending virtual and physical music events. It adopts a qualitative case study approach to explore the motives and experiences of virtual events based on 55 interviews who attended both types of concerts. This research contributes to the literature in music event motivation by connecting the motives and outcomes of attending virtual and physical music concerts, which are similar but manifested differently. Participants of virtual concerts were able to interact with others and enjoy the event atmosphere. The convenience element of eventscape plays an important role in participants’ experience, specifically on cost and accessibility. Technology also plays a pivotal role in inducing positive emotions and reaffirming fan identity. Practical implications for staging virtual events are discussed.
{"title":"VIRTUAL MUSIC CONCERT ATTENDANCE MOTIVES AND EXPERIENCE THROUGH THE LENS OF USES AND GRATIFICATION THEORY","authors":"W. Lei, U. Couto, Fernando Lourenço, Cheng Man Wu, Chi Cheng Mak","doi":"10.3727/152599522x16419948695134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948695134","url":null,"abstract":"Through the nexus of event attendance motives, event experience, eventscape, and the Uses and Gratifications Theory to inform the conceptual framework of this study, this paper sheds light on the motives and experience in attending virtual and physical music events. It adopts a qualitative case study approach to explore the motives and experiences of virtual events based on 55 interviews who attended both types of concerts. This research contributes to the literature in music event motivation by connecting the motives and outcomes of attending virtual and physical music concerts, which are similar but manifested differently. Participants of virtual concerts were able to interact with others and enjoy the event atmosphere. The convenience element of eventscape plays an important role in participants’ experience, specifically on cost and accessibility. Technology also plays a pivotal role in inducing positive emotions and reaffirming fan identity. Practical implications for staging virtual events are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69737533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599522x16419948390907
Adrian H. Devine, F. Devine
Cultural events feature prominently in the economic strategies of many cities. However, culture is open to interpretation and cultural expression can be problematic. This paper examines Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations in Belfast and how this event has been the victim of a bitter ‘cultural war’. Efforts to reframe the event and make it inclusive have had limited success. Like many other post-conflict countries, culture in Northern Ireland is tied to group identity and cultural expression is bound up with the battle for political legitimacy and state sovereignty. This battle for ownership and cultural supremacy has meant that Belfast has been unable to cash in on its authentic links to Saint Patrick. This is unlikely to change because, despite COVID-19 and the prominence given to event tourism in Belfast’s new culture strategy, the zero-sum character of the cultural war in Northern Ireland would suggest group identity will continue to trump the economic argument.
{"title":"Cultural Contestation and Masquerade Politics: The Challenge of Trying to Develop a Cultural Event in a Divided City","authors":"Adrian H. Devine, F. Devine","doi":"10.3727/152599522x16419948390907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948390907","url":null,"abstract":"Cultural events feature prominently in the economic strategies of many cities. However, culture is open to interpretation and cultural expression can be problematic. This paper examines Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations in Belfast and how this event has been the victim of a bitter ‘cultural war’. Efforts to reframe the event and make it inclusive have had limited success. Like many other post-conflict countries, culture in Northern Ireland is tied to group identity and cultural expression is bound up with the battle for political legitimacy and state sovereignty. This battle for ownership and cultural supremacy has meant that Belfast has been unable to cash in on its authentic links to Saint Patrick. This is unlikely to change because, despite COVID-19 and the prominence given to event tourism in Belfast’s new culture strategy, the zero-sum character of the cultural war in Northern Ireland would suggest group identity will continue to trump the economic argument.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69736920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599522x16419948391096
Man-U. Io
Business event attendees always have their business goals to achieve when attending a business event, and hence it is worthwhile to investigate whether and to what extent event experiential benefits can help accomplish attendees’ business goals and enhance their perceived eventscape and satisfaction. This study investigates the roles of attendees’ business goal accomplishment and perceived eventscape in the relationship between event experiential benefits and satisfaction. Based on a quantitative survey for an annually-held trade fair and business conference in Macao, a conceptual model and hypotheses are proposed and examined. The results reveal the multimediating roles of the eventscape and business goal accomplishment in the relationships between the three-dimensional experiential benefits and attendees’ satisfaction. The findings indicate how the event experiential benefits, eventscape, and business goal accomplishment interacted with each other to determine attendees’ satisfaction. This study has discussed its theoretical implications and managerial suggestions for enhancing attendees’ experiences with business events.
{"title":"Understanding Business Event Experiences: The Mediating Roles of Eventscape and Business Goal Accomplishment","authors":"Man-U. Io","doi":"10.3727/152599522x16419948391096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948391096","url":null,"abstract":"Business event attendees always have their business goals to achieve when attending a business event, and hence it is worthwhile to investigate whether and to what extent event experiential benefits can help accomplish attendees’ business goals and enhance their perceived eventscape and satisfaction. This study investigates the roles of attendees’ business goal accomplishment and perceived eventscape in the relationship between event experiential benefits and satisfaction. Based on a quantitative survey for an annually-held trade fair and business conference in Macao, a conceptual model and hypotheses are proposed and examined. The results reveal the multimediating roles of the eventscape and business goal accomplishment in the relationships between the three-dimensional experiential benefits and attendees’ satisfaction. The findings indicate how the event experiential benefits, eventscape, and business goal accomplishment interacted with each other to determine attendees’ satisfaction. This study has discussed its theoretical implications and managerial suggestions for enhancing attendees’ experiences with business events.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69736937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599522x16419948391212
Adam Talbot
This paper explores the evolution of IOC human rights policy reform under the presidency of Thomas Bach in relation to civil society groups pressuring the IOC over human rights violations. This reveals differing conceptions of rights at play, with the IOC seeing human rights as specific conditions which can be defined and protected by written rules and policy, while their critics view rights as a discursive tool to make claims for the marginalised. These different understandings of what human rights are lead to different expectations about what policy needs to address. Recent reforms have been generated in part by human rights advocacy groups and grassroots activists successfully working together to highlight issues and make demands upon the IOC. However, human rights advocacy groups are caught in the middle of an increasingly wide gap between grassroots activists and the IOC, presenting challenges to continuing progress on human rights.
{"title":"Human rights at the Olympic Games: Policy, protest, and progress","authors":"Adam Talbot","doi":"10.3727/152599522x16419948391212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948391212","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the evolution of IOC human rights policy reform under the presidency of Thomas Bach in relation to civil society groups pressuring the IOC over human rights violations. This reveals differing conceptions of rights at play, with the IOC seeing human rights as specific conditions which can be defined and protected by written rules and policy, while their critics view rights as a discursive tool to make claims for the marginalised. These different understandings of what human rights are lead to different expectations about what policy needs to address. Recent reforms have been generated in part by human rights advocacy groups and grassroots activists successfully working together to highlight issues and make demands upon the IOC. However, human rights advocacy groups are caught in the middle of an increasingly wide gap between grassroots activists and the IOC, presenting challenges to continuing progress on human rights.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69737187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3727/152599522x16419948391230
Siv Skard, Birgit A. Apenes Solem
A commonly accepted notion is that companies should leverage their event sponsorships with promotional and communication activities beyond the sponsorship contract. Activational sponsorship leverage is an experiential marketing strategy that encourages consumers to engage actively in brand-related activities. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate how level of consumer participation in brand-related activities at a sponsored event can improve brand evaluations by creating brand experiences. The paper presents findings from a field quasi-experiment conducted at a sponsored sporting event, in which three levels of consumer participation with the sponsoring brand (active-, passive-, or non-participation) were examined. Drawing on brand experience theory, the main prediction is that active participation represents the highest level of consumer brand engagement, and therefore should have the greatest potential for creating impactful brand experiences. The study provides valuable information for brand managers who seek to create memorable brand experiences through sponsorship-linked brand communication and activities.
{"title":"Creating Brand Experiences Through Activational Sponsorship Leverage","authors":"Siv Skard, Birgit A. Apenes Solem","doi":"10.3727/152599522x16419948391230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948391230","url":null,"abstract":"A commonly accepted notion is that companies should leverage their event sponsorships with promotional and communication activities beyond the sponsorship contract. Activational sponsorship leverage is an experiential marketing strategy that encourages consumers to engage actively in brand-related activities. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate how level of consumer participation in brand-related activities at a sponsored event can improve brand evaluations by creating brand experiences. The paper presents findings from a field quasi-experiment conducted at a sponsored sporting event, in which three levels of consumer participation with the sponsoring brand (active-, passive-, or non-participation) were examined. Drawing on brand experience theory, the main prediction is that active participation represents the highest level of consumer brand engagement, and therefore should have the greatest potential for creating impactful brand experiences. The study provides valuable information for brand managers who seek to create memorable brand experiences through sponsorship-linked brand communication and activities.","PeriodicalId":47354,"journal":{"name":"EVENT MANAGEMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69737220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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