Australian Journal of Public Administration最新文献_第3页

‘We assumed it would all be fairly straight forward’: Exploring early implementation of the recommendations of the Victorian Royal Commission into Family Violence 我们以为一切都会很简单"：探索维多利亚州皇家家庭暴力委员会建议的早期实施情况

IF 2.2 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Australian Journal of Public Administration

Pub Date : 2024-04-21 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8500.12638

Rebecca Buys, Kate Fitz‐Gibbon

Over the past decade, royal commissions have been increasingly employed to address some of Australia's most pernicious and persistent problems. However, their recommendations often languish unimplemented. Research on why so many proposals fail to make it into policy and practice is divided. To explore the fraught road from recommendation to reform, this article analyses the early implementation of the recommendations of the 2016 Royal Commission into Family Violence (Victoria, Australia) from a relational vantage. To do so, this article brings attention to the under‐explored insights of advocates and frontline service providers and their relationship to post‐royal commission reform processes. Their relational accounts of corroborations, contradictions, and contestations move the contemporary predominate question of if implementation happens to more nuanced questions about when it occurs, what is implemented, who does it, and how it happens. The difficulties participants faced in the early implementation phase of the reforms demonstrate implementation alone is not a panacea for the problems royal commissions face post‐inquiry.Points for practitioners

Improving the implementation of royal commissions’ recommendations requires centring the perspectives of those with specialised knowledge and who deliver related services.

Recommendations to address challenging social problems need to be designed to evolve, often rapidly, to the constantly changing contexts that they are enmeshed within.

An implementation for implementation's sake approach risks obfuscating the contestations of what royal commissions find and cementing potentially problematic initiatives.

在过去十年中，皇家委员会越来越多地被用来解决澳大利亚一些最严重、最顽固的问题。然而，他们的建议往往得不到落实。关于为何如此多的建议未能转化为政策和实践的研究众说纷纭。为了探索从建议到改革的艰难之路，本文从关系的角度分析了 2016 年家庭暴力皇家委员会（澳大利亚维多利亚州）建议的早期实施情况。为此，本文关注倡导者和一线服务提供者未被充分挖掘的见解，以及他们与皇家委员会后改革进程的关系。他们对相互印证、矛盾和争论的关系描述，将 "实施是否发生 "这一当代的主要问题转移到了关于 "何时实施"、"实施什么"、"由谁实施 "以及 "如何实施 "等更细微的问题上。参与者在改革早期实施阶段所面临的困难表明，实施本身并不是解决皇家委员会在调查后所面临问题的灵丹妙药。为解决具有挑战性的社会问题而提出的建议，需要根据其所处的不断变化的环境进行设计，而且往往是快速设计。为实施而实施的方法有可能混淆皇家委员会所发现的争议，并固化可能存在问题的倡议。

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引用次数: 0

Will return‐to‐office mandates prevent proximity bias for employees working from home? 返回办公室的规定能否防止在家工作的员工产生距离偏差？

IF 2.2 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Australian Journal of Public Administration

Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8500.12634

Sue Williamson, Uma Jogulu, Judy Lundy, Helen Taylor

This Practice and Policy article examines return‐to‐office mandates, the latest human resource controversy. These mandates are an organisational directive for employees who have been working from home to return to working in their employer's premise. Drawing on the literature and our research on working from home and hybrid working, we consider whether mandates may prevent proximity bias. We conclude that mandates requiring employees to return to the office or caps which limit working from home are not only unnecessary, but may have negative consequences. In particular, mandates may cause employee resentment, while caps limit flexibility and autonomy. We therefore do not advocate the use of these mechanisms, and recommend that managers and teams negotiate the appropriate balance of home and office working arrangements.Points for practitioners

Mechanisms which force employees into the office can be seen as an easy and effective way to mitigate proximity bias. However, they can lead to employee resentment.

Similarly, capping the number of days employees can work from home can also result in negative consequences, including reduced flexibility and employee autonomy.

Enabling managers and teams to collaboratively determine their own in office/working from home arrangements will maintain flexibility and prevent employee resentment.

Preventing proximity bias can be achieved through increasing awareness about this emerging form of bias; harnessing communication technologies to moderate visibility regardless of where work is performed; and ensuring performance management systems are based on quantifiable and objective metrics.

这篇《实践与政策》文章探讨了 "返回办公室任务 "这一最新的人力资源争议。这些规定是一种组织指令，要求在家工作的员工回到雇主的办公场所工作。根据有关在家工作和混合工作的文献和我们的研究，我们考虑了强制规定是否可以防止近距离偏见。我们的结论是，要求员工返回办公室的规定或限制在家工作的上限不仅没有必要，而且可能会产生负面影响。特别是，强制规定可能会引起员工的不满，而上限则会限制灵活性和自主性。因此，我们不提倡使用这些机制，并建议管理者和团队协商在家和办公室工作安排之间的适当平衡。然而，这种机制可能会引起员工的不满。同样，限制员工在家工作的天数也会造成负面影响，包括降低灵活性和员工自主性。让管理人员和团队共同决定自己的办公室/在家办公安排，既能保持灵活性，又能防止员工反感。防止就近偏差可以通过以下方式实现：提高对这种新出现的偏差形式的认识；利用通信技术，无论工作在何处进行，都能降低能见度；确保绩效管理系统基于可量化的客观指标。

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引用次数: 0

The Iranian policy advisory system: Contained politicisation and emerging technicisation 伊朗的政策咨询系统：受遏制的政治化和新出现的技术化

IF 2.1 4区管理学 Q2 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Australian Journal of Public Administration

Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8500.12628

Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Emamian, Reza Bagheripour

A lot of literature on policy advisory systems (PASs) is based on Western liberal democracies, with scant attention paid to policymaking systems in authoritarian regimes. This paper examines the Iran's PAS and how it has changed between 1989 and 2023. The paper documents four distinctive phases in Iran's PAS: in-house ‘institutionalisation’, transitional ‘politicisation’, technocratic ‘externalisation’, and ‘technicisation’. We examine 16 representative advisory organisations (1989–2023) and show that while the Iranian PAS is well institutionalised and increasingly becoming externalised, there is still a tradition of centralisation and limited bureaucratic openness. Further, Iran's PAS has become less political due to constitutional preferences preventing advisory organisations from dealing with politically sensitive issues, as well as the decline of political party traditions and institutions. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the emerging ‘technicisation’ of Iran's PAS, indicating an expansion of and reliance on technology-assisted tools and instruments by advisory organisations.

Points for practitioners

Regardless of differences in political systems, policy advisory systems are an indispensable part of public policymaking machinery.
To enhance the quality of public policies, policymakers should support a diversified and competent advisory system.
To keep externalised organisations alive and effective, they must be supported by public measures and protected by a legal framework.
A form of technocratic-political balance in PAS is necessary. A well-developed policy advisory system not only includes non-partisan and technocratic advisory institutions, it also consists of politicised institutions providing political advice for policymakers too.

许多关于政策咨询系统（PAS）的文献都是以西方自由民主国家为基础的，很少关注专制政权的决策系统。本文研究了伊朗的政策咨询系统及其在 1989 年至 2023 年间的变化。本文记录了伊朗政治委任制度的四个不同阶段：内部 "制度化"、过渡 "政治化"、技术官僚 "外部化 "和 "技术化"。我们研究了 16 个具有代表性的咨询组织（1989-2023 年），结果表明，虽然伊朗的考绩制度制度化程度很高，而且日益外部化，但仍然存在中央集权和有限的官僚开放传统。此外，由于宪法规定咨询组织不得处理政治敏感问题，以及政党传统和机构的衰落，伊朗的政治委任制度已变得不那么政治化。最后，本文讨论了伊朗政治咨询系统正在出现的 "技术化 "现象，这表明咨询机构正在扩大和依赖技术辅助工具和手段。为提高公共政策的质量，决策者应支持建立一个多元化和有能力的咨询系统。要保持外部化组织的活力和有效性，就必须采取公共措施予以支持，并通过法律框架予以保护。有必要在 PAS 中实现技术专家与政治家之间的平衡。一个完善的政策咨询系统不仅包括无党派的技术专家咨询机构，也包括为决策者提供政治建议的政治化机构。

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引用次数: 0

The role of managerial hierarchy in the moral reasoning of local government managers 管理层次在地方政府管理人员道德推理中的作用

IF 2.2 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Australian Journal of Public Administration

Pub Date : 2024-04-13 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8500.12633

Nicole El Haber, Swati Nagpal

Falling public trust in Australia's institutions warrants revisiting how public sector managers approach ethical decision‐making. This study presents the findings of in‐depth interviews with 35 local government managers in Australia and seeks to understand how managerial hierarchy influences the moral reasoning of managers. Through the lens of social learning and moral development theoretical perspectives, the findings indicate that local government managers do engage in different types of moral reasoning when presented with hypothetical ethical dilemmas, and their managerial status plays a pronounced role in shaping the content of that reasoning. We also find support for differences in moral reasoning across gender, which appear more evident at lower levels of management. Through providing an in‐depth analysis of managerial hierarchy and ethical decision‐making, the findings from this study can be used to guide organisational and individual managers’ ethics training and development.Points for practitioners

The declining public trust in public administrators warrants regular risk management audits of internal and external environments of public sector organisations to identify potential or existing ethical challenges that require a response.

Moral reasoning and ethical decision‐making are context specific and include the ethical climate of the organisation. We find support for the importance of organisational leadership visibly ‘walking the talk’ when it comes to ethics.

While management hierarchy is seen to influence moral reasoning, or the deliberations when arriving at a decision, there is widespread acceptance of the basic tenets of abiding by the law and being truthful. Therefore, organisational ethical policies and codes of conduct should clearly articulate the legal implications, and consequences of any breaches.

A one‐size‐fits‐all approach to ethics training is not advised. We find that moral reasoning differs with managerial experience. A case is made to account for training tailored at different managerial levels, along with scenario‐based training and mentoring from higher levels of management.

公众对澳大利亚机构的信任度不断下降，因此有必要重新审视公共部门管理人员如何进行道德决策。本研究介绍了对澳大利亚 35 名地方政府管理人员的深入访谈结果，并试图了解管理层次如何影响管理人员的道德推理。通过社会学习和道德发展理论的视角，研究结果表明，地方政府管理人员在面临假设的道德困境时，确实会进行不同类型的道德推理，而他们的管理者地位在影响推理内容方面起着明显的作用。我们还发现，不同性别的道德推理存在差异，这种差异在较低的管理级别中更为明显。通过对管理层次和道德决策的深入分析，本研究的结果可用于指导组织和个人管理者的道德培训和发展。对从业人员的启示公众对公共管理者的信任度不断下降，这就要求我们定期对公共部门组织的内部和外部环境进行风险管理审计，以发现潜在或现有的道德挑战，并采取应对措施。道德推理和道德决策与具体环境有关，包括组织的道德氛围。我们发现，在道德问题上，组织领导层明显 "言行一致 "的重要性得到了支持。虽然管理层次被认为会影响道德推理或决策时的审议，但遵守法律和实事求是的基本原则已被广泛接受。因此，组织的道德政策和行为准则应明确阐明法律影响和任何违法行为的后果。我们不建议对道德培训采取 "一刀切 "的做法。我们发现，管理经验不同，道德推理也不同。因此，有必要针对不同的管理级别开展培训，同时开展情景模拟培训，并由更高级别的管理人员提供指导。

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引用次数: 0

Expertise, policy advice, and policy advisory systems in an open, participatory, and populist era: New challenges to research and practice 开放、参与和民粹主义时代的专业知识、政策建议和政策咨询系统：研究与实践面临的新挑战

IF 2.1 4区管理学 Q2 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Australian Journal of Public Administration

Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8500.12630

Jonathan Craft, Brian Head, Michael Howlett

This article examines the themes of policy advice, expertise, and policy advisory systems. It argues that persistent challenges and more emergent trends involving their intersection can be effectively understood through the lenses of instrumentality, authority, and adaptability. In the wake of renewed questions about the continued viability of longstanding public administration advisory arrangements, these themes help locate new pressures on those arrangement such as those linked to technological developments, shifting conceptions of expertise, and growing recognition of the challenges of managing systems of advice. These themes help facilitate continued engagement with persistent challenges linked to adequate policy capacity, the role of the public service advice, and question of rigour, legitimacy, and the democratic contexts of policy advising.

Points for practitioners

Technological innovations and turbulent governance arrangements have renewed debates around technocracy, democratic control and participation, the role of evidence, and normative and ethical considerations inherent in the generation and use of policy advice.
Policy capacity remains important for well-functioning policy advisory systems. It has itself become multifaceted reflecting not only important differences in types of expertise and policy advice, but also concerns around its management and deployment in varying governance contexts.
The competencies required for policy workers inside and outside of government should reflect changes in the role of expertise and evolving systems of policy advice.

本文探讨了政策建议、专业知识和政策咨询体系等主题。文章认为，通过工具性、权威性和适应性这三个视角，可以有效地理解长期存在的挑战和更多新出现的趋势。在人们再次质疑长期存在的公共行政咨询安排的持续可行性时，这些主题有助于确定这些安排所面临的新压力，如与技术发展、专业知识概念的转变以及对咨询系统管理挑战的日益认识有关的压力。这些主题有助于继续应对与充足的政策能力、公共服务咨询的作用以及政策建议的严谨性、合法性和民主背景有关的持续挑战。技术创新和动荡的治理安排重新引发了关于技术民主、民主控制和参与、证据的作用以及政策建议的产生和使用中固有的规范和道德因素的辩论。政策能力对于运作良好的政策咨询系统仍然十分重要。政策能力本身已经变得多面化，不仅反映了专业知识和政策建议类型的重要差异，还反映了在不同治理背景下对政策能力进行管理和部署的关切。政府内外的政策工作者所需的能力应反映专业知识作用的变化和政策咨询体系的演进。

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引用次数: 0

The role of social procurement policies and cross‐sector partnerships in addressing youth unemployment: A construction industry case study from Australia 社会采购政策和跨部门伙伴关系在解决青年失业问题中的作用：澳大利亚建筑业案例研究

IF 2.2 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Australian Journal of Public Administration

Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8500.12635

Ariella Meltzer, Martin Loosemore, Jo Barraket, Robyn Keast, Abigail Powell, Kristy Muir, George Denny‐Smith

In Australia, 9.4% of young people aged 15–24 are unemployed, more than double the national rate. The national employment services system in Australia has, however, not successfully tackled this issue. While some wraparound programs have been implemented to better address young people's needs, most are designed to find young people any job rather than being tailored towards a specific career. Despite governments encouraging solutions that involve cross‐sector collaboration with private businesses, the potential of industry‐specific solutions has been less well‐explored. Addressing this gap, this paper presents an in‐depth case study of how one major Australian construction company has implemented an industry‐specific collaborative wraparound program to address youth unemployment, called the Connectivity Centre model (CCM). The paper discusses the features of this model that make it distinctive compared to other programs supporting young people's employment. It also discusses how the policy context of social procurement (policies generating social value through procurement processes) and cross‐sector collaboration incentivise the model. The policy implications are explored, highlighting how models like the CCM offer a complementary alternative to other unemployment supports available to young jobseekers in Australia.Points for practitioners

Social procurement policies incentivise private companies’ involvement in youth unemployment programs, including utilising their cross‐sector networks.

Private companies’ involvement enables youth unemployment programs that reflect the same benefits as wraparound programs in intensive/personalised support while providing more industry specificity.

This set of characteristics is unique and complementary within Australia's youth unemployment support landscape.

在澳大利亚，15-24 岁的年轻人中有 9.4% 失业，是全国失业率的两倍多。然而，澳大利亚的国家就业服务体系并未成功解决这一问题。虽然为了更好地满足年轻人的需求，已经实施了一些配套计划，但大多数计划都是为了给年轻人找到任何工作，而不是针对特定的职业。尽管政府鼓励与私营企业开展跨部门合作的解决方案，但针对特定行业的解决方案的潜力却没有得到很好的发掘。为了弥补这一不足，本文通过一个深入的案例研究，介绍了澳大利亚一家大型建筑公司是如何实施一项针对特定行业的合作性综合计划来解决青年失业问题的，该计划被称为 "连接中心模式"（CCM）。本文讨论了这一模式与其他支持青年就业的计划相比的独特之处。论文还讨论了社会采购（通过采购过程产生社会价值的政策）和跨部门合作的政策背景如何激励这一模式。社会采购政策鼓励私营公司参与青年失业计划，包括利用其跨部门网络。私营公司的参与能使青年失业计划在提供强化/个性化支持的同时，体现出与 "包裹式 "计划相同的优势，并具有更强的行业针对性。在澳大利亚的青年失业支持体系中，这一系列特点是独一无二的，也是相辅相成的。

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引用次数: 0

Fiscal decentralisation and the attenuating effects of inter‐governmental transfers and economic development on corruption in China 中国的财政分权以及政府间转移支付和经济发展对腐败的削弱作用

IF 2.2 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Australian Journal of Public Administration

Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8500.12636

Minghui Yu, Chang Yee Kwan

The consensus in the literature is that fiscal decentralisation is a means to reduce corruption. For China, the attenuating effects of fiscal decentralisation are often enhanced by other factors. This paper argues that prior findings serve to facilitate the design of anti‐corruption measures but they do not address why individuals may engage in corruption. This is especially as individual evidence suggests that engaging in corruption is against professional ethos in China. This paper suggests that intergovernmental transfers and the relative level of economic development of where a public servant is serving influence the decision of whether to engage in corruption. Specifically, intergovernmental transfers and a higher level of local economic development directly affect the resources that a local administration has. In turn, this affects the extent to which one may realise their motivations for a career in the public sector. Empirical estimates for 1998–2013 serve to support the hypothesis.Fiscal decentralisation mitigates the prevalence of corruption in China in conjunction with other complimentary factors.But engaging in corruption is inconsistent with motivations for a public sector career which include engaging in work for society's greater benefit.Corruption may emerge because public servants feel that they may be unable to achieve their aims for joining the public sector because of local resource constraints.Empirical findings suggest that increased resources to local administrations from intergovernmental transfers and economic development may discourage public servants from deviating from their stated career motivations, that is, engaging in corruption.

文献一致认为，财政分权是减少腐败的一种手段。对中国而言，财政分权的减弱作用往往会因其他因素而增强。本文认为，先前的研究结果有助于制定反腐败措施，但并不能解决个人为何会参与腐败的问题。尤其是有证据表明，在中国，参与腐败有违职业道德。本文认为，政府间转移支付和公务员任职地的相对经济发展水平会影响其是否参与腐败的决定。具体而言，政府间转移支付和当地较高的经济发展水平会直接影响到地方政府所拥有的资源。反过来，这也会影响一个人在多大程度上实现其在公共部门工作的动机。1998-2013 年的经验估计支持了这一假设。财政分权与其他辅助因素共同缓解了中国的腐败现象。实证研究结果表明，政府间转移支付和经济发展为地方行政部门提供的更多资源可能会阻止公务员偏离其既定的职业动机，即参与腐败。

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引用次数: 0

Decoupling in hybrid arrangements: Insights from the Australian defence industry 混合安排中的脱钩：澳大利亚国防工业的启示

IF 2.2 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Australian Journal of Public Administration

Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8500.12629

Shruti Sardeshmukh, Mandar Oak, Will Mackay

The Australian Industry Capability (AIC) program presents an example of hybridity where national security interests are served through a complex partnership between the Department of Defence, global prime contractors, and small and medium‐sized Australian companies. Through a qualitative interview study of stakeholders in the defence industry by and triangulating findings from publicly available defence industry documents, this study aims to document the decoupling associated with the AIC program. We find that complexity and opacity, stemming from hybridity, create decoupling in the implementation of the AIC program. We also find that a lack of accountability and monitoring contributes to decoupling. We advance the literature on hybridity into the context of multi‐organisational arrangements in a unique industry and identify how decoupling can impede the achievement of policy objectives in the context of complex hybrid arrangements.The Australian Industry Capability (AIC) program represents a case of complex hybrid arrangement in public sector management involving the defence industry.Hybridity of AIC arrangements creates challenges of complexity and opacity, creating conditions that give rise to decoupling. Lack of accountability and monitoring exacerbates these challenges.Potential for coupling is identified with recommendations provided.

澳大利亚工业能力（Australian Industry Capability，AIC）计划是一个混合性的例子，通过国防部、全球主要承包商和澳大利亚中小型公司之间复杂的合作关系来实现国家安全利益。通过对国防工业利益相关者进行定性访谈研究，并对公开的国防工业文件进行三角测量，本研究旨在记录与 AIC 计划相关的脱钩情况。我们发现，由混合性产生的复杂性和不透明性造成了 AIC 计划实施过程中的脱钩现象。我们还发现，缺乏问责和监督也是造成脱钩的原因之一。澳大利亚工业能力（AIC）计划是公共部门管理中涉及国防工业的复杂混合安排的一个案例。AIC 安排的混合性带来了复杂性和不透明性的挑战，创造了导致脱钩的条件。缺乏问责和监督加剧了这些挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Religion and public administration at the micro level: The lens of street‐level bureaucracy theory in democracies 微观层面的宗教与公共行政：民主国家街道官僚制理论的视角

IF 2.2 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Australian Journal of Public Administration

Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8500.12626

Niva Golan‐Nadir

The dynamics between religion and state in public administration implementation theories has garnered scholarly interest over the past decade. However, these two realms of study are rarely combined. In this research note, I explore religion and, more specifically, the implementation of religion‐based policies by street‐level bureaucrats, as a public service like any other. I point to the more commonly studied aspect of this realm, namely the influence of personal religious tendencies on the exercise of discretion by the individual street‐level bureaucrat. Further, I discuss the supply of religion‐based services by street‐level bureaucrats in democracies, and the actions they are willing to take (such as promote co‐production or policy entrepreneurship) when religion constraints them from supplying certain public services.Points for practitioners

Street‐level bureaucrats are influenced by their religious perceptions during policy implementation.

These workers may also be constrained by religion‐based policies during implementation, hence provide inadequate public services or not supplying them at all.

Citizens may be dissatisfied with the inadequate services and the burdens it imposes on their lives.

Street‐level bureaucrats who cannot supply certain services due to religion‐based constraints may take on co‐production or policy entrepreneurship strategies outside the standard scope of their job description in order to supply them.

在过去十年中，公共行政实施理论中宗教与国家之间的动态关系引起了学者们的兴趣。然而，这两个研究领域很少结合在一起。在本研究报告中，我探讨了宗教问题，更具体地说，探讨了基层官僚实施宗教政策的问题，将其视为与其他公共服务一样的公共服务。我指出了这一领域中更常被研究的方面，即个人宗教倾向对街道官员个人行使自由裁量权的影响。此外，我还讨论了民主国家中街道官员提供的基于宗教的服务，以及当宗教限制他们提供某些公共服务时，他们愿意采取的行动（如促进共同生产或政策创业）。这些工作人员在政策执行过程中也可能受到宗教政策的制约，从而导致公共服务不足或根本不提供公共服务。公民可能会对服务不足及其给生活带来的负担感到不满。由于宗教限制而无法提供某些服务的基层官僚可能会在其工作职责的标准范围之外采取共同生产或政策创业战略来提供服务。

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引用次数: 0

Contractualism, Democracy and Ethics 契约论、民主与伦理

IF 2.2 4区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Australian Journal of Public Administration

Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8500.2001.tb00001.x

Spencer Zifcak

Contractualism, as concept and practice, may be defined in different ways (Yeatman 1995, 1998). In this article I am concerned with contracting out or outsourcing as it is otherwise known. That is, I focus upon the process whereby functions undertaken formerly by government are now performed by private or voluntary organisations in a contractual relationship with public service departments and agencies. Whereas departments and agencies once provided a full panoply of services directly, government purchasers now select providers by tendering competitively for an expanding range of employment, education, health, social welfare and local government services. Contractualism, then, involves the recon‐figuation of public service provision to favour quasi‐commercial rather than bureaucratic forms.*

作为概念和实践的承包制可以有不同的定义（Yeatman，1995 年，1998 年）。在本文中，我关注的是外包或外判。也就是说，我关注的是以前由政府承担的职能现在由私人或志愿组织通过与公共服务部门和机构的合同关系来履行的过程。过去，政府部门和机构直接提供全套服务，而现在，政府购买者通过竞标选择服务提供商，提供范围不断扩大的就业、教育、卫生、社会福利和地方政府服务。因此，契约主义涉及对公共服务的提供进行重新组合，使其倾向于准商业形式而不是官僚形式。

引用次数: 0