Research in Social Stratification and Mobility最新文献

His and hers earnings trajectories: Economic homogamy and long-term earnings inequality within and between different-sex couples 他和她的收入轨迹：不同性别夫妇内部和之间的经济同妻制与长期收入不平等

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100995

Allison Dunatchik

Economic homogamy has important implications for gender inequality and for economic inequalities between households. However, the long-term association between spouses’ earnings is not well understood. This study reconceptualizes economic homogamy as a life course process rather than a static state of being that can be adequately captured at a single point in time. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I examine the association between spouses’ earnings trajectories over the course of 30 years of marriage to identify three distinct gender egalitarian earnings patterns among couples. 50 % of couples follow a Dual earner pattern, in which spouses follow similar, stable earnings patterns over time, 6 % of couples are Jointly mobile in that spouses’ earnings vary similarly and 5 % follow an Alternating earner pattern. A large minority of couples follow patterns of long-term specialization, with 34 % of couples following Male breadwinner patterns and 5 % following Female breadwinner patterns. Multivariate analysis reveals that gender egalitarian earnings patterns are stratified by couples’ socio-economic status at marriage: while advantaged couples follow Dual earner patterns comprised of two stable earners, disadvantaged couples follow egalitarian earnings patterns characterized by joint earnings instability. By taking a long-term approach, this study provides insight into the varied ways gender equality in earnings manifests among married couples and reveals an important and understudied dimension of economic homogamy: the concentration of economic stability and instability within couples.

经济上的一夫一妻制对性别不平等和家庭之间的经济不平等具有重要影响。然而，人们对配偶收入之间的长期联系还不甚了解。本研究将经济同妻重新概念化，将其视为一个生命过程，而不是一个可以在单一时间点充分捕捉到的静态状态。通过使用 1979 年全国青年纵向调查（National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979）的数据，我研究了婚姻 30 年中配偶收入轨迹之间的关联，从而在夫妻中发现了三种不同的性别平等收入模式。50%的夫妻遵循双职工模式，即夫妻双方在一段时间内遵循相似、稳定的收入模式；6%的夫妻属于共同流动模式，即夫妻双方的收入变化相似；5%的夫妻遵循交替职工模式。34% 的夫妇采用男性养家糊口模式，5% 的夫妇采用女性养家糊口模式。多变量分析表明，性别平等收入模式因夫妇结婚时的社会经济地位而分层：优势夫妇采用由两个稳定的收入者组成的双收入者模式，而劣势夫妇则采用以共同收入不稳定为特征的平等收入模式。通过采取长期研究方法，本研究深入探讨了已婚夫妇收入性别平等的不同表现形式，并揭示了经济同妻制的一个重要且未被充分研究的层面：经济稳定性和不稳定性在夫妇内部的集中体现。

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引用次数: 0

The U-turn in educational inequality. Why a multidimensional approach matters for measuring social inequalities in tertiary educational attainment 教育不平等的转折。为什么采用多维方法衡量高等教育成就中的社会不平等现象很重要？

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100994

Elias H. Kruithof, Pieter-Paul Verhaeghe

This study examines the evolution in the association between social origins and tertiary educational attainment in Belgium, from post-World War II to the millennium’s onset. For this, we rely on a multidimensional measurement of social origins that accounts for interaction mechanisms between parental class and educational resources. We analyse 13,803 individuals over four birth cohorts. In contrast to previous studies, we find a decline in social inequalities for cohorts born before 1975, followed by a resurgence among those born afterwards. This U-turn in social inequalities of tertiary educational attainment is only observable when social origins are measured multidimensionally. Additionally, we investigate the interaction effects between parental resources, revealing divergent evolutions in accumulation and compensation mechanisms. Our findings underscore the renewed importance of combining parental education with parental social class for generations born after 1975.

本研究探讨了比利时从二战后到本世纪初社会出身与高等教育成就之间关系的演变。为此，我们对社会出身进行了多维度的测量，考虑了父母阶级和教育资源之间的互动机制。我们分析了四个出生组群中的 13 803 人。与以往研究不同的是，我们发现 1975 年前出生的人群中社会不平等现象有所下降，而 1975 年后出生的人群中社会不平等现象则有所回升。只有在对社会出身进行多维度测量时，才能观察到高等教育程度社会不平等的这种 U 型转弯。此外，我们还研究了父母资源之间的互动效应，揭示了积累和补偿机制的不同演变。我们的研究结果表明，对于 1975 年以后出生的一代人来说，将父母的教育与父母的社会阶层结合起来具有新的重要性。

引用次数: 0

The distribution of privately held business assets in the United States 美国私人企业资产的分布情况

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100993

Kim Pernell , Geoffrey T. Wodtke

Although privately held businesses are central to the economy and society, little is known about how their assets are distributed among the population. To better understand rising and persistent wealth inequalities, this paper describes the household distribution of private business assets in the United States and examines how it has changed over time. Using data from the 1989–2019 Survey of Consumer Finances, we show that the relative number of business owners has remained stagnant at low levels and that assets in privately held firms have become increasingly concentrated. In 2019, the top 1 % of households controlled nearly 80 % of the equity in private businesses, up from about 70 % in the late 1980s. Moreover, we find that these trends appear to be quite general and do not merely reflect dynamics among elites or in specific sectors of the economy. We discuss implications for the organization of the US economy, wealth inequality, and public policy.

尽管私营企业是经济和社会的核心，但人们对其资产在人口中的分布却知之甚少。为了更好地理解日益加剧和持续存在的财富不平等，本文描述了美国私人企业资产的家庭分布情况，并研究了它随着时间的推移发生了怎样的变化。通过使用 1989-2019 年消费者财务状况调查的数据，我们发现企业主的相对数量一直停滞在较低水平，而私人企业的资产却越来越集中。2019 年，排名前 1%的家庭控制了私营企业近 80% 的股权，而 20 世纪 80 年代末这一比例约为 70%。此外，我们还发现，这些趋势似乎具有相当的普遍性，并不仅仅反映了精英阶层或特定经济部门的动态。我们讨论了对美国经济组织、财富不平等和公共政策的影响。

引用次数: 0

Intergenerational poverty persistence in Europe – Is there a ‘Great Gatsby Curve’ for poverty? 欧洲代际贫困的持续性--贫困是否存在 "盖茨比大曲线"？

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100991

Michele Bavaro , Rafael Carranza , Brian Nolan

While the influence of poverty in childhood on adulthood outcomes has been extensively studied, little is known about how the strength of intergenerational persistence in poverty itself varies across countries. Here we examine the intergenerational persistence of poverty in a comparative analysis of 30 European countries using data from the 2019 ad hoc module of the EU-SILC dataset. We construct proxy measures of poverty in the parental household employing information on the inability to meet basic needs and financial hardship when growing up, together with parental education and occupational social class. The strength of the association between current poverty based on the indicators at the core of the EU’s social inclusion process and these measures of parental poverty is assessed and compared across countries. The cross-country variation in poverty persistence is probed concerning its relationship with the current and past extent of poverty: persistence tends to be stronger where current or parental poverty is higher, analogous to the Great Gatsby Curve relating intergenerational income mobility to income inequality at the country level. Mediation analysis highlights the role of own education as well as occupation in underpinning the observed relationship between current and parental poverty.

虽然童年贫困对成年后结果的影响已被广泛研究，但对于贫困代际持续性本身在不同国家的强度如何变化却知之甚少。在此，我们利用欧盟-SILC 数据集 2019 年特设模块的数据，通过对 30 个欧洲国家的比较分析，研究了贫困的代际持续性。我们利用成长过程中无法满足基本需求和经济困难的信息，以及父母的教育程度和职业社会阶层，构建了父母家庭贫困的替代测量指标。根据欧盟社会包容进程的核心指标，我们评估了当前贫困状况与这些衡量父母贫困状况的指标之间的关联强度，并在各国之间进行了比较。贫困持续性的跨国差异与当前和过去的贫困程度之间的关系得到了探究：在当前或父母贫困程度较高的地方，贫困持续性往往更强，这类似于在国家层面将代际收入流动性与收入不平等联系起来的大盖茨比曲线（Great Gatsby Curve）。中介分析强调了自身教育和职业在当前贫困与父母贫困之间关系中的基础作用。

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引用次数: 0

Beauty pays, but not under all circumstances: Evidence on gendered hiring discrimination from a novel experimental treatment using deepfakes 美貌会带来回报，但并非在所有情况下都是如此：从使用深度伪造的新型实验处理中发现性别雇佣歧视的证据

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100992

Juliane Kühn, Tobias Wolbring

Using deepfaked job application videos as a novel experimental treatment, this study analyses the effects of physical attractiveness for men and women on their hypothetical hiring chances. Based on status construction theory, we argue that whether gendered expectations through physical attractiveness translate into better hiring chances depends on the social context. To test this theoretical claim, we conducted a 2×2×2 factorial survey experiment among respondents with personnel responsibilities (N = 493). Using deep-learning techniques, we swap the faces of fictitious male and female candidates in application videos, thus varying gender and physical attractiveness while holding everything else constant. Additionally, we manipulate the occupational context with job advertisements for a male-typed and a female-typed job. Results show that attractive applicants score higher in competence ratings and are more likely to be invited for a job interview than less attractive candidates. However, only men consistently profit from their looks, while women benefit from a beauty premium in the female-typed, but not in the male-typed job. These results strongly support the idea that physical attractiveness works as a status characteristic, triggers gendered expectations, and leads to beauty-based treatment differences. This study suggests that the use of deepfakes is a promising avenue to move inequality research forward.

本研究利用深度伪造的求职视频作为一种新颖的实验处理方法，分析了男性和女性的外貌吸引力对其假定录用机会的影响。基于地位建构理论，我们认为，性别期望是否通过外貌吸引力转化为更好的聘用机会取决于社会环境。为了验证这一理论主张，我们对负有人事责任的受访者（N = 493）进行了一次 2×2×2 因式调查实验。利用深度学习技术，我们将应聘视频中虚构的男性和女性应聘者的面孔互换，从而在保持其他因素不变的情况下改变性别和外貌吸引力。此外，我们还通过男性类型和女性类型工作的招聘广告来操纵职业背景。结果显示，与吸引力较低的求职者相比，有吸引力的求职者在能力评价中得分更高，更有可能被邀请参加面试。然而，只有男性始终能从自己的外表中获益，而女性在女性类型的工作中能从美貌溢价中获益，但在男性类型的工作中却不能。这些结果有力地支持了这样一种观点，即外貌吸引力作为一种身份特征，会引发性别期望，并导致基于美貌的待遇差异。这项研究表明，使用深度伪造是推进不平等研究的一个很有前途的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Earnings mobility across three generations of natives in Finland: A comparison of Finnish and Swedish speakers 芬兰三代本地人的收入流动性：芬兰语和瑞典语使用者的比较

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100990

Camilla Härtull, Jan Saarela

We examine earnings mobility across three generations in Finland and compare two native groups with equal constitutional rights, Finnish speakers and Swedish speakers. Based on register data of the total population, we employ rank-rank regressions to assess the degree to which earnings in men relate to their fathers’ and paternal grandfathers’ earnings. We estimate regressions on the national level and in regions with Swedish-speaking population. The earnings rank of the grandfather is found to play a modest role net of the earnings rank of the father. Earnings mobility is higher in regions where the numerical minority of Swedish speakers is settled, but the two ethnolinguistic groups differ only in the Helsinki capital region, where earnings mobility is higher among the Swedish speakers. Less than one fifth of this ethnolinguistic gradient can be attributed to educational and other observed differences. These findings suggest that, in a geographically concentrated and well-performing ethnolinguistic group, social integration and networks may play a role in providing opportunities independently of parents’ achievements.

我们研究了芬兰三代人的收入流动性，并比较了两个享有平等宪法权利的本地群体--讲芬兰语的人和讲瑞典语的人。根据总人口的登记数据，我们采用秩-等级回归法来评估男性收入与其父辈和祖辈收入的相关程度。我们估算了全国范围内和瑞典语地区的回归结果。结果发现，祖父的收入水平与父亲的收入水平相比作用不大。在讲瑞典语的少数民族聚居的地区，收入流动性较高，但只有在赫尔辛基首府地区，讲瑞典语的少数民族收入流动性较高，这两个民族语言群体之间存在差异。在这一民族语言梯度中，只有不到五分之一可以归因于教育和其他观察到的差异。这些研究结果表明，在一个地理位置集中、表现良好的民族语言群体中，社会融合和网络可能在提供机会方面发挥作用，而与父母的成就无关。

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引用次数: 0

The gender gap in earnings growth at the early stage of work careers in Korea 韩国职业生涯初期收入增长的性别差距

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100979

ChangHwan Kim , Heeyoun Shin

Previous research analyzing Western societies reported no gender gap in earnings growth after accounting for initial job allocation, attributing the widening gender gap in mid-career to the impact of family formation. This pattern is often referred to as the “last chapter” of gender inequality, but there is no consensus that this phenomenon is universal or place-specific. The applicability of these findings to non-Western contexts remains unclear. This study examines the gender gap in earnings growth in a non-Western advanced economy, South Korea, net of initial job assignment and factors related to family formation. The 2008–2010 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey is used and the gender differences in job allocation and family formation are balanced with the application of the inverse probability of treatment weights. The results of individual-fixed effects models show that college-educated women in Korea face lower earnings growth and lower promotion prospects than their male counterparts. The magnitude and mechanisms of this female disadvantage vary across labor market sectors. The implications of these findings are discussed.

以往分析西方社会的研究报告称，在考虑了最初的工作分配后，男女在收入增长方面没有差距，并将职业生涯中期性别差距的扩大归因于组建家庭的影响。这种模式通常被称为性别不平等的 "最后一章"，但对于这种现象是普遍现象还是地方特有现象，并没有达成共识。这些发现是否适用于非西方国家仍不清楚。本研究考察了韩国这一非西方发达经济体在收入增长方面的性别差距，并扣除了初始工作分配和与组建家庭相关的因素。研究使用了 2008-2010 年毕业生职业流动性调查的数据，并通过逆概率处理加权法平衡了工作分配和家庭形成方面的性别差异。个人固定效应模型的结果显示，与男性相比，韩国受过大学教育的女性面临较低的收入增长和晋升前景。这种女性劣势的程度和机制因劳动力市场部门而异。本文讨论了这些发现的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Disentangling genetic and social pathways of the intergenerational transmission of cognitive ability – A nuclear twin family study 厘清认知能力代际传递的遗传和社会途径--一项核心双胞胎家庭研究

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100980

Tobias Wolfram , Mirko Ruks , Frank M. Spinath

As cognitive ability accounts for large parts of the intergenerational transmission of advantage, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms driving the intergenerational transmission of cognitive ability itself. Social mobility research usually focuses on social mechanisms of intergenerational transmission. For the case of cognitive ability, this means that parental cognitive ability affects offspring ability via the family environment. However, parents do not only provide resources, but also pass their genes to their children. As social and genetic transmission are not mutually exclusive, it is crucial to disentangle the contribution of both to the intergenerational transmission of cognitive ability. Using data from the German TwinLife survey, we apply a nuclear twin family design to address this question. Using data from all four twin birth cohorts, covering an age range of 5–25 years, we further explore whether the contribution of both mechanisms varies over the life course. For all four cohorts, in any of the estimated models, social transmission is very small and not significant. Genetic transmission, in turn, seems to be the primary mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of cognitive ability and becomes increasingly important with age. Our findings challenge conventional social mobility perspectives, stressing the need to incorporate genetic transmission into sociological research for a more comprehensive understanding of intergenerational transmission of advantage.

由于认知能力在优势代际传递中占很大比重，因此了解认知能力代际传递本身的驱动机制至关重要。社会流动性研究通常关注代际传递的社会机制。就认知能力而言，这意味着父母的认知能力会通过家庭环境影响后代的能力。然而，父母不仅提供资源，还会把自己的基因传给子女。由于社会传递和基因传递并不相互排斥，因此，厘清两者对认知能力代际传递的贡献至关重要。我们利用德国双胞胎生活调查的数据，采用核心双胞胎家庭设计来解决这个问题。利用所有四个双胞胎出生组群（年龄范围为 5-25 岁）的数据，我们进一步探讨了这两种机制的贡献在生命过程中是否存在差异。对于所有四个队列，在任何一个估计模型中，社会传递都非常小，而且不显著。而基因遗传似乎是认知能力代际传递的主要机制，并且随着年龄的增长变得越来越重要。我们的研究结果对传统的社会流动性观点提出了挑战，强调有必要将遗传传递纳入社会学研究，以更全面地了解优势的代际传递。

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引用次数: 0

Municipal police and the economic mobility gap between black and white males in the US 市政警察与美国黑人和白人男性之间的经济流动性差距

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100981

Manuel Schechtl , Rourke O’Brien

Estimates of intergenerational economic mobility for a recent U.S. birth cohort published by Opportunity Insights reveal a striking empirical puzzle: while there is a substantial gap in the upward mobility outcomes achieved by low-income Black and White males there is no such racial mobility gap for females. This study examines municipal police force size as a potential driver of these disparate mobility patterns. Although a larger police force may enhance mobility outcomes for all low-income children through reducing exposure to crime, for Black males prior work suggests this will be offset by the disparate negative impact of increased contact with the criminal justice system. Analyzing a sample of 200 major U.S. cities, linear models find a positive association between the number of police officers per capita and the size of the racial mobility gap for males, but not for females. We go on to show more police personnel in the late 1990s is associated with an increased gap in the likelihood of incarceration for Black males relative to White males. Taken together, our findings point to the heterogeneous impacts of policing for different race-sex groups as one potential explanation for why we observe a racial mobility gap between Black and White males and why this gap is larger in some cities and smaller in others.

Opportunity Insights 对美国最近出生人口代际经济流动性的估计揭示了一个惊人的经验难题：低收入黑人和白人男性在向上流动性方面存在巨大差距，而女性则没有这种种族流动性差距。本研究将城市警力规模作为这些不同流动模式的潜在驱动因素。尽管较大的警力可以通过减少犯罪风险来提高所有低收入儿童的流动性，但之前的研究表明，对于黑人男性而言，与刑事司法系统接触增加所带来的不同程度的负面影响将抵消这一结果。通过对 200 个美国主要城市的样本进行分析，线性模型发现人均警察数量与男性种族流动性差距的大小之间存在正相关，但对女性而言则不然。我们还发现，在 20 世纪 90 年代末，警察人数的增加与黑人男性相对于白人男性的监禁可能性差距的扩大有关。综上所述，我们的研究结果表明，警务工作对不同种族-性别群体的影响是不同的，这也是我们观察到黑人男性和白人男性之间存在种族流动性差距，以及为什么这种差距在某些城市较大，而在其他城市较小的一个潜在原因。

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引用次数: 0

Subjective inequality and attitudes to labor unions: Evidence from Latin America 主观不平等与对工会的态度：拉丁美洲的证据

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100982

Pablo Pérez-Ahumada , Juan Diego García-Castro

Labor unions play a key role in the defense of workers’ rights and in the construction of more egalitarian societies. Despite this, few empirical investigations have analyzed how attitudes toward labor unions are shaped by subjective manifestations of inequality. Bringing together the sociological and social-psychological research on inequality, in this article we do so by studying how attitudes towards unions are shaped by class identification and by ideal inequality, understood as the level of inequality that people consider ideal or fair. Using data from the 2020 Latinobarómetro survey for 18 Latin American countries, we find that pro-union attitudes are significantly higher among those who identify with the lower-middle class but not among those who identify with the lower class. We also find a negative relationship between ideal inequality, measured by a pseudo-Gini index of ideal inequality, and pro-union attitudes: those who want less economic inequality have more positive attitudes towards unions. Finally, we find that the effect of class identification and ideal inequality is moderated by individual political orientations. At the end of this article, we explain these findings and show how they contribute to the recent research on subjective inequality and attitudes toward labor unions.

工会在维护工人权利和建设更加平等的社会方面发挥着关键作用。尽管如此，很少有实证调查分析不平等的主观表现如何影响人们对工会的态度。本文将社会学和社会心理学对不平等问题的研究结合起来，研究阶级认同和理想不平等（即人们认为理想或公平的不平等程度）如何影响人们对工会的态度。我们利用 2020 年对 18 个拉美国家进行的 Latinobarómetro 调查的数据发现，支持工会的态度在认同中下层阶级的人群中明显较高，但在认同下层阶级的人群中却不高。我们还发现，以理想不平等的伪基尼指数衡量的理想不平等与支持工会的态度之间存在负相关关系：那些希望减少经济不平等的人对工会持更积极的态度。最后，我们发现阶级认同和理想不平等的影响受个人政治取向的调节。在本文的最后，我们将对这些发现进行解释，并说明它们是如何对近期关于主观不平等和对工会态度的研究做出贡献的。

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引用次数: 0