Research in Social Stratification and Mobility最新文献

英文中文

The educational wealth divide in Europe: Post-secondary enrollment gaps across parental wealth components and countries 欧洲的教育财富鸿沟：父母财富组成部分和国家之间的高等教育入学率差距

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101086

Andrea Pietrolucci , Jascha Dräger , Nora Müller , Marco Albertini

Parental wealth is a crucial dimension of socioeconomic status (SES) and plays a significant role in the intergenerational transmission of educational advantage. Previous research on the topic has been limited to a small number of countries, and findings on the relationship between parental wealth and educational attainment are hardly comparable across institutional contexts. Furthermore, the specific role of different wealth components remains unclear. This study addresses these gaps by comparing parental wealth-based inequalities in post-secondary enrollment across 15 European countries, using harmonized Household Finance and Consumption Survey data. We assess how different dimensions of parental wealth – net, real, and financial – relate to children's post-secondary enrollment, and how these associations vary across institutional contexts. Our findings reveal substantial enrollment gaps between high- and low-wealth families in all countries, with these disparities remaining significant in ten countries even after accounting for other parental SES dimensions. When considering net wealth, we observe the largest enrollment gaps in Southern and Eastern Europe and smaller gaps in most Continental countries. However, most of country differences are not statistically significant. Real wealth, particularly housing assets, is the strongest predictor of enrollment, whereas the role of household debt is more context-dependent. These results underscore the importance of disaggregating wealth components and considering the specific national context when assessing wealth-related educational inequalities.

父母财富是社会经济地位（SES）的一个重要维度，在教育优势的代际传递中起着重要作用。以前对这一主题的研究仅限于少数国家，而且关于父母财富和受教育程度之间关系的研究结果很难在不同的制度背景下进行比较。此外，不同财富组成部分的具体作用仍不清楚。本研究使用统一的家庭财务和消费调查数据，通过比较15个欧洲国家的父母在中学后入学方面基于财富的不平等，解决了这些差距。我们评估了父母财富的不同维度——净财富、实际财富和财务财富——与孩子中学后入学的关系，以及这些联系在不同的制度背景下是如何变化的。我们的研究结果显示，所有国家的高财富家庭和低财富家庭之间的入学率存在巨大差距，即使在考虑了父母的其他社会经济地位维度后，这些差距在10个国家仍然显著。在考虑净财富时，我们观察到南欧和东欧的入学差距最大，而大多数欧洲大陆国家的差距较小。然而，大多数国家的差异在统计上并不显著。实际财富，尤其是住房资产，是入学率的最强预测指标，而家庭债务的作用则更依赖于具体情况。这些结果强调了在评估与财富相关的教育不平等时，分解财富组成部分和考虑具体国家背景的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

On the wrong track? Perceived track mismatch among ethnic minority and majority students in the German education system 在错误的轨道上？在德国教育系统中，少数民族学生和多数民族学生的轨道不匹配

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101085

Claudia Diehl, Katja Pomianowicz, Thomas Hinz

This paper explores why ethnic minority students are more likely than majority students to believe that they should attend a higher educational track. Based on a survey of seventh-grade students in Germany, we examine two explanations for this “perception gap.” First, minority students may be more likely than majority students to be placed in a track that is too low for them (“exposure” to unfair treatment). Second, minority students, who are more frequently enrolled in the lowest educational tracks and are often the children of highly ambitious parents, may feel a greater need to attribute limited educational success to unfair treatment in order to protect their self-esteem (“ex-post rationalization of a lack of success”). We find little evidence for the “exposure" mechanism. Instead, the “perception gap” between majority and minority students largely reflects their more frequent enrollment in the lowest, stigmatized track of the education system and their parents' high, unmet educational aspirations.

本文探讨了为什么少数民族学生比大多数学生更有可能认为他们应该参加高等教育的轨道。基于对德国七年级学生的调查，我们对这种“认知差距”进行了两种解释。首先，少数族裔学生可能比多数族裔学生更有可能被安排在对他们来说太低的轨道上（“暴露”于不公平待遇）。其次，少数族裔学生往往就读于教育水平最低的课程，而且往往是雄心勃勃的父母的孩子，他们可能更有必要将有限的教育成就归咎于不公平的待遇，以保护自己的自尊（“事后为缺乏成功进行合理化”）。我们几乎没有发现“暴露”机制的证据。相反，多数学生和少数族裔学生之间的“认知差距”在很大程度上反映了他们更频繁地进入教育系统中最低、最受歧视的班级，以及他们父母对教育的高远、未实现的愿望。

引用次数: 0

Couples' division of paid work and rising income inequality: A study of 21 OECD countries 夫妻的有偿劳动分工和收入不平等加剧：一项对21个经合组织国家的研究

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101084

Efrat Herzberg-Druker

Numerous scholars have explored the association between women's changing employment patterns and the changing income inequality in recent decades. While most studies indicate that increased women's employment reduces household inequality, a few suggest the opposite effect. This research investigated whether shifts in the division of paid work (i.e., changes in the working hours) among heterosexual couples, as compared to changes in women's work alone, contribute to changes in income inequality. It also examined whether the selection of couples into the different types of division of paid work based on their level of education is a mechanism underlying the growing inequality. Based on counterfactual analyses of data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), encompassing 21 OECD countries, the findings demonstrate shifts in couples' division of paid work, particularly the increase in fulltime dual-earner households, are associated with rising income inequality in most countries studied. However, changes in educational attainment were not found to be the mechanism underlying the association between changes in couples' division of paid work and changes in income inequality.

近几十年来，许多学者探讨了妇女就业模式变化与收入不平等变化之间的关系。虽然大多数研究表明，增加妇女就业减少了家庭不平等，但也有少数研究表明，结果恰恰相反。这项研究调查了异性恋夫妇之间有偿工作分工的变化（即工作时间的变化），与女性工作的变化相比，是否会导致收入不平等的变化。它还研究了根据受教育程度对夫妻进行不同类型的有偿工作分工的选择，是否是导致不平等加剧的一种机制。基于对卢森堡收入研究（LIS）数据的反事实分析，该研究涵盖了21个经合组织国家，研究结果表明，在大多数研究国家，夫妻有偿工作分工的变化，特别是全职双职工家庭的增加，与收入不平等的加剧有关。然而，受教育程度的变化并没有被发现是夫妻劳动分工变化和收入不平等变化之间联系的潜在机制。

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引用次数: 0

The gendered value of education in the ‘college-for-all’ era and the role of literacy and numeracy skills “全民大学”时代教育的性别价值以及识字和算术技能的作用

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101074

Dafna Gelbgiser , Limor Gabay-Egozi

Despite attaining higher education levels than ever before, women continue to earn less than men. Using data from 26 countries obtained from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), we examine how the supply of college-educated adults shapes gender differences in the value of educational attainment in today's labor market. Our analysis reveals two interrelated processes that disadvantage women. First, in high-supply contexts, women acquire college credentials at higher rates but are more constrained in acquiring high cognitive skills, particularly numeracy, leading to a misalignment between their credentials and skills. Second, in high-supply contexts, the returns to college credentials in accessing high pay decrease for both genders, while the importance of cognitive skills remains stable. Cognitive skills are increasingly vital in high-supply contexts, particularly for women, but college credentials remain a stronger safeguard against low pay. These results shed light on the gendered patterns of rewards to education across supply contexts and the income distribution, providing insights into the different incentives of men and women to pursue education and the stalling of the gender gap. Addressing the gender pay gap requires a comprehensive approach that both enhances educational attainment and prioritizes the development of high cognitive skills, particularly among women.

尽管女性的受教育程度比以往任何时候都高，但她们的收入仍然低于男性。利用国际成人能力评估项目（PIAAC）提供的来自26个国家的数据，我们研究了受过大学教育的成年人的供应如何影响当今劳动力市场中受教育程度价值的性别差异。我们的分析揭示了对女性不利的两个相互关联的过程。首先，在高供给的背景下，女性获得大学文凭的比例更高，但在获得高认知技能（尤其是计算能力）方面受到更多限制，导致她们的文凭和技能之间不一致。其次，在高供给背景下，大学文凭在获得高薪方面的回报对男女都有所下降，而认知技能的重要性保持稳定。认知技能在高供给环境中越来越重要，尤其是对女性来说，但大学文凭仍然是抵御低薪的更有力保障。这些结果揭示了教育奖励在供给背景和收入分配中的性别模式，为男性和女性追求教育的不同动机和性别差距的停滞提供了见解。解决性别工资差距问题需要采取综合办法，既要提高受教育程度，又要优先发展高认知技能，特别是在妇女中。

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引用次数: 0

Family formation and occupational status: Premium or penalties for women? 家庭形成与职业地位：对女性有利还是不利？

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101075

Maye Ehab

This paper evaluates the effect of family formation on women’s occupational status, which identifies their social mobility. This study extends research by studying the long-term impact of marriage and the anticipation effect before marriage. We estimate fixed-effects and fixed-effects individual slopes panel models to identify the impact of marriage and childbearing on occupational status using retrospective data from Egypt’s Labor Market Panel Survey for 2018. After accounting for selection based on levels and growth of occupational status, this study found that women witness a marriage premium only in years 4 and 7 after marriage, contrary to the fixed-effects estimates. This result shows that the premium witnessed by married women in the other years is due to selection into marriage based on both status levels and growth. Hence, accounting for various type of selection and estimating a yearly heterogeneous impact of marriage are crucial in estimating the marriage premium. Two possible mechanisms that might result in changes in occupational status are examined. Changes in work experience or employment sector explain the occupational adjustment that happens during the years of marriage, which demonstrates the importance of building women’s human capital and the role of providing public sector jobs that facilitates women’s double-shift roles. The results do not point to an effect of child-birth parities on the occupational status, but rather a marriage premium.

本文评估了家庭形成对女性职业地位的影响，而职业地位决定了女性的社会流动性。本研究通过研究婚姻的长期影响和婚前预期效应来扩展研究。我们使用2018年埃及劳动力市场面板调查的回顾性数据，估计固定效应和固定效应个体斜坡面板模型，以确定婚姻和生育对职业状况的影响。在考虑了基于职业地位水平和增长的选择之后，本研究发现，女性只在婚后第4年和第7年才会看到婚姻溢价，这与固定效应的估计相反。这一结果表明，已婚女性在其他年份的溢价是由于基于地位水平和成长的选择而进入婚姻。因此，在估计婚姻溢价时，考虑各种类型的选择和估计婚姻的年度异质性影响是至关重要的。研究了可能导致职业地位变化的两种可能机制。工作经验或就业部门的变化解释了婚姻期间发生的职业调整，这表明建立妇女人力资本的重要性和提供公共部门工作的作用，促进了妇女的双重角色。研究结果并没有指出生育对职业地位的影响，而是指出了婚姻溢价。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of economic fluctuations on health inequalities in Europe: Evidence from 29 countries between 2005 and 2015 经济波动对欧洲卫生不平等的影响：2005年至2015年来自29个国家的证据

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101073

Jad Moawad

There is ongoing debate regarding the impact of economic recessions on health outcomes. Additionally, prior research yields conflicting results on whether economic recessions widen the health disparity between highly educated and less educated individuals. We investigate this issue by examining the impact of the Great Recession and the subsequent double-dip recession on health disparities, using cross-classified multilevel models. We use longitudinal data from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) covering 29 countries from 2005 to 2015. Our findings reveal compelling evidence that the Great Recession and the subsequent double-dip recession significantly widened the health disparity between individuals with lower and higher levels of education. Conversely, our results indicate that austerity measures, specifically reductions in health spending, narrowed this health gap between low and high educated.

关于经济衰退对健康结果的影响，目前正在进行辩论。此外，关于经济衰退是否会扩大高学历和低学历人群之间的健康差距，先前的研究得出了相互矛盾的结果。我们通过使用交叉分类多层次模型，考察大衰退和随后的双底衰退对健康差距的影响，来研究这一问题。我们使用了欧盟收入和生活条件统计（EU- silc）的纵向数据，涵盖了2005年至2015年的29个国家。我们的研究结果提供了令人信服的证据，表明大衰退和随后的双底衰退显著扩大了受教育程度较高和较低个人之间的健康差距。相反，我们的研究结果表明，紧缩措施，特别是卫生支出的减少，缩小了低学历和高学历之间的健康差距。

引用次数: 0

Do spatial inequalities explain social disparities in mismatch in Chilean higher education? 空间不平等能解释智利高等教育不匹配的社会差异吗？

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101072

Danilo Kuzmanic

Socially disadvantaged students entering higher education often enrol in less selective programs than they could aim for, resulting in diminished labour market outcomes. Drawing from administrative data on first-year entrants to higher education in Chile in 2018, this study addresses socioeconomic disparities in the mismatch between students' academic achievement and the labour market outcomes of their degrees, focusing on the role of geographic proximity. The uneven geographic access to degrees aligning with students' achievement is critical to understanding the high socioeconomic disparities in Chilean higher education. I show that these disparities would remain practically unchanged even if students enrolled in their best-matched degrees within 50 kilometres of their locality. Moreover, I find no socioeconomic disparities between students with nearby matching degrees, whereas high differences arise between students residing far away from suitable options. This study highlights the geographical challenges in addressing mismatch disparities in a high-participation higher education system.

进入高等教育的社会弱势学生通常选择的课程比他们预期的要少，导致劳动力市场的结果下降。根据2018年智利高等教育一年级入学学生的行政数据，本研究解决了学生学业成绩与学位在劳动力市场上的结果不匹配带来的社会经济差异，重点关注地理邻近的作用。与学生成绩相匹配的学位的地理分布不均，对于理解智利高等教育中高度的社会经济差异至关重要。我指出，即使学生在离当地50公里的地方攻读最匹配的学位，这些差异实际上也不会改变。此外，我发现学位相近的学生之间没有社会经济差异，而离合适的学位很远的学生之间的社会经济差异很大。本研究强调了在高参与高等教育体系中解决不匹配差异的地理挑战。

引用次数: 0

Social network effects on educational inequality: The role of similarity bias in social influence 教育不平等的社会网络效应：相似性偏差在社会影响中的作用

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101071

Till Hovestadt , Georg Lorenz

How do social networks affect educational inequality? Previous theory suggests that inequality is reinforced by a lack of social influence between social groups, while intergroup social influence could diminish inequality. According to this view, friendships between students with different socioeconomic status (SES) might decrease educational inequality due to cross-SES social influence. An underlying assumption is that social influence occurs ubiquitously across all friendships. We challenge this assumption and suggest that friends with the same SES exert stronger influence on each other than friends with a dissimilar SES—a phenomenon known as similarity bias. We test whether similarity bias based on SES is relevant for social influence on educational aspirations using multilevel Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models on longitudinal data of 236 friendship networks in Germany and Sweden. Pointing towards similarity bias, our results show that social influence on educational aspirations is significantly stronger among same-SES friends than among cross-SES friends. Counterfactual simulations based on the SAOMs suggest that the absence of similarity bias would lead to decreases in the socioeconomic aspiration gap by up to 9 percent. We conclude that similarity bias can stabilize educational inequality even in socioeconomically mixed social settings.

社会网络如何影响教育不平等？先前的理论认为，社会群体之间缺乏社会影响会加剧不平等，而群体间的社会影响可以减少不平等。根据这一观点，不同社会经济地位（SES）的学生之间的友谊可能会由于跨SES的社会影响而减少教育不平等。一个潜在的假设是，社会影响在所有友谊中无处不在。我们对这一假设提出了挑战，并提出社会经济地位相同的朋友比社会经济地位不同的朋友对彼此的影响更大，这种现象被称为相似性偏见。我们在德国和瑞典的236个友谊网络的纵向数据上使用多层随机因素导向模型来检验基于SES的相似性偏差是否与社会对教育愿望的影响相关。指向相似性偏见，我们的研究结果表明，社会地位相同的朋友对教育愿望的社会影响明显强于社会地位不同的朋友。基于SAOMs的反事实模拟表明，相似性偏差的缺失将导致社会经济期望差距减少多达9%。我们的结论是，即使在社会经济混合的社会环境中，相似性偏见也可以稳定教育不平等。

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引用次数: 0

Equal educational qualifications but unequal labor market outcomes: An exploration of gender disparities in occupational status and their mechanisms, over five decades 平等的教育资格但不平等的劳动力市场结果：50年来职业地位的性别差异及其机制的探索

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-06-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101070

Richard Nennstiel , Rolf Becker

Switzerland’s comparatively slow but ongoing educational expansion, alongside the persistent gender disparities in the Swiss labor market, offers a unique context in which to investigate how returns to education, as regards occupational status, have evolved for men and women over the last 50 years. Drawing on large-scale administrative census data (1970, 1980, 1990, 2000) and annual structural surveys (2011–2020), social changes across pseudo-birth cohorts (1920–1994) at two career stages (ages 25–30 and 45–50) are analyzed. Two questions are investigated: (1) How have inequalities in occupational status between men and women with similar levels of educational attainment shifted over time? (2) Which mechanisms – such as part-time work, childcare responsibilities, and sector allocation – explain these gender differences, and how have their impacts changed? The findings reveal that although raw gender gaps in occupational status have narrowed in younger cohorts – particularly at early career stages – significant disparities persist when accounting for key mechanisms. A Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition shows that part-time work and labor market segregation continue to produce gendered penalties. The results underscore that even as women’s educational attainment has surpassed that of men in recent cohorts, structural factors continue to limit full returns to education for women, in regard to their occupational status.

瑞士的教育扩张相对缓慢但仍在继续，加上瑞士劳动力市场上持续存在的性别差异，为调查过去50年来男女在职业地位方面的教育回报如何演变提供了一个独特的背景。利用大规模行政普查数据（1970年、1980年、1990年、2000年）和年度结构调查（2011-2020年），分析了伪出生队列（1920-1994年）在两个职业阶段（25-30岁和45-50岁）的社会变化。研究了两个问题：(1)具有相似教育程度的男性和女性之间的职业地位不平等如何随着时间的推移而变化？(2)哪些机制（如兼职工作、育儿责任和部门分配）解释了这些性别差异，它们的影响是如何变化的？研究结果显示，尽管在较年轻的人群中，尤其是在职业生涯的早期阶段，职业地位上的原始性别差距已经缩小，但在考虑到关键机制时，显著的差距仍然存在。布林德-瓦哈卡的分解表明，兼职工作和劳动力市场隔离继续产生性别惩罚。结果强调，即使在最近的队列中，妇女的受教育程度超过了男子，但就其职业地位而言，结构性因素继续限制妇女充分接受教育。

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引用次数: 0

Returns to parental higher education across the wage distribution, gender, and the life course 在工资分配、性别和生命历程中，对父母高等教育的回报

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101067

Irma Mooi-Reci , Meir Yaish , Lyn Craig

引用次数: 0

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