Research in Social Stratification and Mobility最新文献_第3页

Do mothers’ occupation-specific skills impact children’s developmental processes? 母亲的职业技能会影响孩子的发展过程吗？

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101102

Alicia García-Sierra

This study examines whether mothers’ occupation-specific skills influence children’s development. I argue that while education is a valuable proxy for parental skills, it fails to capture an important dimension of human capital: the skills parents acquire through their occupational experiences. Parents enhance their human capital through on-the-job learning, with occupation-specific expertise becoming integral to their skill sets. Combining longitudinal family data (NLSY79-CYA) and the O*NET dataset, I employ two-way fixed effects, inverse probability weighting, and asymmetric fixed effects models. I exploit changes in the required skill levels of mothers’ occupations following job switches. Results indicate that when mothers transition to roles requiring higher levels of mathematical skills, their children’s mathematical abilities improve. Similar trends are observed for literacy skills, although the effects are less consistently robust. Additionally, longer maternal job tenure amplifies these effects, which are primarily driven by increases in skill requirements rather than decreases. Furthermore, children in high-SES families benefit more from increases in their mothers’ occupational skill requirements than children in low-SES families.

本研究旨在探讨母亲的职业技能是否会影响儿童的发展。我认为，虽然教育是父母技能的一个有价值的代表，但它未能捕捉到人力资本的一个重要方面：父母通过职业经验获得的技能。父母们通过在职学习来提高他们的人力资本，职业专业知识成为他们技能组合中不可或缺的一部分。结合纵向家庭数据（NLSY79-CYA）和O*NET数据集，采用双向固定效应、逆概率加权和非对称固定效应模型。我利用了职业转换后母亲职业所需技能水平的变化。结果表明，当母亲转变为需要更高水平数学技能的角色时，她们的孩子的数学能力会提高。在读写能力方面也观察到类似的趋势，尽管影响不那么持久。此外，较长的产妇工作任期放大了这些影响，这主要是由于技能要求的增加而不是减少。此外，高经济地位家庭的孩子比低经济地位家庭的孩子从母亲职业技能要求的提高中获益更多。

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引用次数: 0

Household income mobility in France over the COVID-19 pandemic: Losers and winners of the crisis 新冠肺炎大流行期间法国家庭收入流动性：危机的输家和赢家

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101093

Marta Veljkovic , Ettore Recchi , Andrew Zola

Economic hardship induced by the COVID-19 pandemic has mainly been studied over the initial outbreak. We track household income mobility from before to the end of the epidemiological crisis with longitudinal data from France, where welfare support over this period was comparatively strong, possibly protecting households from income loss. In addition to rising inequalities in the overall distribution of household equivalized income attested by income Gini dynamics, downward mobility increased considerably over the crisis (2019–2022) compared to the pre-pandemic years (2016–2019). However, patterns of income loss were independent from COVID-related health conditions and remained largely stable across different social groups from before through the crisis. These findings contradict the idea that the pandemic acted as a ‘great equalizer’, but at the same time do not fully support the view that the crisis exacerbated economic inequalities along the lines of a strict definition of cumulative disadvantage. In fact, we find persistent patterns of exposure to the risks of downward household income mobility from the pre-pandemic period. We interpret these results partially as a reflection of robust welfare transfers in France that turned an otherwise exceptional crisis into a time of ‘business as usual’ for income dynamics. Meanwhile, the ‘winners’ of the pandemic appear to be the households that preserved their income, and have members who largely belong to privileged groups.

新冠肺炎大流行引发的经济困难主要是在疫情爆发初期进行的研究。我们利用来自法国的纵向数据跟踪了流行病危机之前至结束期间的家庭收入流动性，法国在此期间的福利支持相对较强，可能保护了家庭免受收入损失。除了收入基尼系数动态所证明的家庭等额收入总体分配不平等加剧外，与大流行前（2016-2019年）相比，危机期间（2019-2022年）的向下流动性大幅增加。然而，收入损失模式与covid - 19相关的健康状况无关，在危机期间，不同社会群体的收入损失模式基本保持稳定。这些发现反驳了大流行发挥了“巨大均衡器”作用的观点，但同时也不完全支持这样的观点，即危机加剧了经济不平等，这符合严格定义的累积劣势。事实上，我们发现，从大流行前时期开始，家庭收入流动性下降的风险持续存在。我们将这些结果部分地解释为法国强劲的福利转移的反映，它将原本异常的危机转变为收入动态的“一切照旧”时期。与此同时，大流行的“赢家”似乎是那些保住了收入的家庭，他们的成员大多属于特权群体。

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引用次数: 0

Is temporary employment a stepping stone for unemployed immigrants? 临时工作是失业移民的垫脚石吗？

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101092

Dries Lens, Kilian Van Looy, Ive Marx

This study investigates whether temporary employment serves as a stepping stone or a trap for unemployed job seekers in Belgium, with a focus on differences between migrant and native-born populations. Using panel data from the Belgian Labour Force Survey (2017–2024) and propensity score matching, we estimate the short-term effects of entering temporary work on employment, permanent employment, and wages. Compared to remaining unemployed, temporary work significantly increases the likelihood of being employed and holding a permanent contract one year later, though it does not lead to higher wages. These benefits are broadly similar for migrant and native-born workers, but not all migrant subgroups benefit equally. Immigrant women, in particular, experience smaller gains than men, highlighting persistent gendered barriers to labour market integration. By contrast, differences by region of origin and length of stay are not significant. The positive effects of temporary employment are evident across contract types and occupational skill levels, with no consistent advantage for fixed-term over agency jobs. A complementary analysis shows that while temporary work outperforms continued unemployment, it yields substantially lower returns than entering permanent employment. Overall, temporary employment should be viewed neither as a panacea nor as a trap, but as a pathway offering modest, uneven, yet generally positive returns for diverse unemployed job seekers.

这项研究调查了临时工作是比利时失业求职者的垫脚石还是陷阱，重点关注移民和本地出生人口之间的差异。利用比利时劳动力调查（2017-2024）的面板数据和倾向得分匹配，我们估计了进入临时工作对就业、永久就业和工资的短期影响。与失业相比，临时工作大大增加了一年后被雇用并持有永久合同的可能性，尽管它不会导致更高的工资。这些福利对移民和本地出生的工人来说大致相似，但并不是所有的移民群体都同样受益。特别是移民妇女的收入比男子少，这突出了劳动力市场一体化方面持续存在的性别障碍。相比之下，原籍地区和逗留时间的差异并不显著。临时就业的积极影响在合同类型和职业技能水平上都很明显，定期工作没有固定的优势。一项补充分析表明，虽然临时工作的表现优于持续失业，但它的回报远低于进入永久就业。总的来说，临时就业既不应被视为灵丹妙药，也不应被视为陷阱，而是一条为不同的失业求职者提供适度、不均衡但总体上是积极回报的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Did social change strengthen genetic associations? Gendered educational attainment before and after German reunification 社会变革是否加强了遗传联系？德国统一前后受教育程度的性别差异

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101091

Christoph Spörlein , Gundula Zoch , Elmar Schlueter

Recent research on post-socialist societies demonstrates that as institutional barriers decline, the genetic associations with educational attainment become more pronounced. However, existing studies have only partially considered the role of gender in this process. To address this gap in the literature, this study examines gendered genetic associations with educational attainment in Germany before and after reunification. Using Gene-SOEP data (N = 1573) and stepwise OLS regression, we analyze polygenic scores across cohorts (1943–1992) in East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR) and West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany, FRG). Our findings reveal that genetic associations with educational attainment increased over time, thereby reducing gender-based educational inequality in both regions. However, this positive trend began at lower levels of gender inequality and exhibited an earlier erosion of these differences in the FRG. Despite promoting gender equality, the GDR’s policies alone were insufficient to eliminate gender-based differences in genetic educational attainment.

最近对后社会主义社会的研究表明，随着制度障碍的减少，基因与受教育程度的联系变得更加明显。然而，现有的研究只是部分地考虑了性别在这一过程中的作用。为了解决文献中的这一差距，本研究考察了德国统一前后性别遗传与受教育程度的关系。使用Gene-SOEP数据（N = 1573）和逐步OLS回归，我们分析了东德（德意志民主共和国，GDR）和西德（德意志联邦共和国，FRG） 1943-1992年的多基因评分。我们的研究结果表明，随着时间的推移，遗传与受教育程度的关联增加，从而减少了两个地区基于性别的教育不平等。然而，这一积极趋势始于较低程度的性别不平等，并在FRG中较早地显示出这些差异的侵蚀。尽管促进了性别平等，但德意志民主共和国的政策本身不足以消除遗传教育成就方面的性别差异。

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引用次数: 0

Inherent advantage: The multidimensional and cumulative nature of intergenerational associations in degree attainment 内在优势：在学位获得方面代际关联的多维性和累积性

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101090

Sigal Alon , Oded Mcdossi

The literature documents significant intergenerational associations in degree attainment. However, as returns to academic credentials vary increasingly due to rising stratification by both degree level and type, a more detailed understanding of parent-child linkages is required. This study addresses this challenge by assessing the multidimensional and cumulative nature of intergenerational associations in degree attainment. Using rich administrative data, we compare parents’ and children’s educational attainment across three dimensions: degree level, institutional selectivity, and the generation-specific earnings rank of field of study (FOS). We evaluate the multiple channels (within- and cross-dimensions) for intergenerational associations, and measure the accumulation and configurations of credential advantages at the household and child levels. Our findings point to strong intergenerational correlations, both within and across the three dimensions. The parental household accumulation and configuration of advantages shape the child’s accumulation and configuration of credentials. Overall, intergenerational linkages in degree attainment are more heterogeneous and diffuse than previously recognized, suggesting that prior scholarship underestimates the extent of the transmission of advantage.

文献记录了显著的代际关系在学位获得。然而，由于学位水平和类型的分层日益加深，对学历证书的回报差异越来越大，因此需要更详细地了解亲子关系。本研究通过评估学位获得的代际关联的多维性和累积性来解决这一挑战。利用丰富的行政数据，我们在三个维度上比较了父母和孩子的受教育程度：学位水平、机构选择性和研究领域的代际特定收入排名（FOS）。我们评估了代际联系的多种渠道（内部和跨维度），并测量了家庭和儿童层面上证书优势的积累和配置。我们的研究结果表明，在三个维度内和跨越三个维度，存在很强的代际相关性。父母家庭优势的积累和配置塑造了孩子的资历积累和配置。总体而言，学位获得的代际联系比以前认识到的更加异构和分散，这表明先前的学术研究低估了优势传递的程度。

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引用次数: 0

Social class and earnings trajectories in the UK: New findings from a longitudinal analysis 英国的社会阶层和收入轨迹：纵向分析的新发现

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101089

Erzsébet Bukodi , John H. Goldthorpe , Leonie Westhoff

We identify and seek to address four questions arising from current analyses of the relation between social class positions and age-earnings trajectories that call for further research. First, how far are findings from earlier cross-sectional analyses confirmed if individuals’ earnings are treated longitudinally? Second, how far do differences show up in such trajectories within classes, thus suggesting heterogeneity in employment relations? Third, how far are individuals’ educational levels associated with the shapes of their earnings trajectories independently of their class positions? And, fourth, how far does the class mobility of individuals over the course of their working lives lead to changes in their earnings trajectories? We address these questions on the basis of a rich British dataset relating to men and women aged 21–60, born between1941 and 1990, and by treating earnings trajectories in relation to class through multilevel growth curve modelling. In general, we find that earlier findings are robust and that the association between class position and age-earnings trajectories for the most part follows theoretical expectations insofar as classes are defined in terms of differences in employment relations.

我们确定并寻求解决当前社会阶级地位和年龄收入轨迹之间关系的分析中出现的四个问题，这些问题需要进一步研究。首先，如果对个人收入进行纵向分析，早期横断面分析的结果能在多大程度上得到证实？其次，在阶级内部，这种轨迹的差异有多大，从而表明就业关系存在异质性？第三，个人的教育水平在多大程度上与他们独立于阶级地位的收入轨迹的形状相关？第四，个人在职业生涯中的阶级流动性对其收入轨迹的影响有多大？我们基于一个丰富的英国数据集来解决这些问题，该数据集涉及1941年至1990年间出生的21-60岁男性和女性，并通过多层次增长曲线建模来处理与阶级相关的收入轨迹。总的来说，我们发现早期的发现是强有力的，阶级地位和年龄-收入轨迹之间的联系在很大程度上遵循理论预期，因为阶级是根据就业关系的差异来定义的。

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引用次数: 0

The educational wealth divide in Europe: Post-secondary enrollment gaps across parental wealth components and countries 欧洲的教育财富鸿沟：父母财富组成部分和国家之间的高等教育入学率差距

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101086

Andrea Pietrolucci , Jascha Dräger , Nora Müller , Marco Albertini

Parental wealth is a crucial dimension of socioeconomic status (SES) and plays a significant role in the intergenerational transmission of educational advantage. Previous research on the topic has been limited to a small number of countries, and findings on the relationship between parental wealth and educational attainment are hardly comparable across institutional contexts. Furthermore, the specific role of different wealth components remains unclear. This study addresses these gaps by comparing parental wealth-based inequalities in post-secondary enrollment across 15 European countries, using harmonized Household Finance and Consumption Survey data. We assess how different dimensions of parental wealth – net, real, and financial – relate to children's post-secondary enrollment, and how these associations vary across institutional contexts. Our findings reveal substantial enrollment gaps between high- and low-wealth families in all countries, with these disparities remaining significant in ten countries even after accounting for other parental SES dimensions. When considering net wealth, we observe the largest enrollment gaps in Southern and Eastern Europe and smaller gaps in most Continental countries. However, most of country differences are not statistically significant. Real wealth, particularly housing assets, is the strongest predictor of enrollment, whereas the role of household debt is more context-dependent. These results underscore the importance of disaggregating wealth components and considering the specific national context when assessing wealth-related educational inequalities.

父母财富是社会经济地位（SES）的一个重要维度，在教育优势的代际传递中起着重要作用。以前对这一主题的研究仅限于少数国家，而且关于父母财富和受教育程度之间关系的研究结果很难在不同的制度背景下进行比较。此外，不同财富组成部分的具体作用仍不清楚。本研究使用统一的家庭财务和消费调查数据，通过比较15个欧洲国家的父母在中学后入学方面基于财富的不平等，解决了这些差距。我们评估了父母财富的不同维度——净财富、实际财富和财务财富——与孩子中学后入学的关系，以及这些联系在不同的制度背景下是如何变化的。我们的研究结果显示，所有国家的高财富家庭和低财富家庭之间的入学率存在巨大差距，即使在考虑了父母的其他社会经济地位维度后，这些差距在10个国家仍然显著。在考虑净财富时，我们观察到南欧和东欧的入学差距最大，而大多数欧洲大陆国家的差距较小。然而，大多数国家的差异在统计上并不显著。实际财富，尤其是住房资产，是入学率的最强预测指标，而家庭债务的作用则更依赖于具体情况。这些结果强调了在评估与财富相关的教育不平等时，分解财富组成部分和考虑具体国家背景的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

On the wrong track? Perceived track mismatch among ethnic minority and majority students in the German education system 在错误的轨道上？在德国教育系统中，少数民族学生和多数民族学生的轨道不匹配

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101085

Claudia Diehl, Katja Pomianowicz, Thomas Hinz

This paper explores why ethnic minority students are more likely than majority students to believe that they should attend a higher educational track. Based on a survey of seventh-grade students in Germany, we examine two explanations for this “perception gap.” First, minority students may be more likely than majority students to be placed in a track that is too low for them (“exposure” to unfair treatment). Second, minority students, who are more frequently enrolled in the lowest educational tracks and are often the children of highly ambitious parents, may feel a greater need to attribute limited educational success to unfair treatment in order to protect their self-esteem (“ex-post rationalization of a lack of success”). We find little evidence for the “exposure" mechanism. Instead, the “perception gap” between majority and minority students largely reflects their more frequent enrollment in the lowest, stigmatized track of the education system and their parents' high, unmet educational aspirations.

本文探讨了为什么少数民族学生比大多数学生更有可能认为他们应该参加高等教育的轨道。基于对德国七年级学生的调查，我们对这种“认知差距”进行了两种解释。首先，少数族裔学生可能比多数族裔学生更有可能被安排在对他们来说太低的轨道上（“暴露”于不公平待遇）。其次，少数族裔学生往往就读于教育水平最低的课程，而且往往是雄心勃勃的父母的孩子，他们可能更有必要将有限的教育成就归咎于不公平的待遇，以保护自己的自尊（“事后为缺乏成功进行合理化”）。我们几乎没有发现“暴露”机制的证据。相反，多数学生和少数族裔学生之间的“认知差距”在很大程度上反映了他们更频繁地进入教育系统中最低、最受歧视的班级，以及他们父母对教育的高远、未实现的愿望。

引用次数: 0

Couples' division of paid work and rising income inequality: A study of 21 OECD countries 夫妻的有偿劳动分工和收入不平等加剧：一项对21个经合组织国家的研究

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101084

Efrat Herzberg-Druker

Numerous scholars have explored the association between women's changing employment patterns and the changing income inequality in recent decades. While most studies indicate that increased women's employment reduces household inequality, a few suggest the opposite effect. This research investigated whether shifts in the division of paid work (i.e., changes in the working hours) among heterosexual couples, as compared to changes in women's work alone, contribute to changes in income inequality. It also examined whether the selection of couples into the different types of division of paid work based on their level of education is a mechanism underlying the growing inequality. Based on counterfactual analyses of data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), encompassing 21 OECD countries, the findings demonstrate shifts in couples' division of paid work, particularly the increase in fulltime dual-earner households, are associated with rising income inequality in most countries studied. However, changes in educational attainment were not found to be the mechanism underlying the association between changes in couples' division of paid work and changes in income inequality.

近几十年来，许多学者探讨了妇女就业模式变化与收入不平等变化之间的关系。虽然大多数研究表明，增加妇女就业减少了家庭不平等，但也有少数研究表明，结果恰恰相反。这项研究调查了异性恋夫妇之间有偿工作分工的变化（即工作时间的变化），与女性工作的变化相比，是否会导致收入不平等的变化。它还研究了根据受教育程度对夫妻进行不同类型的有偿工作分工的选择，是否是导致不平等加剧的一种机制。基于对卢森堡收入研究（LIS）数据的反事实分析，该研究涵盖了21个经合组织国家，研究结果表明，在大多数研究国家，夫妻有偿工作分工的变化，特别是全职双职工家庭的增加，与收入不平等的加剧有关。然而，受教育程度的变化并没有被发现是夫妻劳动分工变化和收入不平等变化之间联系的潜在机制。

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引用次数: 0

The gendered value of education in the ‘college-for-all’ era and the role of literacy and numeracy skills “全民大学”时代教育的性别价值以及识字和算术技能的作用

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101074

Dafna Gelbgiser , Limor Gabay-Egozi

Despite attaining higher education levels than ever before, women continue to earn less than men. Using data from 26 countries obtained from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), we examine how the supply of college-educated adults shapes gender differences in the value of educational attainment in today's labor market. Our analysis reveals two interrelated processes that disadvantage women. First, in high-supply contexts, women acquire college credentials at higher rates but are more constrained in acquiring high cognitive skills, particularly numeracy, leading to a misalignment between their credentials and skills. Second, in high-supply contexts, the returns to college credentials in accessing high pay decrease for both genders, while the importance of cognitive skills remains stable. Cognitive skills are increasingly vital in high-supply contexts, particularly for women, but college credentials remain a stronger safeguard against low pay. These results shed light on the gendered patterns of rewards to education across supply contexts and the income distribution, providing insights into the different incentives of men and women to pursue education and the stalling of the gender gap. Addressing the gender pay gap requires a comprehensive approach that both enhances educational attainment and prioritizes the development of high cognitive skills, particularly among women.

尽管女性的受教育程度比以往任何时候都高，但她们的收入仍然低于男性。利用国际成人能力评估项目（PIAAC）提供的来自26个国家的数据，我们研究了受过大学教育的成年人的供应如何影响当今劳动力市场中受教育程度价值的性别差异。我们的分析揭示了对女性不利的两个相互关联的过程。首先，在高供给的背景下，女性获得大学文凭的比例更高，但在获得高认知技能（尤其是计算能力）方面受到更多限制，导致她们的文凭和技能之间不一致。其次，在高供给背景下，大学文凭在获得高薪方面的回报对男女都有所下降，而认知技能的重要性保持稳定。认知技能在高供给环境中越来越重要，尤其是对女性来说，但大学文凭仍然是抵御低薪的更有力保障。这些结果揭示了教育奖励在供给背景和收入分配中的性别模式，为男性和女性追求教育的不同动机和性别差距的停滞提供了见解。解决性别工资差距问题需要采取综合办法，既要提高受教育程度，又要优先发展高认知技能，特别是在妇女中。

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引用次数: 0