Research in Social Stratification and Mobility最新文献_第2页

Labor force attachment, college majors, and the gender earnings gap 劳动力依附、大学专业和性别收入差距

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101107

Mei-Yu Kuo, Vincent J. Roscigno

Workplace stratification research has been clear regarding ongoing earnings inequalities by gender and how both family dynamics and long-term employment may be playing a role. Gender gaps in both earnings and labor force integration, however, may also be partially shaped by divergences in post-secondary educational backgrounds. In this article, we draw on NLSY97 data and interrogate gender wage inequalities among college educated individuals in the U.S., how they may be tied to distinct fields of study, and the implications especially for labor force attachment and detachment over time. Results show clear divergences and significant contemporary baccalaureate underrepresentation of women in STEM fields—i.e., fields where eventual labor force attachment and wages tend to be highest. Although well-represented among non-STEM degree holders, women’s wage returns to these degrees are depressed relative to their male counterparts; a pattern partly tied to women’s concentration in “applied” fields of study that tend to lead to care-centered forms of employment. Further analyses show how observable earnings gaps across majors are partly a consequence of differences in labor force attachment across time; and that earnings benefits associated with labor force attachment are nearly double for men than for women. We conclude by discussing the stratified gender pipeline in educational pathways, its implications for employment integration and, consequently, ongoing earnings gaps.

职场分层研究已经明确指出了持续的性别收入不平等，以及家庭动态和长期就业可能发挥的作用。然而，收入和劳动力整合方面的性别差距也可能部分由高等教育背景的差异造成。在这篇文章中，我们利用NLSY97的数据，调查了美国受过大学教育的个体之间的性别工资不平等，他们是如何与不同的学习领域联系在一起的，尤其是随着时间的推移，对劳动力依恋和脱离的影响。结果显示出明显的差异，当代学士学位女性在STEM领域的代表性明显不足。在美国，最终的劳动力依附和工资往往最高的领域。尽管在非stem学位持有者中，女性的比例很高，但与男性相比，获得这些学位的女性的工资回报率很低；这种模式部分与妇女集中于“应用”研究领域有关，这些领域往往导致以护理为中心的就业形式。进一步的分析表明，不同专业之间可观察到的收入差距在一定程度上是不同时期劳动力依恋差异的结果；与劳动力依附相关的收入收益，男性几乎是女性的两倍。最后，我们讨论了教育途径中分层的性别管道，其对就业整合的影响，以及由此导致的持续收入差距。

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引用次数: 0

Social selection in student mobility: The interplay of origin, achievement and track in the Italian North-South divide 学生流动中的社会选择：意大利南北分化中出身、成就和轨迹的相互作用

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101105

Andrea Priulla , Eleonora Miaci , Nazareno Panichella

Student mobility constitutes a pivotal mechanism in the reproduction of social inequalities, especially in regions characterized by stark territorial disparities. In the Italian context, the persistent economic and institutional divide between the North and South shapes university enrollment patterns, fostering a longstanding trend of selective student migration from Southern regions to the Center-North. This study examines how three key dimensions of stratification – social origin, academic achievement, and school track – interact in shaping the likelihood of mobility at the point of university enrollment. Drawing on newly linked administrative data covering the entire cohort of Southern high school graduates in 2022, we assess whether student mobility operates as a boosting mechanism – benefiting high-achieving students from privileged backgrounds – or as a strategy of compensatory mobility and social ascent for others. Our findings reveal a clear pattern of triply selective mobility: relocation is most frequent among students who combine strong academic performance, a privileged social origin and enrollment in high-status school tracks.

学生流动是社会不平等再生产的关键机制，特别是在地域差异明显的地区。在意大利，南北之间持续存在的经济和制度差异影响了大学招生模式，形成了一种长期趋势，即有选择性的学生从南部地区迁移到中北部地区。本研究考察了分层的三个关键维度——社会出身、学术成就和学校轨迹——如何在大学入学时形成流动性的可能性方面相互作用。利用涵盖2022年整个南方高中毕业生群体的最新关联行政数据，我们评估了学生流动是作为一种促进机制——有利于来自特权背景的优秀学生——还是作为一种补偿性流动和其他人社会上升的策略。我们的研究结果揭示了一种清晰的三重选择性流动模式：在学习成绩优异、社会出身优越、就读于高地位学校的学生中，搬迁最常见。

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引用次数: 0

Enduring boundaries, emerging bridges: Patterns of caste and ethnic intermarriage in Nepal 持久的边界，新兴的桥梁：尼泊尔种姓和种族通婚的模式

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101104

Yanwen Wang

Intermarriage is often seen as a solvent of caste and ethnic divisions. This study provides the first nationwide analysis of intermarriage in Nepal, drawing on data from the 2001 and 2011 censuses. Despite Nepal’s remarkable diversity, intermarriage remains exceedingly rare, comprising only 0.74 % of all marriages. Only Madhesi Brahman/Chhetri, Newar, and MPB (Marwadi, Punjabi, Bangali) communities surpass 1 %. Log-linear models reveal persistent, though weakening, intergroup boundaries, with indigenous Janajatis exhibiting greater openness. Gender asymmetries—such as lower-caste men marrying into higher-caste groups—are evident. Education most effectively facilitates intermarriage for women from disadvantaged groups (e.g., Dalits, Janajatis) but has limited or even negative effects among privileged groups. Child marriage, still present in nearly half of all unions, reinforces caste endogamy, especially among Dalits. However, unexpectedly higher intermarriage rates in child marriages among privileged communities suggest strategic out-marriages. These findings highlight the enduring resilience of caste and ethnic divisions in Nepal, while identifying educational expansion and enforcement of minimum marriage age, especially targeting disadvantaged populations, as promising pathways toward social integration. These insights carry important implications for policies aimed at reducing caste- and ethnicity-based stratification in Nepal and similarly divided societies.

异族通婚通常被视为种姓和种族分裂的解决方案。这项研究利用2001年和2011年的人口普查数据，首次在全国范围内分析了尼泊尔的异族婚姻。尽管尼泊尔有着显著的多样性，异族通婚仍然非常罕见，只占所有婚姻的0.74 %。只有Madhesi Brahman/Chhetri， Newar和MPB （Marwadi, Punjabi, Bangali）社区超过了1% %。对数线性模型揭示了持久的（尽管正在减弱）族群间界限，土著Janajatis表现出更大的开放性。性别不对称——比如低种姓男性与高种姓群体结婚——是显而易见的。教育最有效地促进了弱势群体（如达利特人、Janajatis）妇女的通婚，但对特权群体的影响有限，甚至是消极的。童婚仍然存在于近一半的婚姻中，强化了种姓内婚制，尤其是在达利特人中。然而，在特权群体中，童婚的异族通婚率出乎意料地高，这表明有战略意义的异族通婚。这些发现突出了尼泊尔种姓和种族分裂的持久韧性，同时确定了教育扩张和最低结婚年龄的执行，特别是针对弱势群体，是实现社会融合的有希望的途径。这些见解对旨在减少尼泊尔和类似分裂社会中基于种姓和种族的分层的政策具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Choice homophily on social origin and race: Experimental evidence from a US university 社会出身和种族的选择同质性：来自美国一所大学的实验证据

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101103

Hyang-gi Song , William Foley , Arnout van de Rijt , Klarita Gërxhani

Choice homophily, a preference for associating with similar others, is robustly supported in past empirical data for basic demographic features like race. Here we argue that the lower salience of socioeconomic origin reduces the likelihood of such preferences being activated. However, testing for the existence of preferences for association on social origin is highly challenging, because such preferences are typically confounded with structural factors that sort similar individuals together. We address this using a field experiment at a large, diverse U.S. public university, where first-year students were randomly assigned to dorm rooms. This randomisation removes the confounding influence of structural sorting. We measure preferences by analysing whether a student’s decision to leave their room depends on their roommates’ social origin (measured by parental education) and race. We find strong evidence of choice homophily by race – students were less likely to leave when living with same-race roommates. However, we find no evidence of choice homophily with respect to social origin. Further analysis of a non-randomised sample of campus roommates reveals a tendency toward socioeconomic homogeneity in roommate pairings. This suggests that socioeconomic segregation on campus, and perhaps in broader society, is primarily driven by structural sorting rather than individual preference.

选择同质性，一种与相似的人交往的偏好，在过去的经验数据中得到了种族等基本人口特征的有力支持。在这里，我们认为社会经济来源的较低显著性降低了这种偏好被激活的可能性。然而，对社会起源上的关联偏好的存在性进行测试是极具挑战性的，因为这种偏好通常与将相似个体分类在一起的结构因素相混淆。我们在美国一所大型、多元化的公立大学进行了实地实验，将一年级学生随机分配到宿舍。这种随机化消除了结构排序的混淆影响。我们通过分析学生离开房间的决定是否取决于室友的社会出身（通过父母的教育程度来衡量）和种族来衡量偏好。我们发现了种族选择同一性的有力证据——与同种族的室友住在一起，学生离开的可能性更小。然而，我们没有发现社会起源方面的选择同质性的证据。对校园室友非随机样本的进一步分析揭示了室友配对中社会经济同质化的趋势。这表明，校园里的社会经济隔离，也许在更广泛的社会中，主要是由结构排序而不是个人偏好驱动的。

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引用次数: 0

Do mothers’ occupation-specific skills impact children’s developmental processes? 母亲的职业技能会影响孩子的发展过程吗？

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101102

Alicia García-Sierra

This study examines whether mothers’ occupation-specific skills influence children’s development. I argue that while education is a valuable proxy for parental skills, it fails to capture an important dimension of human capital: the skills parents acquire through their occupational experiences. Parents enhance their human capital through on-the-job learning, with occupation-specific expertise becoming integral to their skill sets. Combining longitudinal family data (NLSY79-CYA) and the O*NET dataset, I employ two-way fixed effects, inverse probability weighting, and asymmetric fixed effects models. I exploit changes in the required skill levels of mothers’ occupations following job switches. Results indicate that when mothers transition to roles requiring higher levels of mathematical skills, their children’s mathematical abilities improve. Similar trends are observed for literacy skills, although the effects are less consistently robust. Additionally, longer maternal job tenure amplifies these effects, which are primarily driven by increases in skill requirements rather than decreases. Furthermore, children in high-SES families benefit more from increases in their mothers’ occupational skill requirements than children in low-SES families.

本研究旨在探讨母亲的职业技能是否会影响儿童的发展。我认为，虽然教育是父母技能的一个有价值的代表，但它未能捕捉到人力资本的一个重要方面：父母通过职业经验获得的技能。父母们通过在职学习来提高他们的人力资本，职业专业知识成为他们技能组合中不可或缺的一部分。结合纵向家庭数据（NLSY79-CYA）和O*NET数据集，采用双向固定效应、逆概率加权和非对称固定效应模型。我利用了职业转换后母亲职业所需技能水平的变化。结果表明，当母亲转变为需要更高水平数学技能的角色时，她们的孩子的数学能力会提高。在读写能力方面也观察到类似的趋势，尽管影响不那么持久。此外，较长的产妇工作任期放大了这些影响，这主要是由于技能要求的增加而不是减少。此外，高经济地位家庭的孩子比低经济地位家庭的孩子从母亲职业技能要求的提高中获益更多。

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引用次数: 0

Household income mobility in France over the COVID-19 pandemic: Losers and winners of the crisis 新冠肺炎大流行期间法国家庭收入流动性：危机的输家和赢家

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101093

Marta Veljkovic , Ettore Recchi , Andrew Zola

Economic hardship induced by the COVID-19 pandemic has mainly been studied over the initial outbreak. We track household income mobility from before to the end of the epidemiological crisis with longitudinal data from France, where welfare support over this period was comparatively strong, possibly protecting households from income loss. In addition to rising inequalities in the overall distribution of household equivalized income attested by income Gini dynamics, downward mobility increased considerably over the crisis (2019–2022) compared to the pre-pandemic years (2016–2019). However, patterns of income loss were independent from COVID-related health conditions and remained largely stable across different social groups from before through the crisis. These findings contradict the idea that the pandemic acted as a ‘great equalizer’, but at the same time do not fully support the view that the crisis exacerbated economic inequalities along the lines of a strict definition of cumulative disadvantage. In fact, we find persistent patterns of exposure to the risks of downward household income mobility from the pre-pandemic period. We interpret these results partially as a reflection of robust welfare transfers in France that turned an otherwise exceptional crisis into a time of ‘business as usual’ for income dynamics. Meanwhile, the ‘winners’ of the pandemic appear to be the households that preserved their income, and have members who largely belong to privileged groups.

新冠肺炎大流行引发的经济困难主要是在疫情爆发初期进行的研究。我们利用来自法国的纵向数据跟踪了流行病危机之前至结束期间的家庭收入流动性，法国在此期间的福利支持相对较强，可能保护了家庭免受收入损失。除了收入基尼系数动态所证明的家庭等额收入总体分配不平等加剧外，与大流行前（2016-2019年）相比，危机期间（2019-2022年）的向下流动性大幅增加。然而，收入损失模式与covid - 19相关的健康状况无关，在危机期间，不同社会群体的收入损失模式基本保持稳定。这些发现反驳了大流行发挥了“巨大均衡器”作用的观点，但同时也不完全支持这样的观点，即危机加剧了经济不平等，这符合严格定义的累积劣势。事实上，我们发现，从大流行前时期开始，家庭收入流动性下降的风险持续存在。我们将这些结果部分地解释为法国强劲的福利转移的反映，它将原本异常的危机转变为收入动态的“一切照旧”时期。与此同时，大流行的“赢家”似乎是那些保住了收入的家庭，他们的成员大多属于特权群体。

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引用次数: 0

Is temporary employment a stepping stone for unemployed immigrants? 临时工作是失业移民的垫脚石吗？

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101092

Dries Lens, Kilian Van Looy, Ive Marx

This study investigates whether temporary employment serves as a stepping stone or a trap for unemployed job seekers in Belgium, with a focus on differences between migrant and native-born populations. Using panel data from the Belgian Labour Force Survey (2017–2024) and propensity score matching, we estimate the short-term effects of entering temporary work on employment, permanent employment, and wages. Compared to remaining unemployed, temporary work significantly increases the likelihood of being employed and holding a permanent contract one year later, though it does not lead to higher wages. These benefits are broadly similar for migrant and native-born workers, but not all migrant subgroups benefit equally. Immigrant women, in particular, experience smaller gains than men, highlighting persistent gendered barriers to labour market integration. By contrast, differences by region of origin and length of stay are not significant. The positive effects of temporary employment are evident across contract types and occupational skill levels, with no consistent advantage for fixed-term over agency jobs. A complementary analysis shows that while temporary work outperforms continued unemployment, it yields substantially lower returns than entering permanent employment. Overall, temporary employment should be viewed neither as a panacea nor as a trap, but as a pathway offering modest, uneven, yet generally positive returns for diverse unemployed job seekers.

这项研究调查了临时工作是比利时失业求职者的垫脚石还是陷阱，重点关注移民和本地出生人口之间的差异。利用比利时劳动力调查（2017-2024）的面板数据和倾向得分匹配，我们估计了进入临时工作对就业、永久就业和工资的短期影响。与失业相比，临时工作大大增加了一年后被雇用并持有永久合同的可能性，尽管它不会导致更高的工资。这些福利对移民和本地出生的工人来说大致相似，但并不是所有的移民群体都同样受益。特别是移民妇女的收入比男子少，这突出了劳动力市场一体化方面持续存在的性别障碍。相比之下，原籍地区和逗留时间的差异并不显著。临时就业的积极影响在合同类型和职业技能水平上都很明显，定期工作没有固定的优势。一项补充分析表明，虽然临时工作的表现优于持续失业，但它的回报远低于进入永久就业。总的来说，临时就业既不应被视为灵丹妙药，也不应被视为陷阱，而是一条为不同的失业求职者提供适度、不均衡但总体上是积极回报的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Did social change strengthen genetic associations? Gendered educational attainment before and after German reunification 社会变革是否加强了遗传联系？德国统一前后受教育程度的性别差异

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101091

Christoph Spörlein , Gundula Zoch , Elmar Schlueter

Recent research on post-socialist societies demonstrates that as institutional barriers decline, the genetic associations with educational attainment become more pronounced. However, existing studies have only partially considered the role of gender in this process. To address this gap in the literature, this study examines gendered genetic associations with educational attainment in Germany before and after reunification. Using Gene-SOEP data (N = 1573) and stepwise OLS regression, we analyze polygenic scores across cohorts (1943–1992) in East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR) and West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany, FRG). Our findings reveal that genetic associations with educational attainment increased over time, thereby reducing gender-based educational inequality in both regions. However, this positive trend began at lower levels of gender inequality and exhibited an earlier erosion of these differences in the FRG. Despite promoting gender equality, the GDR’s policies alone were insufficient to eliminate gender-based differences in genetic educational attainment.

最近对后社会主义社会的研究表明，随着制度障碍的减少，基因与受教育程度的联系变得更加明显。然而，现有的研究只是部分地考虑了性别在这一过程中的作用。为了解决文献中的这一差距，本研究考察了德国统一前后性别遗传与受教育程度的关系。使用Gene-SOEP数据（N = 1573）和逐步OLS回归，我们分析了东德（德意志民主共和国，GDR）和西德（德意志联邦共和国，FRG） 1943-1992年的多基因评分。我们的研究结果表明，随着时间的推移，遗传与受教育程度的关联增加，从而减少了两个地区基于性别的教育不平等。然而，这一积极趋势始于较低程度的性别不平等，并在FRG中较早地显示出这些差异的侵蚀。尽管促进了性别平等，但德意志民主共和国的政策本身不足以消除遗传教育成就方面的性别差异。

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引用次数: 0

Inherent advantage: The multidimensional and cumulative nature of intergenerational associations in degree attainment 内在优势：在学位获得方面代际关联的多维性和累积性

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101090

Sigal Alon , Oded Mcdossi

The literature documents significant intergenerational associations in degree attainment. However, as returns to academic credentials vary increasingly due to rising stratification by both degree level and type, a more detailed understanding of parent-child linkages is required. This study addresses this challenge by assessing the multidimensional and cumulative nature of intergenerational associations in degree attainment. Using rich administrative data, we compare parents’ and children’s educational attainment across three dimensions: degree level, institutional selectivity, and the generation-specific earnings rank of field of study (FOS). We evaluate the multiple channels (within- and cross-dimensions) for intergenerational associations, and measure the accumulation and configurations of credential advantages at the household and child levels. Our findings point to strong intergenerational correlations, both within and across the three dimensions. The parental household accumulation and configuration of advantages shape the child’s accumulation and configuration of credentials. Overall, intergenerational linkages in degree attainment are more heterogeneous and diffuse than previously recognized, suggesting that prior scholarship underestimates the extent of the transmission of advantage.

文献记录了显著的代际关系在学位获得。然而，由于学位水平和类型的分层日益加深，对学历证书的回报差异越来越大，因此需要更详细地了解亲子关系。本研究通过评估学位获得的代际关联的多维性和累积性来解决这一挑战。利用丰富的行政数据，我们在三个维度上比较了父母和孩子的受教育程度：学位水平、机构选择性和研究领域的代际特定收入排名（FOS）。我们评估了代际联系的多种渠道（内部和跨维度），并测量了家庭和儿童层面上证书优势的积累和配置。我们的研究结果表明，在三个维度内和跨越三个维度，存在很强的代际相关性。父母家庭优势的积累和配置塑造了孩子的资历积累和配置。总体而言，学位获得的代际联系比以前认识到的更加异构和分散，这表明先前的学术研究低估了优势传递的程度。

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引用次数: 0

Social class and earnings trajectories in the UK: New findings from a longitudinal analysis 英国的社会阶层和收入轨迹：纵向分析的新发现

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101089

Erzsébet Bukodi , John H. Goldthorpe , Leonie Westhoff

We identify and seek to address four questions arising from current analyses of the relation between social class positions and age-earnings trajectories that call for further research. First, how far are findings from earlier cross-sectional analyses confirmed if individuals’ earnings are treated longitudinally? Second, how far do differences show up in such trajectories within classes, thus suggesting heterogeneity in employment relations? Third, how far are individuals’ educational levels associated with the shapes of their earnings trajectories independently of their class positions? And, fourth, how far does the class mobility of individuals over the course of their working lives lead to changes in their earnings trajectories? We address these questions on the basis of a rich British dataset relating to men and women aged 21–60, born between1941 and 1990, and by treating earnings trajectories in relation to class through multilevel growth curve modelling. In general, we find that earlier findings are robust and that the association between class position and age-earnings trajectories for the most part follows theoretical expectations insofar as classes are defined in terms of differences in employment relations.

我们确定并寻求解决当前社会阶级地位和年龄收入轨迹之间关系的分析中出现的四个问题，这些问题需要进一步研究。首先，如果对个人收入进行纵向分析，早期横断面分析的结果能在多大程度上得到证实？其次，在阶级内部，这种轨迹的差异有多大，从而表明就业关系存在异质性？第三，个人的教育水平在多大程度上与他们独立于阶级地位的收入轨迹的形状相关？第四，个人在职业生涯中的阶级流动性对其收入轨迹的影响有多大？我们基于一个丰富的英国数据集来解决这些问题，该数据集涉及1941年至1990年间出生的21-60岁男性和女性，并通过多层次增长曲线建模来处理与阶级相关的收入轨迹。总的来说，我们发现早期的发现是强有力的，阶级地位和年龄-收入轨迹之间的联系在很大程度上遵循理论预期，因为阶级是根据就业关系的差异来定义的。

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引用次数: 0