Research in Social Stratification and Mobility最新文献_第2页

Middle-class economic power and the evolution of educational systems 中产阶级的经济实力和教育体系的演变

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101112

Natalie A.E. Young , Emily Hannum

When the economic reach of the middle class grows in a country, competition within the education field may increase, pushing more middle-class families and their upper-class peers to engage in behaviors that, when agglomerated, reshape and potentially disequalize the education field. Linking data from the World Income Inequality Database, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, and the Programme for International Student Assessment, we ask whether change in the share of income held by the middle three quintiles of the household income distribution over two decades (1998–2018) predicts change in educational opportunity structures and performance inequality. We find that rising middle-class economic power is associated with expansion of the private school sector and, in recent years, overseas tertiary education. After adjusting for time trends, we also find an association with supplementary academic tutoring. In contrast, a significant association with between-school academic tracking dissipates upon adjustment for a global increase in this practice. Importantly, not only is rising middle-class economic power linked to disequalization of educational opportunity structures, but it also exacerbates socioeconomic disparities in student performance.

当一个国家中产阶级的经济实力增长时，教育领域的竞争可能会加剧，促使更多的中产阶级家庭和他们的上层阶级同龄人参与一些行为，当这些行为聚集在一起时，会重塑并可能使教育领域不平等。我们将世界收入不平等数据库、联合国教科文组织统计研究所和国际学生评估计划的数据联系起来，探讨20年来（1998-2018年）家庭收入分配中中间五分之三人群所占收入份额的变化是否预示着教育机会结构和绩效不平等的变化。我们发现，中产阶级经济实力的上升与私立学校的扩张以及近年来海外高等教育的扩张有关。在调整了时间趋势后，我们也发现了辅导性学业辅导的相关性。相比之下，学校间学术跟踪的显著关联在这种做法的全球增长调整后消散。重要的是，中产阶级经济实力的上升不仅与教育机会结构的不平等有关，而且还加剧了学生表现的社会经济差异。

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引用次数: 0

A similarity index for all occupations 所有职业的相似指数

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101113

Ananda Martin-Caughey

Occupations are a critical theoretical concept in the social sciences, but they are difficult to operationalize and often internally heterogeneous, posing challenges for researchers. This has led some scholars to question the value of occupations in inequality and mobility research. This paper introduces the occupational similarity index (OSI) as a tool to help understand and overcome the limitations of occupation-based research. The index directly measures the internal cohesion of occupations based on previously untapped descriptions of job titles and tasks from the 2011–2023 American Community Survey, representing approximately 20 million workers. I demonstrate three applications of the OSI: improving the measurement of occupations, explaining occupation-level phenomena, and investigating the social meaning of occupations. Analyses generate several empirical findings, including: (1) occupations vary widely in internal similarity, with some occupations highly cohesive and others no more similar than a random sample of workers, (2) higher similarity is associated with lower earnings inequality, particularly among college-educated workers, and (3) in most occupations, similarity is higher within gender groups than for the occupation as a whole, suggesting substantial segregation. I make the OSI publicly available and show how measuring and studying the internal similarity of categories of work can strengthen occupation-related research for the 21st century.

职业是社会科学中一个重要的理论概念，但它们难以操作且往往内部异构，给研究人员带来了挑战。这导致一些学者质疑职业在不平等和流动性研究中的价值。本文介绍了职业相似指数（OSI）作为一种工具来帮助理解和克服基于职业的研究的局限性。该指数直接衡量职业的内部凝聚力，基于2011-2023年美国社区调查（American Community Survey）中此前未被开发的职称和任务描述，涵盖了大约2000万名工人。我展示了OSI的三个应用：改进职业测量，解释职业水平现象，以及调查职业的社会意义。分析产生了几个实证发现，包括：(1)职业在内部相似性方面差异很大，有些职业具有高度凝聚力，而其他职业与随机工人样本的相似性无关；(2)较高的相似性与较低的收入不平等有关，特别是在受过大学教育的工人中；(3)在大多数职业中，性别群体之间的相似性高于整个职业，这表明存在实质性的隔离。我公开了OSI，并展示了如何测量和研究工作类别的内部相似性可以加强21世纪与职业相关的研究。

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引用次数: 0

Perceived gender egalitarian progress in the labor market and overeducation in China, Japan, and Taiwan 中国、日本和台湾在劳动力市场和过度教育方面的性别平等进步

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101108

Siqi Han , Siman Cai

Underutilization of one’s education at work contributes to overeducation, a phenomenon detrimental to one’s career. Anticipating a lack of gender egalitarian progress in the labor market, women may develop status anxiety and become more motivated to attain additional education to avoid the risk of downward mobility, even if excessive education may lead to overeducation. In the context of East Asia, where a lower level of gender egalitarianism and more structural barriers for women exist in the labor market than in the West, we examine the relationship between perceived gender egalitarian progress and probabilities of overeducation using a sample of young workers from the 2014/2015 East Asian Social Survey. We find that East Asian men perceive more gender egalitarian progress in the labor market than East Asian women; women’s perceived egalitarian progress is related to a reduced risk of overeducation in China and Taiwan but not Japan. Our research highlights how education serves as a strategy for status maintenance, particularly in contexts where gender equality has made limited progress, and how perceived gender egalitarian progress can protect women from overeducation.

在工作中未充分利用所学知识会导致过度教育，这一现象不利于一个人的职业发展。预料到劳动力市场缺乏性别平等主义的进步，女性可能会产生地位焦虑，并变得更有动力接受额外的教育，以避免向下流动的风险，即使过度教育可能导致过度教育。在东亚，与西方相比，性别平等主义水平较低，女性在劳动力市场上存在更多结构性障碍，我们使用2014/2015年东亚社会调查中的年轻工人样本，研究了感知到的性别平等主义进步与过度教育概率之间的关系。我们发现，与东亚女性相比，东亚男性认为劳动力市场上的性别平等进步更多；在中国大陆和台湾，女性平等主义的进步与过度教育风险的降低有关，但与日本无关。我们的研究强调了教育如何成为一种维持地位的策略，特别是在性别平等取得有限进展的背景下，以及感知到的性别平等进步如何保护女性免受过度教育。

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引用次数: 0

Choice homophily on social origin and race: Experimental evidence from a US university 社会出身和种族的选择同质性：来自美国一所大学的实验证据

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101103

Hyang-gi Song , William Foley , Arnout van de Rijt , Klarita Gërxhani

Choice homophily, a preference for associating with similar others, is robustly supported in past empirical data for basic demographic features like race. Here we argue that the lower salience of socioeconomic origin reduces the likelihood of such preferences being activated. However, testing for the existence of preferences for association on social origin is highly challenging, because such preferences are typically confounded with structural factors that sort similar individuals together. We address this using a field experiment at a large, diverse U.S. public university, where first-year students were randomly assigned to dorm rooms. This randomisation removes the confounding influence of structural sorting. We measure preferences by analysing whether a student’s decision to leave their room depends on their roommates’ social origin (measured by parental education) and race. We find strong evidence of choice homophily by race – students were less likely to leave when living with same-race roommates. However, we find no evidence of choice homophily with respect to social origin. Further analysis of a non-randomised sample of campus roommates reveals a tendency toward socioeconomic homogeneity in roommate pairings. This suggests that socioeconomic segregation on campus, and perhaps in broader society, is primarily driven by structural sorting rather than individual preference.

选择同质性，一种与相似的人交往的偏好，在过去的经验数据中得到了种族等基本人口特征的有力支持。在这里，我们认为社会经济来源的较低显著性降低了这种偏好被激活的可能性。然而，对社会起源上的关联偏好的存在性进行测试是极具挑战性的，因为这种偏好通常与将相似个体分类在一起的结构因素相混淆。我们在美国一所大型、多元化的公立大学进行了实地实验，将一年级学生随机分配到宿舍。这种随机化消除了结构排序的混淆影响。我们通过分析学生离开房间的决定是否取决于室友的社会出身（通过父母的教育程度来衡量）和种族来衡量偏好。我们发现了种族选择同一性的有力证据——与同种族的室友住在一起，学生离开的可能性更小。然而，我们没有发现社会起源方面的选择同质性的证据。对校园室友非随机样本的进一步分析揭示了室友配对中社会经济同质化的趋势。这表明，校园里的社会经济隔离，也许在更广泛的社会中，主要是由结构排序而不是个人偏好驱动的。

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引用次数: 0

Does course-level really matter?: Between-family confounding in the association between high school course-level and educational attainment 课程水平真的重要吗？高中课程水平与受教育程度之间存在家庭间混淆

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101109

Samuel H. Fishman , Michael Ervin

Much education research assumes that high school course-level is a key determinant of educational attainment in the United States. Yet relatively little sociological research has addressed potential confounding in the course-level-attainment association. The analysis models the course-level-attainment association using the matched sibling file from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to estimate OLS and sibling fixed effects models. The OLS estimates reveal that taking more advanced high school mathematics and science courses is strongly correlated with higher educational attainment by young adulthood. Introduction of sibling fixed effects negates the association between science course-level and educational attainment. However, the relationship between mathematics course-level and educational attainment remains robust. The sibling model addresses between-family confounding but cannot rule out potential selection on unobserved academic ability. The results demonstrate that cross-sectional models may overstate the association between course-level with educational attainment due to between-family confounding for non-mathematics subjects.

许多教育研究认为，高中课程水平是美国教育成就的关键决定因素。然而，相对而言，很少有社会学研究涉及课程水平成就之间的潜在混淆。本分析使用来自全国青少年到成人健康纵向研究的匹配兄弟姐妹文件来建立课程水平成就关联模型，以估计OLS和兄弟姐妹固定效应模型。OLS的估计显示，参加更多高级高中数学和科学课程与青年时期的高等教育程度密切相关。兄弟姐妹固定效应的引入否定了科学课程水平与受教育程度之间的关联。然而，数学课程水平和受教育程度之间的关系仍然很强。兄弟姐妹模型解决了家庭间的混淆，但不能排除对未观察到的学术能力的潜在选择。结果表明，横截面模型可能会夸大课程水平与教育程度之间的关系，因为非数学科目的家庭间混淆。

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引用次数: 0

Enduring boundaries, emerging bridges: Patterns of caste and ethnic intermarriage in Nepal 持久的边界，新兴的桥梁：尼泊尔种姓和种族通婚的模式

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101104

Yanwen Wang

Intermarriage is often seen as a solvent of caste and ethnic divisions. This study provides the first nationwide analysis of intermarriage in Nepal, drawing on data from the 2001 and 2011 censuses. Despite Nepal’s remarkable diversity, intermarriage remains exceedingly rare, comprising only 0.74 % of all marriages. Only Madhesi Brahman/Chhetri, Newar, and MPB (Marwadi, Punjabi, Bangali) communities surpass 1 %. Log-linear models reveal persistent, though weakening, intergroup boundaries, with indigenous Janajatis exhibiting greater openness. Gender asymmetries—such as lower-caste men marrying into higher-caste groups—are evident. Education most effectively facilitates intermarriage for women from disadvantaged groups (e.g., Dalits, Janajatis) but has limited or even negative effects among privileged groups. Child marriage, still present in nearly half of all unions, reinforces caste endogamy, especially among Dalits. However, unexpectedly higher intermarriage rates in child marriages among privileged communities suggest strategic out-marriages. These findings highlight the enduring resilience of caste and ethnic divisions in Nepal, while identifying educational expansion and enforcement of minimum marriage age, especially targeting disadvantaged populations, as promising pathways toward social integration. These insights carry important implications for policies aimed at reducing caste- and ethnicity-based stratification in Nepal and similarly divided societies.

异族通婚通常被视为种姓和种族分裂的解决方案。这项研究利用2001年和2011年的人口普查数据，首次在全国范围内分析了尼泊尔的异族婚姻。尽管尼泊尔有着显著的多样性，异族通婚仍然非常罕见，只占所有婚姻的0.74 %。只有Madhesi Brahman/Chhetri， Newar和MPB （Marwadi, Punjabi, Bangali）社区超过了1% %。对数线性模型揭示了持久的（尽管正在减弱）族群间界限，土著Janajatis表现出更大的开放性。性别不对称——比如低种姓男性与高种姓群体结婚——是显而易见的。教育最有效地促进了弱势群体（如达利特人、Janajatis）妇女的通婚，但对特权群体的影响有限，甚至是消极的。童婚仍然存在于近一半的婚姻中，强化了种姓内婚制，尤其是在达利特人中。然而，在特权群体中，童婚的异族通婚率出乎意料地高，这表明有战略意义的异族通婚。这些发现突出了尼泊尔种姓和种族分裂的持久韧性，同时确定了教育扩张和最低结婚年龄的执行，特别是针对弱势群体，是实现社会融合的有希望的途径。这些见解对旨在减少尼泊尔和类似分裂社会中基于种姓和种族的分层的政策具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Social selection in student mobility: The interplay of origin, achievement and track in the Italian North-South divide 学生流动中的社会选择：意大利南北分化中出身、成就和轨迹的相互作用

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101105

Andrea Priulla , Eleonora Miaci , Nazareno Panichella

Student mobility constitutes a pivotal mechanism in the reproduction of social inequalities, especially in regions characterized by stark territorial disparities. In the Italian context, the persistent economic and institutional divide between the North and South shapes university enrollment patterns, fostering a longstanding trend of selective student migration from Southern regions to the Center-North. This study examines how three key dimensions of stratification – social origin, academic achievement, and school track – interact in shaping the likelihood of mobility at the point of university enrollment. Drawing on newly linked administrative data covering the entire cohort of Southern high school graduates in 2022, we assess whether student mobility operates as a boosting mechanism – benefiting high-achieving students from privileged backgrounds – or as a strategy of compensatory mobility and social ascent for others. Our findings reveal a clear pattern of triply selective mobility: relocation is most frequent among students who combine strong academic performance, a privileged social origin and enrollment in high-status school tracks.

学生流动是社会不平等再生产的关键机制，特别是在地域差异明显的地区。在意大利，南北之间持续存在的经济和制度差异影响了大学招生模式，形成了一种长期趋势，即有选择性的学生从南部地区迁移到中北部地区。本研究考察了分层的三个关键维度——社会出身、学术成就和学校轨迹——如何在大学入学时形成流动性的可能性方面相互作用。利用涵盖2022年整个南方高中毕业生群体的最新关联行政数据，我们评估了学生流动是作为一种促进机制——有利于来自特权背景的优秀学生——还是作为一种补偿性流动和其他人社会上升的策略。我们的研究结果揭示了一种清晰的三重选择性流动模式：在学习成绩优异、社会出身优越、就读于高地位学校的学生中，搬迁最常见。

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引用次数: 0

Loss of Vocabulary Growth during Lockdown? Stability in Language Trajectories among bi- and monolingual Children during the School Closures 2020/2021 封锁期间词汇量增长减少？2020/2021学年停课期间双语和单语儿童语言轨迹的稳定性

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101106

Christian Lohmann , Teresa Haller

Theories of language acquisition suggest that primary school constitutes a pivotal source of majority-language exposure, which is particularly important for bilingual children. During the periods of school closures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, this source of language input was reduced or even entirely unavailable for several months, raising the question of how the language competences of mono- and bilingual children developed during this time. This study examines the German receptive vocabulary development of mono- and bilingual primary school children in Germany at the time of the COVID-19 school closures, using data from the Newborn Cohort of the German National Educational Panel Study from 2015 to 2021. Contrary to the theoretical expectation of exacerbated educational disparities, our findings reveal no significant widening of the existing vocabulary gap between mono- and bilingual children during the pandemic. Despite the potential for reduced German language exposure, particularly among bilingual children, vocabulary trajectories remained surprisingly stable in both groups, with bilingual children even showing signs of a slight but significant catch-up effect. Additional analyses to examine potential growing vocabulary gaps by migration background or parental education yielded no evidence of a widening achievement gap in vocabulary. These findings may be attributed to the well-documented stability of receptive vocabulary, as well as to various other factors outlined in the discussion. Our study contributes to the body of differentiated research on educational impacts of the pandemic and highlights the importance of careful examination regarding the relationship between school and competence development in the context of social inequalities.

语言习得理论表明，小学是大多数语言接触的关键来源，这对双语儿童尤为重要。在2019冠状病毒病大流行导致学校关闭期间，这一语言输入来源减少，甚至在几个月内完全无法使用，这就提出了一个问题：在此期间，单语和双语儿童的语言能力是如何发展的？本研究使用2015年至2021年德国国家教育小组研究新生儿队列的数据，研究了新冠肺炎学校关闭期间德国单语和双语小学生的德语接受性词汇发展情况。与教育差异加剧的理论预期相反，我们的研究结果显示，在大流行期间，单语儿童和双语儿童之间的现有词汇差距没有明显扩大。尽管有可能减少德语的接触，特别是在双语儿童中，词汇轨迹在两组中都保持惊人的稳定，双语儿童甚至表现出轻微但显著的追赶效应。对移民背景或父母教育程度可能导致的词汇差距扩大的进一步分析没有发现词汇成就差距扩大的证据。这些发现可能归因于充分记录的接受性词汇的稳定性，以及讨论中概述的各种其他因素。我们的研究有助于对大流行的教育影响进行差异化研究，并强调了在社会不平等的背景下仔细审查学校与能力发展之间关系的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Do mothers’ occupation-specific skills impact children’s developmental processes? 母亲的职业技能会影响孩子的发展过程吗？

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101102

Alicia García-Sierra

This study examines whether mothers’ occupation-specific skills influence children’s development. I argue that while education is a valuable proxy for parental skills, it fails to capture an important dimension of human capital: the skills parents acquire through their occupational experiences. Parents enhance their human capital through on-the-job learning, with occupation-specific expertise becoming integral to their skill sets. Combining longitudinal family data (NLSY79-CYA) and the O*NET dataset, I employ two-way fixed effects, inverse probability weighting, and asymmetric fixed effects models. I exploit changes in the required skill levels of mothers’ occupations following job switches. Results indicate that when mothers transition to roles requiring higher levels of mathematical skills, their children’s mathematical abilities improve. Similar trends are observed for literacy skills, although the effects are less consistently robust. Additionally, longer maternal job tenure amplifies these effects, which are primarily driven by increases in skill requirements rather than decreases. Furthermore, children in high-SES families benefit more from increases in their mothers’ occupational skill requirements than children in low-SES families.

本研究旨在探讨母亲的职业技能是否会影响儿童的发展。我认为，虽然教育是父母技能的一个有价值的代表，但它未能捕捉到人力资本的一个重要方面：父母通过职业经验获得的技能。父母们通过在职学习来提高他们的人力资本，职业专业知识成为他们技能组合中不可或缺的一部分。结合纵向家庭数据（NLSY79-CYA）和O*NET数据集，采用双向固定效应、逆概率加权和非对称固定效应模型。我利用了职业转换后母亲职业所需技能水平的变化。结果表明，当母亲转变为需要更高水平数学技能的角色时，她们的孩子的数学能力会提高。在读写能力方面也观察到类似的趋势，尽管影响不那么持久。此外，较长的产妇工作任期放大了这些影响，这主要是由于技能要求的增加而不是减少。此外，高经济地位家庭的孩子比低经济地位家庭的孩子从母亲职业技能要求的提高中获益更多。

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引用次数: 0

Household income mobility in France over the COVID-19 pandemic: Losers and winners of the crisis 新冠肺炎大流行期间法国家庭收入流动性：危机的输家和赢家

IF 2 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101093

Marta Veljkovic , Ettore Recchi , Andrew Zola

Economic hardship induced by the COVID-19 pandemic has mainly been studied over the initial outbreak. We track household income mobility from before to the end of the epidemiological crisis with longitudinal data from France, where welfare support over this period was comparatively strong, possibly protecting households from income loss. In addition to rising inequalities in the overall distribution of household equivalized income attested by income Gini dynamics, downward mobility increased considerably over the crisis (2019–2022) compared to the pre-pandemic years (2016–2019). However, patterns of income loss were independent from COVID-related health conditions and remained largely stable across different social groups from before through the crisis. These findings contradict the idea that the pandemic acted as a ‘great equalizer’, but at the same time do not fully support the view that the crisis exacerbated economic inequalities along the lines of a strict definition of cumulative disadvantage. In fact, we find persistent patterns of exposure to the risks of downward household income mobility from the pre-pandemic period. We interpret these results partially as a reflection of robust welfare transfers in France that turned an otherwise exceptional crisis into a time of ‘business as usual’ for income dynamics. Meanwhile, the ‘winners’ of the pandemic appear to be the households that preserved their income, and have members who largely belong to privileged groups.

新冠肺炎大流行引发的经济困难主要是在疫情爆发初期进行的研究。我们利用来自法国的纵向数据跟踪了流行病危机之前至结束期间的家庭收入流动性，法国在此期间的福利支持相对较强，可能保护了家庭免受收入损失。除了收入基尼系数动态所证明的家庭等额收入总体分配不平等加剧外，与大流行前（2016-2019年）相比，危机期间（2019-2022年）的向下流动性大幅增加。然而，收入损失模式与covid - 19相关的健康状况无关，在危机期间，不同社会群体的收入损失模式基本保持稳定。这些发现反驳了大流行发挥了“巨大均衡器”作用的观点，但同时也不完全支持这样的观点，即危机加剧了经济不平等，这符合严格定义的累积劣势。事实上，我们发现，从大流行前时期开始，家庭收入流动性下降的风险持续存在。我们将这些结果部分地解释为法国强劲的福利转移的反映，它将原本异常的危机转变为收入动态的“一切照旧”时期。与此同时，大流行的“赢家”似乎是那些保住了收入的家庭，他们的成员大多属于特权群体。

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引用次数: 0