Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1177/0094582x251388473
Lucas Trindade
This essay is an effort to explain the social theory put forward by Aníbal Quijano by demonstrating how coloniality (which is in itself a diagnosis of the present) is a phenomenon that allows one to address problems while offering solutions at the same time. These problems include: metatheoretical or onto-epistemological issues (coloniality of being, power, and knowledge), social order (the influence of coloniality on various spheres of social life), social change (historical/diachronic relationships between modernization and colonialism), and social action (an issue that is examined in this article in terms of the formation of subjectivities). Em um esforço de explicitar a teoria social produzida por Aníbal Quijano, demonstrarei como a colonialidade, em si um diagnóstico do presente, é fenômeno abarcador que oferece respostas a problemas: metateóricos ou onto-epistemológicos (colonialidade do ser, poder, saber); da ordem social (influência da colonialidade em diversas esferas da vida social), da mudança social (as relações histórico-diacrônicas entre modernização e colonialismo) e da ação social (aqui tratada em termos de formação de subjetividades).
这篇文章试图解释Aníbal Quijano提出的社会理论，通过展示殖民（它本身就是对现在的诊断）是一种现象，它允许人们在解决问题的同时提供解决方案。这些问题包括：元理论或本体认识论问题（存在、权力和知识的殖民性）、社会秩序（殖民性对社会生活各个领域的影响）、社会变革（现代化与殖民主义之间的历史/历时关系）和社会行动（本文根据主体性的形成来研究的一个问题）。Em嗯esforco de explicitar teoria社会produzida Anibal Quijano, demonstrarei科莫colonialidade, Em si嗯记录做现在,e毫无abarcador, oferece respostas problemas: metateoricos ou onto-epistemologicos (ser colonialidade做,可以,剑);Da order social (influência Da colonialidade em diversas esferas Da Vida social), Da mudana social （as relações histórico-diacrônicas entre moderniza）。
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Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1177/0094582x251390389
César Augusto Costa, Carlos Frederico Loureiro
This article reflects on the political decolonization of nature using the perspective developed by Enrique Dussel that is based on a critique of the modern/colonial world-system. We first analyze how the concept of political decolonization is defined and the central role it plays within Latin American critical thought. Secondly, we reexamine how Eurocentrism influenced the way in which nature has been interpreted in Latin America. Thirdly, we look at how the concept of nature was appropriated by coloniality to serve a commercial purpose. Finally, we argue how Dussel’s Politics of Liberation contributed towards liberating nature from a Eurocentric matrix as well as how it impacts various social groups such as indigenous populations, traditional peoples, Black communities, women, and workers. Este artigo procura refletir sobre a descolonização política da natureza utilizando a perspectiva desenvolvida por Enrique Dussel, baseada numa crítica ao sistema mundial moderno/colonial. Primeiro, analisaremos como o conceito de descolonização política é definido e o papel central que desempenha no pensamento crítico latino-americano. Em segundo lugar, reexaminaremos como o eurocentrismo influenciou a forma como a natureza tem sido interpretada na América Latina. Em terceiro lugar, examinaremos como o conceito de natureza foi apropriado pela colonialidade para servir a um propósito comercial. Por fim, argumentaremos como a Política de Libertação de Dussel contribuiu para libertar a natureza de uma matriz eurocêntrica, bem como como ela impactou e continua a impactar vários grupos sociais, como populações indígenas, povos tradicionais, comunidades negras, mulheres e trabalhadores.
本文运用恩里克·杜塞尔（Enrique Dussel）基于对现代/殖民世界体系的批判而提出的观点，反思了自然的政治非殖民化。我们首先分析政治非殖民化的概念是如何定义的，以及它在拉丁美洲批判思想中发挥的核心作用。其次，我们重新审视欧洲中心主义如何影响拉丁美洲对自然的解释方式。第三，我们看看自然的概念是如何被殖民主义挪用来服务于商业目的的。最后，我们讨论了杜塞尔的“解放政治”是如何将自然从以欧洲为中心的矩阵中解放出来的，以及它如何影响各种社会群体，如土著人口、传统民族、黑人社区、妇女和工人。Este artigo procurr refletir sobre a descoloniza o política da natureza utilizdo a perspectiva desenvolvida por Enrique Dussel, basada numa crítica ao sistema mundial moderno/colonial。首先，分析最重要的概念，以消除殖民化的定义文件的中央que desempenha no pensamento crítico拉丁美洲。第二，重新审视了欧洲中心主义影响的最常见因素，以及对美洲和拉丁美洲的解释。Em terceiro lugar，研究了最常见的自然受孕方式，即自然受孕方式，自然受孕方式，自然受孕方式，自然受孕方式。为什么鱼类,argumentaremos科莫Politica de Libertacao de杜塞尔contribuiu对位libertar natureza de乌玛matriz eurocentrica, bem科莫科莫ela impactou各类降e连续impactar社会,科莫populacoes indigenas, povos tradicionais, comunidades暗线,mulheres e首次。
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Pub Date : 2025-09-29DOI: 10.1177/0094582x251381797
Ronald H. Chilcote, Donald Bray, Marjorie Bray, Frances Chilcote, Timothy Harding
{"title":"Book Review Celebrating the Life and Thought of Paulo Freire Salém VasconcelosJoanaMendesMaíra TavaresMussiDaniela2023 (eds). Paulo Freire e a educação popular: Esperançar em tempos de barbárie, São Paulo: Editora Elefante. 2023.Salém VasconcelosJoana, (ed). Inquérito Paulo Freire: A ditadura interroga o educador. São Paulo: Editora Elefante. 2024.","authors":"Ronald H. Chilcote, Donald Bray, Marjorie Bray, Frances Chilcote, Timothy Harding","doi":"10.1177/0094582x251381797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582x251381797","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47390,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Perspectives","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145188457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-28DOI: 10.1177/0094582x251380188
Felipe Antunes de Oliveira, Claudia Horn, Fernando Rugitsky
What is the Amazon? At first sight, the question may seem inconsequential, or even silly. The Amazon is the largest rainforest in the world, home to millions of species, many of which are still to be catalogued. From a geographical perspective, however, the Amazon is more than the rainforest, encompassing a large region of South America in the basin of the Amazon River, and spanning across eight South American countries and France—the only European power that retains a direct colonial foothold in the region. The sheer size of the Amazon beggars belief. Without denying the immensity of the Amazon, we believe a better way to approach it is by emphasizing not vastness or pristine nature, but spectacular multiplicity. That is, we are interested in the internal variety of ways of life, state policies, and challenges in the region. With COP30 set to take place in Belém, a city in the Brazilian Amazon, the region is once again in the spotlight and the subject of exoticizing narratives. In this context, this special issue of Latin American Perspectives is the first in the journal to ever be entirely dedicated to the Amazon. It does not attempt to offer a totalizing or synthesizing view of the Amazon. Instead, the eleven original articles collected here, alongside a set of literary texts from Amazonian writers, embrace and showcase the multiplicity of approaches, styles, methodologies, imaginations, and narratives that can be built around the Amazon. The articles not only offer analysis of a range of themes, but also include empirical material on different parts of the region in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
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Pub Date : 2025-09-28DOI: 10.1177/0094582x251379047
Claudia Horn, José Viana, Juanielson Silva, Jéssica de Miranda Matos, Thiago Kazu, Thiago Batista
In this article, we present a collection of texts and images by four Amazonian authors from the state of Pará, Brazil: Juanielson Silva, Jéssica de Miranda Matos, Thiago Kazu and Thiago Batista. Through their poetic approaches, we aim to share other ways of accessing the reality of Amazonia. We thus propose an alternative to the production of knowledge about the Amazon region, which has been dominated by conservation science from research centers abroad, be it in Florida, London, or other economic centers. International cooperation—including those responsible for the exploitation of land and life—adapts the discourse of “valuing the forest” through commodification and praise for the “guardians of the forest.” The exoticizing, fixated, and colonial gaze sometimes omits the multiplicity of local practices and languages, dynamics that make up sociocultural reproduction in the region. In this sense, through the texts, we seek to glimpse gaps in reality, fragments of space, time, and affections, where ways of life survive and are reworked, producing and constructing their own contemporaneity. Neste artigo apresentamos um conjunto de textos e imagens de cinco autores amazônicos paraenses, Juanielson Silva, Jéssica de Miranda Matos, Thiago Kazu e Thiago Batista. Propomos, assim, uma alternativa à produção de conhecimento sobre a região amazônica, que tem sido dominada pela ciência da conservação de centros de pesquisa alhures, seja na Flórida, em Londres e em outros centros econômicos. As cooperações internacionais – inclusive as responsáveis pela exploração da terra e da vida – adapta o discurso de “valorizar a floresta” por meio da mercantilização e elogiar os “guardiões da floresta”. O olhar exotizante, fixador e colonial omite, por vezes, a multiplicidade de práticas e linguagens locais, dinâmicas que compõem a reprodução sociocultural na região. Neste sentido, através dos textos queremos entrever brechas de realidades, fragmentos de espaço, tempo e afetos, onde modos de vida sobrevivem e se reelaboram, ao produzir e fabular a sua própria contemporaneidade.
在这篇文章中，我们展示了来自巴西帕尔州的四位亚马逊作家的文字和图片：Juanielson Silva， jassica de Miranda Matos， Thiago Kazu和Thiago Batista。通过他们诗意的方式，我们的目标是分享进入亚马逊现实的其他方式。因此，我们提出了一种关于亚马逊地区的知识生产的替代方案，这种知识一直被来自国外研究中心的保护科学所主导，无论是在佛罗里达、伦敦还是其他经济中心。国际合作——包括那些对土地和生命的开发负责的人——通过商品化和对“森林守护者”的赞美来适应“重视森林”的话语。这种异域化的、固定的、殖民式的目光有时会忽略当地习俗和语言的多样性，以及构成该地区社会文化再生产的动力。从这个意义上说，通过文本，我们试图瞥见现实中的差距，空间，时间和情感的碎片，生活方式在其中生存并被重新加工，生产和构建自己的当代性。Neste artigo展示了与文本和图像有关的文本和图像的结合amazônicos paraenses， Juanielson Silva, jastsica de Miranda Matos， Thiago Kazu和Thiago Batista。propromos, assim, uma alternativa produce o de conhechecimento de sohechecimento a regies o amazônica, que tem sido dominada pela ciência . de conservatial o de centrros de pesquisa alhures, seja na Flórida, em Londres e em outros centros econômicos。由于cooperações internionais - -包括responsáveis pela explorationa - - o de terra - - o da vida - -适应于“valorizar a floresta”的论述，也适应于“polorizar a floresta”的论述，也适应于“polorizar a mercantiliza - - p”的论述，因此适应于“guardiões da floresta”。O olhar exotizante, fixador e colonial omite，穷人，a multiplicidade de práticas e linguagens locais, dinmicas que compõem a reproduction O社会文化na regite O。Neste sentido, atravizans do textes queremes de realidades, fragmentos de espalado, tempo e afetos， ondodos de vida sovevem e se rere精制，onproduczir e fabulular a sua própria contemporanidade。
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Pub Date : 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1177/0094582x251379458
Deborah Delgado Pugley, Alithu Bazan Talavera, Alvaro M. Castro Mayo
Specialized literature suggests that non-timber forest products are fundamental for the bioeconomy and sustainable development in the Amazon, boosting local economies and reducing the environmental impacts of extractive economic activities. However, extant research has underestimated the role of a key actor in this process: Indigenous women. This paper examines gender relations in the shiringa value chain in the Tuntanaín Communal Reserve, Peru, identifying both the challenges and opportunities that might lead to a more equitable and sustainable participation of women in shiringa production. La literatura especializada sugiere que los productos forestales no maderables son fundamentales para la bioeconomía y el desarrollo sostenible en la Amazonía, al impulsar economías locales y reducir los impactos ambientales de actividades económicas extractivas. No obstante, las investigaciones existentes han subestimado el papel de un actor clave en este proceso: las mujeres indígenas. Este estudio analiza las relaciones de género en la cadena de valor de la shiringa en la Reserva Comunal Tuntanaín, Perú, con el objetivo de identificar los desafíos y las oportunidades para una participación más equitativa y sostenible de las mujeres en su producción.
专业文献表明，非木材林产品是亚马逊地区生物经济和可持续发展的基础，促进了当地经济的发展，减少了采掘业经济活动对环境的影响。然而，现有的研究低估了这一进程中的一个关键行动者的作用：土著妇女。本文考察了秘鲁Tuntanaín公共保护区shiringa价值链中的性别关系，确定了可能导致妇女更公平和可持续地参与shiringa生产的挑战和机遇。La literatizada specializada sugiere que los productales forestales no madmadables son fundamentales para La bioeconomía; el desarrollo sostenible in La Amazonía；所有impulse sar economías locales通过减少los impact； ambientales de actividades económicas extractivas。不存在明显的、不可靠的调查，而不存在不可靠的、不可靠的调查。estestudio分析了与社区保留地的交换与交换的关系Tuntanaín， Perú，通过机会分析了相同的损失desafíos通过机会分析了同样的损失participación más通过平等地分析了与社区保留地的交换与交换producción。
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Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1177/0094582x251379062
Nirvia Ravena, Pedro Pablo Cardoso Castro, Diego Mendonça, Shaozeng Zhang, Sarah Brasil
This study examines the effectiveness of Multistakeholder Initiatives (MSIs), specifically the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), in addressing human rights violations and environmental harm in the Brazilian Amazon. Findings reveal persistent issues, such as land dispossession and environmental degradation. Drawing from longitudinal qualitative research, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of legal cases and corporate reports, and remote sensing analysis, this paper exposes how RSPO certification functions more as a tool for greenwashing than a means to achieve meaningful corporate accountability. Corporate sustainability reports systematically omit key labor and environmental violations, while MSIs fail to enforce compliance, thereby reinforcing extractive industry practices. By situating these findings within theories of neoliberal governance, the paper argues that MSIs primarily serve corporate interests rather than protecting vulnerable communities or ecosystems. The study contributes to discussions on the limitations of voluntary certification and calls for community-led environmental monitoring as more effective regulation. Este estudo examina a eficácia das Iniciativas Multissetoriais (MSIs), especificamente a Mesa Redonda sobre Óleo de Palma Sustentável (RSPO), no enfrentamento de violações de direitos humanos e danos ambientais na Amazônia brasileira. Os resultados revelam problemas persistentes, como desapropriação de terras e degradação ambiental. Com base em pesquisa qualitativa longitudinal (2003 e 2017), Análise Crítica do Discurso (ADC) de casos jurídicos e relatórios corporativos e análise de sensoriamento remoto, este artigo expõe como a certificação RSPO funciona mais como uma ferramenta para greenwashing do que para responsabilização corporativa significativa. Relatórios de sustentabilidade corporativa omitem sistematicamente violações trabalhistas e ambientais importantes, enquanto as MSIs falham em garantir o cumprimento das normas, reforçando, assim, as práticas da indústria extrativa. Ao situar esses resultados em teorias de governança neoliberal, o artigo argumenta que as MSIs atendem principalmente aos interesses corporativos, em vez de proteger comunidades ou ecossistemas vulneráveis. O estudo contribui para as discussões sobre as limitações da certificação voluntária e defende o monitoramento ambiental liderado pela comunidade como uma regulamentação mais eficaz.
本研究考察了多利益相关方倡议（msi），特别是可持续棕榈油圆桌会议（RSPO）在解决巴西亚马逊地区侵犯人权和环境危害方面的有效性。调查结果揭示了持续存在的问题，如土地剥夺和环境退化。通过纵向定性研究、对法律案例和企业报告的批评性话语分析（CDA）以及遥感分析，本文揭示了RSPO认证如何更多地作为一种“洗绿”的工具，而不是实现有意义的企业问责的手段。企业可持续发展报告系统地忽略了关键的劳工和环境违规行为，而msi未能强制执行合规，从而加强了采掘业的做法。通过将这些发现置于新自由主义治理理论中，本文认为msi主要服务于企业利益，而不是保护脆弱的社区或生态系统。这项研究有助于讨论自愿认证的局限性，并呼吁以社区为主导的环境监测作为更有效的监管。Este estudo exama eficácia as iniciatiativas Multissetoriais (msi)，特别是Mesa Redonda sobre Óleo de Palma Sustentável (RSPO)， no enfrentamento de violações de dedereitos humanos和danos ambientais na Amazônia brasileira。其结果是，污染问题持续存在，土地污染和环境污染也不适当。Com base em pesquisa定性纵向（2003年至2017年），Análise Crítica do Discurso (ADC) de casos jurídicos e relatórios corporativos e análise de sensoriamento remoto, este artigo expõe como a certifica。Relatórios de sustainabilidade corporativa omitemsistematicamente violações transalistas e ambientais importantes，如MSIs、MSIs、MSIs、MSIs、comcomas、normas、reformationando、assim，如práticas da indústria extrativa。任何情况下的结果都是由新自由主义的治理理论、新自由主义的政治理论、新自由主义的政治理论、新自由主义的政治理论、新自由主义的政治理论、新自由主义的政治理论、新自由主义的政治理论、新自由主义的政治理论、新自由主义的政治理论、新自由主义的政治理论和新自由主义的政治理论所决定的。6 .在下列情况下，如discussões、limitações、证书、)、 -环境污染监测的辩护、环境污染监测的辩护、环境污染监测的辩护、环境污染监测的辩护、环境污染监测的辩护、环境污染监测的辩护、环境污染监测的辩护、环境污染监测的辩护。
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Pub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1177/0094582x251381729
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Pub Date : 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1177/0094582x251374894
Francisco J. D. Bidone, Antonio Pedro Melchior
President Bolsonaro’s administration enforced a blitzkrieg against society and nature which sought to undermine the country’s environmental framework, leading to massive increase in ecological degradation and social conflict. This study focuses on investigating the underlying elements which compose the Bolsonaro administration’s systemic, authoritarian setbacks for the Brazilian environmental policy regime. The study argues that actions from the Brazilian Federal government originated through an empowered retrofit of seminal, colonial imaginaries, framings, and ideas conceived about the Amazon, which have historically endured only to resurface through violent political rhetoric and measures. The relevance of this study rests on the identification—within Brazilian environmental politics—of incipient elements from the country’s authoritarian discourse and thinking. These elements have emerged in accordance with specific historical elements whose consequences continue to permeate Brazilian political history and fail to disrupt authoritarian strains. La administración del Presidente Bolsonaro impuso un blitzkrieg contra la sociedad y la naturaleza que buscaba minar el marco ambiental del país, lo que llevó al aumento masivo de la degradación ecológica y los conflictos sociales. Este estudio se centró en investigar los elementos subyacentes que componen los reveses sistémicos y autoritarios de la administración Bolsonaro para el régimen de política ambiental brasileño. El estudio argumenta que las acciones del gobierno federal brasileño se originaron a través de una readaptación empoderada de imaginarios, encuadres e ideas coloniales seminales concebidas sobre la Amazonía que se han generado a tiempo para resurgir a través de medidas y retóricas políticas violentas. La relevancia de este estudio radica en la identificación, dentro de la política ambiental brasileña, de elementos seminales del discurso y pensamiento autoritario del país. Estos elementos han emergido de acuerdo con elementos históricos específicos cuyas consecuencias continúan impregnando la historia política brasileña y no logran interrumpir las tensiones autoritarias.
博索纳罗总统的政府对社会和自然实施了一场闪电战，试图破坏该国的环境框架，导致生态退化和社会冲突大幅增加。本研究的重点是调查构成博尔索纳罗政府对巴西环境政策体制的系统性、威权主义挫折的潜在因素。该研究认为，巴西联邦政府的行动源于对开创性的殖民想象、框架和关于亚马逊的想法的授权改造，这些想法在历史上只能通过暴力的政治言论和措施重新出现。这项研究的相关性在于巴西环境政治中对该国威权话语和思想的早期元素的认同。这些因素是根据具体的历史因素出现的，这些因素的后果继续渗透到巴西的政治历史中，未能破坏威权主义的压力。博索纳罗总统在“社会冲突”的闪电战中，通过“自然冲突”和“环境冲突”来推动“社会冲突”，并在“社会冲突”的“社会冲突”中推动“社会冲突”。Este estudio se centró en investigar los elementos subyacentes que componen los reveses sistacimos by authoritarios de la administración Bolsonaro para el recamimen de política ambiental brasileño。El工厂化argumenta,拉斯维加斯accion“联邦brasileno se originaron traves de una readaptacion empoderada de imaginarios encuadres e思想殖民的concebidas尤其la亚马逊,se汉generado tiempo对位resurgir一traves de medidas y retoricas politica violentas。建筑与建筑的关系identificación，建筑与建筑的关系política环境与建筑的关系brasileña，建筑与建筑的关系país。Estos elements than emergenido de acuerdo con elements históricos específicos cuyas consecuencias continúan impregnando la historia política brasileña no logan interrumpir las tensiones独裁者。
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Pub Date : 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1177/0094582x251377002
Maria Fernanda Miño Puga
Sumak Kawsay, Buen Vivir or Good Living is a concept derived from Andean Indigenous cosmologies, understood as living in harmony with one another and with nature. In the 21st century, a more drastic shift occurred when Pink Tide governments employed the term to redact their own national development plans. This article proposes two decolonial approaches to analyze Sumak Kawsay in Indigenous film and media: ‘Film as translation’, where adapting ancestral knowledges to moving images can imply a loss of meaning to the detriment of Indigenous communities; and ‘The Living Forest as archive’ where the non-human landscape of these territories represents a living repository of memory, in constant need of defending. These approaches are used to analyze Eriberto Gualinga’s film The Return (2021), with the Kichwa community of Sarayaku as its main case study. Sumak Kawsay, Buen Vivir o Good Living es un concepto derivado de las cosmologías indígenas andinas, entendido como la vida en armonía tanto entre los seres humanos como con la naturaleza. En el siglo XXI se produjo un viraje más drástico cuando los gobiernos de la Marea Rosada emplearon el término para redactar sus propios planes nacionales de desarrollo. Este artículo propone dos enfoques decoloniales para analizar el Sumak Kawsay en el cine y los medios indígenas: “el cine como traducción”, donde la adaptación de saberes ancestrales a las imágenes en movimiento puede implicar una pérdida de sentido en detrimento de las comunidades indígenas; y “la selva viviente como archivo”, en el cual el paisaje no humano de estos territorios constituye un repositorio viviente de la memoria, en constante necesidad de defensa. Estos enfoques se aplican al análisis de la película The Return (2021) de Eriberto Gualinga, teniendo como principal caso de estudio a la comunidad kichwa de Sarayaku.
Sumak Kawsay，“美好生活”是一个源自安第斯土著宇宙观的概念，被理解为人与人之间以及与自然和谐相处。在21世纪，当“粉红潮”政府使用这个词来修订自己的国家发展计划时，发生了更大的变化。本文提出了两种非殖民化的方法来分析Sumak Kawsay的土著电影和媒体：“电影作为翻译”，其中将祖先的知识改编为运动图像可能意味着对土著社区不利的意义的丧失；“活的森林作为档案”，这些地区的非人类景观代表了一个活生生的记忆储存库，需要不断保护。这些方法被用于分析埃里伯托·瓜林加的电影《归来》（2021），并以萨拉亚库的Kichwa社区为主要案例研究。Sumak Kawsay，“美好生活的美好生活”是一个概念衍生的概念cosmologías indígenas和inas， ententdido como la vida和armonía tanto entre los seres humanos como conla naturaleza。En el siglo XXI see producjo unviraje más drástico cuando los gobiernos de la mararea Rosada雇员的薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金薪金。埃斯特危象倡言dos enfoques decoloniales对位analizar el Sumak Kawsay en el电影y洛杉矶中部indigenas:“el电影科莫traduccion”,在la adaptacion de军刀祖先一个拉斯维加斯画像en movimiento测试implicar una还是打在detrimento de las comunidades indigenas;“生活的历史档案”、“人类的历史档案”和“领土的历史档案”构成联合国生活的历史资料库，并经常需要防卫。Estos enfoques se应用al análisis de la película The Return (2021) de Eriberto Gualinga, teniendo como principal caso de eststudio and la communidad kichwa de Sarayaku。
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