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Black Power in Hemispheric Perspective: A Book Review 半球视角下的黑人力量》:书评
IF 0.7 4区 历史学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1177/0094582x241294083
Marcelo Paixão
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引用次数: 0
Open Space and Ocean Grabbing: The Sea in the Geographic Opening of the Galápagos 开放空间与海洋掠夺:加拉帕戈斯地理开放中的海洋
IF 0.7 4区 历史学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1177/0094582x241285385
Christophe Grenier
The sea has long been a barrier guaranteeing the ecological isolation of the Galápagos. When Ecuador annexed the archipelago, the sea became an obstacle, because neither the state nor the island residents had ships to maintain regular relations with the mainland. On the contrary, the Galápagos Islands are an open space for foreign actors who, having adequate transport, freely use its natural resources and strategic location. At the end of the twentieth century, air travel overcame the oceanic distance and led to the unlimited development of maritime and land tourism in the archipelago’s protected areas. The needs of the Galápagos’ growing population are supplied by cargo ships and, through a process of ocean grabbing, its sea is exploited by various forms of tourism and export fishing. The sea is thus the main vector of the geographical opening of the Galápagos, a process characteristic of globalization that causes profound spatial, ecological, and social changes in a once isolated region.
长期以来,海洋一直是加拉帕戈斯群岛生态隔离的屏障。当厄瓜多尔吞并加拉帕戈斯群岛时,海洋成了一个障碍,因为国家和岛上居民都没有船只与大陆保持正常关系。相反,加拉帕戈斯群岛对外国行为者来说是一个开放的空间,他们拥有充足的运输工具,可以自由利用其自然资源和战略位置。二十世纪末,航空运输克服了海洋距离的限制,使群岛保护区的海上和陆地旅游业得到了无限发展。货轮满足了加拉帕戈斯日益增长的人口需求,通过海洋攫取过程,加拉帕戈斯的海洋被各种形式的旅游业和出口渔业所开发。因此,海洋是加拉帕戈斯群岛地理开放的主要载体,这是全球化进程的一个特征,它给这个曾经与世隔绝的地区带来了深刻的空间、生态和社会变化。
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引用次数: 0
Conceptions and Practices of Autonomy among Indigenous and Peasant Movements in Latin America 拉丁美洲土著和农民运动的自治理念与实践
IF 0.7 4区 历史学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1177/0094582x241289103
Lia Pinheiro Barbosa, Peter Michael Rosset
This paper seeks to categorize the forms of autonomy developed by Indigenous and peasant movements in Latin America into three types: a) de jure autonomies versus de facto autonomies; b) explicit autonomies versus implicit autonomies; and c) (mono)ethnic autonomies versus popular or class autonomies. We argue that the debate between these conceptions takes on a possible strategic importance when it comes to the dialogue between Indigenous and peasant struggles regarding the defense of territory as well as in the conception of peasant autonomy, understood as a strategy of struggle and local self-governance.
本文试图将拉丁美洲土著和农民运动所发展的自治形式分为三类:a) 法律上的自治与事实上的自治;b) 显性自治与隐性自治;c) (单一)民族自治与民众或阶级自治。我们认为,这些概念之间的辩论在土著与农民之间关于保卫领土的斗争对话中,以及在被理解为斗争和地方自治战略的农民自治概念中,可能具有重要的战略意义。
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引用次数: 0
Maritimacies and Nature-Culture Collectives as Inputs for a Sustainable Blue Economy on the East Coast of Uruguay 作为乌拉圭东海岸可持续蓝色经济投入的海洋文化和自然文化集体
IF 0.7 4区 历史学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1177/0094582x241284570
Leticia D’Ambrosio Camarero
The research for this article examines the characteristics of the marine-coastal environment from the perspectives of a range of social actors. Knowledge of maritimacies can serve as an input for management of marine-coastal environments that takes into account the diverse types of humanity found there, by emphasizing that these processes are not just physical and ecological, but also social, economic, cultural, and historical. An ethnographic methodology allows for mapping the perspectives of social actors, their points of view, and different ways of life. The result was a systemization of maritimacies, which can contribute to thinking about and building a sustainable Blue Economy that recognizes and involves those who inhabit the coast and the sea in Uruguay by considering the heterogeneity and complexity of their social networks.
本文的研究从一系列社会行动者的角度出发,探讨了海洋-海岸环境的特征。通过强调这些过程不仅包括物理和生态过程,还包括社会、经济、文化和历史过程,有关海洋环境的知识可作为管理海洋-海岸环境的投入,同时考虑到在海洋-海岸环境中发现的各种类型的人类。采用人种学方法可以了解社会参与者的视角、观点和不同的生活方式。这有助于思考和建设可持续的蓝色经济,通过考虑乌拉圭沿海和海洋居民社会网络的异质性和复杂性,承认并让他们参与其中。
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引用次数: 0
Indigenous Politics of Emancipatory Education in Bolivia: The Role of the Escuela-Ayllu of Warisata 玻利维亚解放教育的原住民政治:瓦里萨塔艾柳学校的作用
IF 0.7 4区 历史学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1177/0094582x241288918
Young Hyun Kim
This article analyzes how the Escuela-Ayllu of Warisata in Bolivia challenged the feudal system known as gamonalismo in the 1930s-1940s within the broader context of Indigenous struggle. It demonstrates that distinct currents of Indigenous education, including indigenismo, Caciques-Apoderados’ Centro Educativo de Aborígenes “Bartolomé de las Casas,” and Alcaldes Mayores Particulares’ escuelas particulares, informed the Escuela-Ayllu’s community-led education. It argues that Warisata’s community members turned the Escuela-Ayllu into a political space of communal democracy that undermined the rural order structured by internal colonialism.
本文分析了 20 世纪 30 年代至 40 年代,玻利维亚瓦里萨塔阿尤鲁学校如何在土著斗争的大背景下挑战被称为 "伽马纳主义 "的封建制度。研究表明,土著教育的不同潮流,包括土著主义、Caciques-Apoderados 的土著教育中心 "Bartolomé de las Casas "和 Alcaldes Mayores Particulares 的特殊学校,为 Escuela-Ayllu 的社区主导教育提供了依据。报告认为,瓦里萨塔的社区成员将 Escuela-Ayllu 变成了社区民主的政治空间,破坏了由国内殖民主义构建的农村秩序。
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引用次数: 0
Resistance Strategies of Traditional Fishers in Their Struggle for Territory on Paraná’s Coastline in Brazil: A Categorization of the Conflict 巴西巴拉那海岸线上传统渔民为争夺领地而采取的反抗策略:冲突分类
IF 0.7 4区 历史学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1177/0094582x241286621
Tiago Vernize Mafra, Natália Tavares de Azevedo
This article categorizes the resistance strategies used by traditional fishers on the coast of Paraná, Brazil, against local authorities that seek to deterritorialize their territories. Documentary sources and interviews with informants were used as part of this research. The local traditional fishing sector is not immune to external pressure. The resistance strategies of this group can be classified into eight categories. We find that the local traditional fishers already lost much of their territory during the last few decades, and the pressures they face continue to increase. However, the rise in resistance actions throughout the twenty-first century allowed this group to engage with new perspectives concerning their struggle for territory. This is a fight that is active in its effort to guarantee the rights of traditional fishing communities in Paraná.
本文对巴西巴拉那海岸传统渔民针对地方当局试图将其领土非领土化而采取的抵抗策略进行了分类。研究中使用了文献资料和对知情者的访谈。当地传统渔业部门也难逃外部压力。这一群体的抵抗策略可分为八类。我们发现,在过去几十年中,当地传统渔民已经失去了他们的大部分领地,而且他们面临的压力还在不断增加。然而,在整个二十一世纪,反抗行动的兴起使这一群体能够从新的视角来看待他们为争夺领地而进行的斗争。这是一场为保障巴拉那州传统捕鱼社区的权利而进行的积极斗争。
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引用次数: 0
Indigenous Autonomies in Latin America in the Face of Contemporary Capitalism: Overview, Perspectives, and Dilemmas: Part 2 面对当代资本主义的拉丁美洲土著自治:概述、观点和困境:第二部分
IF 0.7 4区 历史学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/0094582x241288588
Edgars Martínez Navarrete, Richard Stahler-Sholk
This is the second part of a two-part series, beginning with the July 2024 issue of this journal, exploring the diversity of Indigenous autonomies confronting neoliberal capitalism and their dilemmas and strategic choices.Esta es la segunda parte de una serie de dos, comenzando con el número correspondiente a julio de 2024 de la presente revista, que exploran la diversidad de autonomías indígenas frente al capitalismo neoliberal, así como sus dilemas y opciones estratégicas.
本文是两部分系列文章的第二部分,从本刊 2024 年 7 月号开始,探讨土著自治面对新自由资本主义的多样性及其困境和战略选择。
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引用次数: 0
“They Are Taking the Sea from us” - Maritime Extractivism, Dispossession and Resistance in Rural and Ethnic Communities of the Colombian Caribbean "他们夺走了我们的海洋"--哥伦比亚加勒比地区农村和少数民族社区的海洋开采、剥夺和反抗
IF 0.7 4区 历史学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/0094582x241283771
Ana Isabel Márquez Pérez
This article provides an overview of the impacts of the current Colombian extractivist development model on peasant, Afro-descendant, and Indigenous communities’ territorial seas ( maritorium) in the Colombian Caribbean. We reflect on the implications of a gradual penetration of concepts such as the blue economy in national public policy. The impacts of activities such as port infrastructure, oil drilling and mining, tourism and industrial fishing, are briefly analyzed, using examples gathered in different parts of the region where growing dispossession is evident. The article ends with a reflection on the various forms of resistance employed by these communities today to confront the plundering of their living spaces associated with coastlines and the sea.
本文概述了当前哥伦比亚采掘业发展模式对哥伦比亚加勒比海地区农民、非洲裔和土著社区领海(maritorium)的影响。我们思考了蓝色经济等概念逐渐渗透到国家公共政策中的影响。文章利用在该地区不同地方收集到的例子,简要分析了港口基础设施、石油钻探和开采、旅游业和工业化捕鱼等活动的影响,这些地方的剥夺现象日益明显。文章最后反思了这些社区如今为对抗对其与海岸线和海洋相关的生活空间的掠夺而采取的各种抵抗形式。
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引用次数: 0
Sowing Indigenous Autonomy: Building a Common Political-Ethical Territory of Struggle with Zapatista Seed Pedagogics 播种土著自治:用萨帕塔种子教学法建立共同的政治-伦理斗争领地
IF 0.7 4区 历史学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1177/0094582x241288861
Charlotte María Sáenz
This article inquires into the workings of Zapatista Seed Pedagogics’ (ZSP) building of a political-ethical commons outside the movement’s autonomous territories. Parting from a previous theorization of ZSP as a decolonizing educational process, this writing draws on interviews with external activists of neozapatista networks who have encountered and/or accompanied the movement in the last three decades. These evolving conversations reflect on their learnings in what is a life-long pedagogical process. These include: 1) an ongoing struggle for dismantling internalized hierarchies and vanguards in habits of thinking, being, and doing; 2) the recuperation of historical ancestral memory that builds collective subjectivity; and 3) the organization of collectivities that participate in a common political-ethical territory of struggle transcending nation-state identities. This exploration of ZSP reveals reflexive conscientization in subjects willing to learn and listen differently, suggesting the emergence of a transgeographic political-ethical subject immersed in a co-construction of knowledge with Zapatismo itself.
本文探究了萨帕塔种子教育学(ZSP)在该运动自治领地之外建立政治-伦理公域的运作情况。与以往将 ZSP 理论化为非殖民化教育过程的观点不同,这篇文章借鉴了与新萨帕塔主义者网络外部活动家的访谈,他们在过去的三十年中遇到并/或伴随着这场运动。这些不断发展的对话反映了他们在终身教育过程中的心得体会。其中包括1) 在思维、生存和行为习惯中,为打破内化的等级制度和先锋而进行的持续斗争;2) 重新拾起建立集体主体性的祖先历史记忆;3) 组织集体参与超越民族国家身份的共同政治伦理领域的斗争。对 ZSP 的探索揭示了愿意以不同方式学习和倾听的主体的反思性自觉,表明出现了一个跨地理的政治伦理主体,沉浸在与 Zapatismo 本身共同构建知识的过程中。
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引用次数: 0
Self-government, Social Change, and Conflict in Oxchuc, Chiapas: The Long Road of Internal War in an Indigenous Mexican Municipality 恰帕斯州奥克斯丘克的自治、社会变革与冲突:墨西哥土著城市的漫长内战之路
IF 0.7 4区 历史学 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1177/0094582x241288860
Jesús Solís Cruz, Manuel Cosh Pale
During the 2015 post-electoral conflict in the municipality of Oxchuc, Chiapas, came the demand for the election of municipal authorities through its own internal regulatory system. After going through several phases, proponents of change in electoral proceedings obtained legal recognition for Indigenous self-government. This achievement led to an interlude in the long history of political conflict and social change in the municipality. In this article we examine the contemporary history, processes, and recent political developments in the municipality of Oxchuc, which led to institutional recognition of this municipality’s self-government.
在恰帕斯州奥克斯丘克市 2015 年选举后冲突期间,出现了通过其内部监管系统选举市政当局的要求。在经历了几个阶段后,选举程序变革的支持者获得了对土著自治的法律承认。这一成就为该市漫长的政治冲突和社会变革历史划上了休止符。在本文中,我们将对奥克斯丘克市的当代历史、进程和近期政治发展进行研究,这些发展导致了该市自治在制度上得到承认。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Latin American Perspectives
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