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Governing Energy Efficiency in India: Multi-Level Coordination and the Role of States 管理印度的能源效率:多层次协调和国家的作用
IF 3.9 3区 社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1002/eet.70021
Meghaa Gangahar, Kashmeera Patel, Alisha Abraham, Priyami Dutta

Energy efficiency is a key strategic lever for India's low-carbon energy transition. It facilitates the twin objectives of climate action and energy security by reducing overall energy demand without impeding economic growth. For effective implementation of energy efficiency measures, especially in a country as vast and diverse as India, coherence across levels of governance is crucial. This involves alignment across a strong central government and 36 states and union territories in a quintessentially Indian federal structure. Each state has its focus sectors for development and is faced with challenges, be they socio-economic, demographic, capacity, technical, or financial. Energy transition will, therefore, take place differently in different states. The paper examines states' role in various aspects of energy efficiency policy-making and implementation, given India's fast-evolving energy transition. This includes the existing structure at the state level, synergies with national priorities, and challenges that impede multi-tiered governance. A combination of multi-level governance analysis and gap analysis is used for this purpose. The paper also provides recommendations to address the gaps from three distinct perspectives: intra-state, horizontal linkages among states, and vertical linkages of center-state.

能源效率是印度低碳能源转型的关键战略杠杆。它通过在不阻碍经济增长的情况下减少总体能源需求,促进气候行动和能源安全的双重目标。为了有效地实施能效措施,特别是在印度这样一个幅员辽阔、多样化的国家,各级治理的一致性至关重要。这需要在一个强大的中央政府和36个邦及联邦属地之间建立一个典型的印度联邦结构。每个国家都有自己的重点发展领域,面临着社会经济、人口、能力、技术或金融方面的挑战。因此,能源转型将以不同的方式在不同的国家进行。鉴于印度快速发展的能源转型,本文考察了各邦在能源效率政策制定和实施的各个方面的作用。这包括州一级的现有结构、与国家优先事项的协同作用以及阻碍多层治理的挑战。多级治理分析和差距分析的组合用于此目的。本文还从三个不同的角度提出了解决差距的建议:邦内联系、邦间水平联系和中央邦的垂直联系。
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引用次数: 0
Drivers of Energy Policy Asymmetry Between Supply and Demand in the United Kingdom 英国能源政策供需不对称的驱动因素
IF 3.9 3区 社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1002/eet.70023
Colin Nolden, Tina Fawcett, Nick Eyre

The scale of energy service demands and the efficiency with which they are provided determine the size of energy systems. As most modern energy systems are powered predominantly by fossil fuels, the size of the system determines the scale of the decarbonisation challenge enshrined in net-zero targets. It is commonly acknowledged that energy demand reduction, and the consequent reduction in size of the energy system, represents the lowest-cost, lowest-risk option for lowering emissions. Energy demand reductions arise from increasing the efficiency of providing energy services and avoiding such services in the first place. In the United Kingdom, however, government support for such energy demand reduction has stalled in recent years, especially in the context of housing. Expanding and diversifying energy supply resources, technologies and markets, on the other hand, receive strong political support, and increasingly so following Russia's invasion of the Ukraine and associated energy security challenges. The nature of this increasing policy asymmetry between energy demand and supply in the United Kingdom vis-à-vis the EU27 between February and October 2022 is analysed using comparative secondary data in the context of the quasi-natural experimental conditions imposed by Russia's invasion. Primary data, mainly derived from interviews, is used to identify the drivers of this policy asymmetry in the United Kingdom with a particular focus on ideology and institutions. The results indicate to that extreme free-market ideologies and institutions have been significant drivers of energy policy asymmetry during this period to the detriment of both the efficiency of the residential building stock and energy system decarbonisation.

能源服务需求的规模和提供这些服务的效率决定了能源系统的规模。由于大多数现代能源系统主要由化石燃料提供动力,该系统的规模决定了净零排放目标所体现的脱碳挑战的规模。人们普遍认为,减少能源需求以及随之减少能源系统的规模,是降低排放的成本最低、风险最低的办法。能源需求的减少源于提高提供能源服务的效率,并首先避免提供此类服务。然而,在英国,政府对这种减少能源需求的支持近年来停滞不前,特别是在住房方面。另一方面,扩大和多样化能源供应资源、技术和市场得到了强有力的政治支持,在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰和相关的能源安全挑战之后,这种支持日益增强。在俄罗斯入侵所施加的准自然实验条件下,使用比较二手数据分析了2022年2月至10月期间英国与-à-vis欧盟27国能源需求和供应之间日益增加的政策不对称的性质。主要来自访谈的原始数据用于确定英国这种政策不对称的驱动因素,特别关注意识形态和制度。结果表明,极端的自由市场意识形态和制度是这一时期能源政策不对称的重要驱动因素,不利于住宅建筑存量的效率和能源系统的脱碳。
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引用次数: 0
Reflections on Energy Efficiency Policies in Sustainable Transition: Bedrock, Gamechanger, or More of the Same? 对可持续转型中的能效政策的反思:基石、规则改变者,还是更多的同一性?
IF 3.9 3区 社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/eet.70022
Pranay Kumar, Holly Caggiano, Rachael Shwom, Frank A. Felder, Clinton J. Andrews

In this study, we analyze how energy efficiency actions, policies, and outcomes are tied to wider socio-economic and political contexts that are important from a sustainable energy transition perspective. In our two-part study, we first conduct a bibliometric analysis of 206 publications to identify some of the dominant discourses in the literary construction of energy efficiency actions and outcomes from a sustainable energy transition policy perspective using keywords–energy efficiency, energy policy, sustainable transition, political, conflict, consumption, and equity. Next, we identify and take up five comparatively understudied themes to understand the how and why questions surrounding residential energy efficiency actions, policies, and outcomes for sustainable transition-(i) efficiency versus consumption; (ii) barriers and conflicts at the individual, household, and institutional levels; (iii) policy processes and heterogeneity; (iv) demonstrable savings versus normative ethics and equity ideals; and (v) public policy and market-based frameworks. Using a multi-disciplinary lens, we explore the underlying paradigms, dynamics, synergies, and trade-offs between different actors, institutions, and situational contexts influencing complex energy efficiency policy processes. We note the role of bargaining, negotiations, and political dynamics as important elements of policy processes that influence adoption, applicability, and jurisdictions of energy efficiency policies. Our study also highlights the need for policies that target absolute energy consumption and careful balancing of socially equitable objectives with economically efficient outcomes in a market-based framework. We believe that a better understanding and comprehensive discussion of these challenges will inform policymaking and ensure better outcomes.

在本研究中,我们分析了能源效率行动、政策和结果如何与更广泛的社会经济和政治背景联系在一起,从可持续能源转型的角度来看,社会经济和政治背景非常重要。在我们的两部分研究中,我们首先对206份出版物进行了文献计量分析,从可持续能源转型政策的角度出发,使用关键词——能源效率、能源政策、可持续转型、政治、冲突、消费和公平——来确定能效行动和结果的文学建构中的一些主导话语。接下来,我们确定并研究了五个相对未被充分研究的主题,以了解围绕住宅能效行动、政策和可持续转型结果的问题如何以及为什么——(i)效率与消耗;(ii)个人、家庭和机构层面的障碍和冲突;(iii)政策程序和异质性;(iv)可证明的储蓄与规范伦理和公平理想;(五)公共政策和基于市场的框架。使用多学科的视角,我们探讨了影响复杂能源效率政策过程的不同参与者、机构和情景背景之间的潜在范式、动态、协同作用和权衡。我们注意到讨价还价、谈判和政治动态是影响能源效率政策采用、适用性和管辖范围的政策过程的重要因素。我们的研究还强调,有必要制定以绝对能源消耗为目标的政策,并在基于市场的框架内仔细平衡社会公平目标与经济高效结果。我们认为,更好地了解和全面讨论这些挑战将为政策制定提供信息,并确保取得更好的成果。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic Interactions and Governance Capabilities of State and Non-State Actors in Small-Scale Tuna Fishery Certification in Indonesia 印度尼西亚小型金枪鱼渔业认证中国家和非国家行为体的动态相互作用和治理能力
IF 3.9 3区 社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1002/eet.70014
Puspi Eko Wiranthi, Hilde M. Toonen, Peter Oosterveer

Private sustainability fisheries certification has become increasingly popular over the past years as a new form of governance for fisheries in developing countries. The certification scheme is very promising because it offers benefits through market-based incentives, including market access, social benefits by empowering fishers, and environmental impacts on sustainability. The process can introduce new actors and relationships into a governance landscape that often falls outside the conventional governance model. However, there is still relatively little information about the interplay between the state, certification, market, community, and other actors within the landscape. In this study, we use a case study of Fair Trade USA small-scale tuna fishery certification in Indonesia to explore the impact of certification on the governance landscape of small-scale tuna fishery and the governance capabilities of key stakeholders in promoting sustainability. We found that hybrid governance between state and private certification through informal interactions is promising for promoting sustainability beyond certification. Effective implementation requires strong governance capabilities, with an NGO acting as a bridging institution through a formal and legitimate collaborative arrangement. However, this mode of governance is challenging when the key stakeholders, aside from those certified, cannot contest their roles over time.

私营可持续渔业认证作为发展中国家渔业治理的一种新形式,在过去几年中越来越受欢迎。认证计划非常有前景,因为它通过基于市场的激励措施提供了好处,包括市场准入、赋予渔民权力带来的社会效益以及对可持续性的环境影响。该过程可以将新的参与者和关系引入到通常超出常规治理模型的治理环境中。然而,关于国家、认证、市场、社区和其他参与者之间相互作用的信息仍然相对较少。在本研究中,我们以印度尼西亚的公平贸易美国小型金枪鱼渔业认证为例,探讨认证对小型金枪鱼渔业治理格局的影响,以及关键利益相关者在促进可持续性方面的治理能力。我们发现,通过非正式的互动,国家和私人认证之间的混合治理有望促进认证之外的可持续性。有效的实施需要强大的治理能力,非政府组织通过正式和合法的合作安排发挥桥梁作用。然而,当关键利益相关者(除了那些经过认证的利益相关者)不能随着时间的推移对他们的角色进行竞争时,这种治理模式就会受到挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Implementing Network Governance in Natural Resources Management: Evidence From Water Protection Networks in Brazil 在自然资源管理中实施网络治理:来自巴西水资源保护网络的证据
IF 3.9 3区 社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1002/eet.70017
Douglas Wegner, Jorge Verschoore, Marcelo Fernandes Pacheco Dias

The extant literature largely ignores the micro-governance of collaborative networks (CNs), that is, the day-to-day functions that CN coordinators need to perform to produce a collaborative environment that stimulates joint action. This paper aims to identify which configurations of micro-governance functions foster an internal collaborative environment in CNs. We collected data from 36 CNs for water protection in Brazil and performed a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). Results show two configurations that may be adopted in different situations. Although the first configuration requires all six micro-governance functions to be performed, the second one does not require high monitoring. This configuration is adopted by CNs whose stakeholders do not have a previous history of conflict. Our study advances the theory of collaborative governance by empirically demonstrating how micro-governance functions enable effective implementation in natural resources management. We contribute to the practice of collaborative governance by describing how CN coordinators may enhance their day-to-day activities.

现有文献在很大程度上忽略了协作网络(CNs)的微观治理,即协同网络协调员需要执行的日常功能,以产生刺激联合行动的协作环境。本文旨在确定微治理功能的哪些配置促进了CNs的内部协作环境。我们收集了巴西36个水资源保护中心的数据,并进行了定性比较分析(QCA)。结果表明,在不同的情况下可以采用两种配置。尽管第一个配置需要执行所有六个微治理功能,但第二个配置不需要高度监控。涉众以前没有冲突历史的cnn采用此配置。我们的研究通过实证证明微观治理功能如何促进自然资源管理的有效实施,从而推进了协同治理理论。我们通过描述CN协调者如何加强他们的日常活动来促进协作治理的实践。
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引用次数: 0
Multi-Level Policy Coherence Analysis in Wicked Nexus Problem Settings: The Case of Nitrogen Pollution in Germany 邪恶关联问题设置中的多层次政策一致性分析:以德国氮污染为例
IF 3.9 3区 社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1002/eet.70018
Mabel Ramisch, Sabrina Kirschke, Norbert Weber

Environmental problems are often wicked and face multiple challenges, making policy coherence a goal of high relevance. The issue of nitrogen pollution is an outstanding example, representing the pressing demand on different policy fields and levels to achieve coherence of the respective objectives, instruments, and measures. However, policy coherence analysis often provides a horizontal perspective only and likely misses the opportunities a more complex analysis may reveal. This study provides a multi-level policy coherence analysis, focusing on emerging forest-related water protection measures as an example of multi-functional measures such as agroforestry systems or short rotation plantations. We analyze the degree of policy coherence across policy fields (agriculture, forestry, water protection) and political levels (Europe, Germany, Thuringia) based on a qualitative content analysis of policy objectives and instruments. Surprisingly, we find a high degree of policy coherence between the areas of interest on all political levels. However, incoherence is also present, especially between the policy fields of forestry and water in consideration of agriculture. Analytically, this study shows the importance of complex analyses to understand the ramifications of wicked nexus problems in multi-level governance systems. Overall, the results show valuable entry points from a multi-level policy coherence perspective.

环境问题往往是邪恶的,面临多重挑战,使政策一致性成为高度相关的目标。氮污染问题就是一个突出的例子,它代表了对不同政策领域和层面的迫切需求,以实现各自目标、工具和措施的一致性。然而,政策一致性分析往往只提供横向视角,可能错过更复杂的分析可能揭示的机会。本研究提供了一个多层次的政策一致性分析,重点是新兴的与森林有关的水保护措施,作为多功能措施的例子,如农林复合系统或短期轮作人工林。我们基于对政策目标和工具的定性内容分析,分析了政策领域(农业、林业、水资源保护)和政治层面(欧洲、德国、图林根州)的政策一致性程度。令人惊讶的是,我们发现所有政治层面的利益领域之间存在高度的政策一致性。但是,在考虑到农业时,也存在不连贯的情况,特别是在林业和水的政策领域之间。在分析上,本研究显示了复杂分析对于理解多层次治理系统中邪恶联系问题的后果的重要性。总体而言,从多层次政策一致性的角度来看,结果显示了有价值的切入点。
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引用次数: 0
The Will to Decarbonize: Problematizing European Just Transition Governance 脱碳的意愿:欧洲公正过渡治理的问题
IF 3.9 3区 社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1002/eet.70019
Eva Lövbrand, Cecilia Enberg, Veronica Brodén Gyberg

In December 2019, the European Commission launched the European Green Deal (EGD) and hereby ramped up the climate ambitions of the European Union. Responding to a mounting sense of climate urgency, the European Commission proposed a comprehensive reform program to make the EU's economy climate neutral by 2050. In this paper, we trace the practical work undertaken to ensure that Europe's green transition is just and leaves no one behind. To that end, we turn to the Just Transition Platform, an online portal coordinated by the European Commission. By analysing the many guidelines, checklists, and event reports produced by this platform, we trace the problem objects towards which the EU's just transition efforts are directed, what practical techniques are deployed to act upon them in order to transform them, and ultimately, how they define what it means to be a modern and green European.

2019年12月,欧盟委员会启动了《欧洲绿色协议》(EGD),从而提升了欧盟的气候目标。为了应对日益增长的气候紧迫感,欧盟委员会提出了一项全面的改革计划,到2050年使欧盟经济实现气候中和。在本文中,我们追溯了为确保欧洲的绿色转型是公正的,不让任何人掉队而开展的实际工作。为此,我们求助于公正过渡平台,这是一个由欧洲委员会协调的在线门户网站。通过分析该平台产生的许多指导方针、清单和事件报告,我们追踪了欧盟转型努力所指向的问题对象,采用了哪些实用技术来采取行动以实现转型,最终,它们如何定义成为一个现代和绿色欧洲人的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Grassroots Innovations and Projectification: Diffusion Processes of the European Ecovillage Movement 草根创新与投射:欧洲生态村运动的传播过程
IF 3.9 3区 社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-08-15 DOI: 10.1002/eet.70013
André Girardi, Lasse Kos, Rebeca Roysen, Ana Margarida Esteves, Nadine Bruehwiler

Grassroots innovations are increasingly recognized as crucial actors in sustainability transitions, offering localized, bottom-up solutions to local and global challenges. These initiatives contribute to sustainability by diffusing sustainable innovations and practices to broader societal sectors. However, the functioning of grassroots innovations is influenced by projectification, that is, the structuring of efforts around temporary, grant-funded projects. Projectification has a significant impact on both the development and diffusion of grassroots innovations. This process also plays a key role in shaping the internal governance and functioning of grassroots innovations networks, influencing how these initiatives operate and evolve. Focusing on the European branch of the Global Ecovillage Network, we explore the interaction between projectification processes and the diffusion of ecovillage practices. Employing the embedding framework, we analyze how projects facilitate or constrain the diffusion of sustainable practices across and beyond the network. Methodologically, the research is based on in-depth fieldwork trips to three European ecovillages, resulting in 16 semi-structured interviews with ecovillage members and members of the European ecovillage network. Our findings indicate that while projects enable certain embedding processes, they also introduce tensions that could limit the long-term sustainability of these initiatives. This study underscores the need for a balanced approach to projectification, ensuring that it supports rather than undermines grassroots innovation's objectives.

基层创新日益被认为是可持续转型的关键角色,为地方和全球挑战提供本地化、自下而上的解决方案。这些倡议通过将可持续创新和实践传播到更广泛的社会部门来促进可持续发展。然而,基层创新的运作受到项目化的影响,也就是围绕临时性的、政府资助的项目来组织工作。项目化对基层创新的发展和传播都有显著的影响。这一过程还在塑造基层创新网络的内部治理和运作方面发挥关键作用,影响这些倡议的运作和演变。以全球生态村网络的欧洲分支为中心,我们探讨了项目化过程与生态村实践传播之间的相互作用。采用嵌入框架,我们分析了项目如何促进或限制可持续实践在网络内外的传播。在方法上,本研究基于对三个欧洲生态村的深入实地考察,对生态村成员和欧洲生态村网络成员进行了16次半结构化访谈。我们的研究结果表明,虽然项目能够实现某些嵌入过程,但它们也引入了可能限制这些举措的长期可持续性的紧张关系。这项研究强调需要一种平衡的项目方法,确保它支持而不是破坏基层创新的目标。
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引用次数: 0
Mapping the Ontology and Epistemology of Research Into Forest Carbon Offsetting in Developing Countries 发展中国家森林碳补偿研究的本体论与认识论映射
IF 3.9 3区 社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-08-07 DOI: 10.1002/eet.70015
Mark Purdon, Patrick Byakagaba

In this paper, we consider knowledge cumulation in one of the most polarized areas of environmental governance research: forest carbon offsetting in developing countries. Our specific contribution is a critical review of the ontological and epistemological positioning of 31 studies published in the peer-reviewed literature on forest carbon offsetting in Uganda. At the surface, differences appear related to methodological gaps along the qualitative-quantitative divide. However, probing deeper suggests a lack of agreement on fundamental ontological and epistemological issues, which challenges traditional understandings of scientific knowledge cumulation. Among our key findings is that research into forest carbon offsetting in Uganda is predominated by epistemologies we characterize as neopositivist (approximately half) and neo-Marxist overdetermination (approximately one-third). Structural ontologies were significantly more frequently identified in our critical review than agentic ontologies, while structure–agency balancing ontologies were the least represented. Notably, research most critical of forest carbon offsetting was characterized by an epistemology of neo-Marxist overdetermination and structural/synchronic ontology. While recognizing the limits of our critical review into forest carbon offsetting in Uganda, knowledge cumulation appears to be frustrated by a lack of agreement on fundamental ontological and epistemological presuppositions. Nonetheless, given the polarized debate on forest carbon offsetting, delineating such fundamental differences may help lay the groundwork for promoting dialogue between different research traditions. But such epistemic fragmentation or diversity may not in itself constitute epistemic justice, which requires additional attention to broader power imbalances involved in the conduct of environmental governance research in developing countries.

在本文中,我们考虑了环境治理研究中最两极分化的领域之一的知识积累:发展中国家的森林碳抵消。我们的具体贡献是对乌干达森林碳抵消同行评议文献中发表的31项研究的本体论和认识论定位进行批判性审查。从表面上看,差异似乎与定性-定量分界线上的方法差距有关。然而,深入探究表明,在基本的本体论和认识论问题上缺乏共识,这挑战了对科学知识积累的传统理解。我们的主要发现之一是,乌干达森林碳抵消研究主要由认识论主导,我们将其描述为新实证主义(约占一半)和新马克思主义过度决定(约占三分之一)。在我们的批判性评论中,结构本体比代理本体更频繁地被识别出来,而结构-代理平衡本体的代表性最低。值得注意的是,对森林碳抵消的研究主要以新马克思主义的过度决定和结构/共时本体论的认识论为特征。虽然认识到我们对乌干达森林碳抵消的批判性审查的局限性,但知识积累似乎因缺乏对基本本体论和认识论前提的一致而受到挫折。尽管如此,考虑到关于森林碳抵消的两极分化的辩论,描绘这种根本差异可能有助于为促进不同研究传统之间的对话奠定基础。但是,这种认识的碎片化或多样性本身可能并不构成认识正义,这需要对发展中国家环境治理研究中涉及的更广泛的权力不平衡给予额外的关注。
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引用次数: 0
Laggard by Intent or Constraint? Rethinking Environmental Implementation Deficits in Greece Through the Capacity–Intentionality Framework 故意滞后还是约束滞后?从能力-意向性框架重新思考希腊的环境执行赤字
IF 3.9 3区 社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/eet.70011
Michail Melidis, Athanassios Gouglas

This article investigates environmental under-performance by exploring Greece, a typical laggard case within the European Union. It introduces a newly developed capacity–intentionality framework (CIF), which expands the policy capacity model of Wu, Ramesh, and Howlett by integrating the dimension of political agency and purposeful action. The CIF is employed to explain Greece's persistent implementation deficits in EU environmental legislation. Methodologically, the study maps environmental infringements in Greece from 2000 to 2022 and analyzes qualitative data from 42 elite interviews with key Greek environmental actors. While reaffirming prior findings of systemic and organizational capacity shortfalls, the analysis goes further to identify deficits in intentionality—a lack of sustained commitment and strategic alignment by key actors—as a critical explanatory factor. The findings underscore that addressing environmental implementation failures in Greece requires not only institutional capacity-building but also the development of deliberate political and societal commitment to environmental goals.

本文通过对欧盟内典型的落后国家希腊的考察来调查其环境表现不佳。本文引入了一个新开发的能力-意向性框架(CIF),该框架通过整合政治代理和有目的行动的维度,扩展了Wu、Ramesh和Howlett的政策能力模型。CIF被用来解释希腊在欧盟环境立法中持续存在的执行赤字。在方法上,该研究绘制了2000年至2022年希腊环境侵权的地图,并分析了42位对希腊主要环境行为者的精英访谈的定性数据。在重申之前关于系统和组织能力不足的发现的同时,分析进一步确定了意向性方面的缺陷,即关键参与者缺乏持续的承诺和战略一致性,这是一个关键的解释因素。调查结果强调,解决希腊环境执行失败问题不仅需要机构能力建设,还需要对环境目标作出深思熟虑的政治和社会承诺。
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental Policy and Governance
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