Pub Date : 2014-01-22DOI: 10.1080/09523367.2013.861420
Ronald A. Smith
American colleges in the nineteenth century rejected British cricket for baseball and British soccer and British rugby for American football. While Americans copied British culture in many ways, they were often not direct copies. The historical concept of American Exceptionalism has been questioned by historians, but if there ever was an American Exceptionalism, the cases for the American games of organised baseball and football surely can be made. The actions of several individuals and influence of a variety of forces insured the creation of and dominance of American football as the intercollegiate sport of choice by the turn of the nineteenth century. In American institutions of higher education ‘gridiron football', in the vernacular of that era, represented the nascent ‘national pastime' that triumphed on US campuses.
{"title":"American Football Becomes the Dominant Intercollegiate National Pastime","authors":"Ronald A. Smith","doi":"10.1080/09523367.2013.861420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2013.861420","url":null,"abstract":"American colleges in the nineteenth century rejected British cricket for baseball and British soccer and British rugby for American football. While Americans copied British culture in many ways, they were often not direct copies. The historical concept of American Exceptionalism has been questioned by historians, but if there ever was an American Exceptionalism, the cases for the American games of organised baseball and football surely can be made. The actions of several individuals and influence of a variety of forces insured the creation of and dominance of American football as the intercollegiate sport of choice by the turn of the nineteenth century. In American institutions of higher education ‘gridiron football', in the vernacular of that era, represented the nascent ‘national pastime' that triumphed on US campuses.","PeriodicalId":47491,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the History of Sport","volume":"31 1","pages":"109 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2014-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09523367.2013.861420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60078078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-01DOI: 10.1080/09523367.2013.861106
Ari de Wilde
{"title":"Cheating the Spread: Gamblers, Point Shavers, and Game Fixers in College Football and Basketball","authors":"Ari de Wilde","doi":"10.1080/09523367.2013.861106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2013.861106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47491,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the History of Sport","volume":"129 1","pages":"2236 - 2237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09523367.2013.861106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60078035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-01DOI: 10.1080/09523367.2013.811646
Marcus P. Chu
A controversial judgement denotes that a decision made by referees is deemed to involve errors and those errors result in the athlete being disqualified or being given unreasonable scores in the match. While the athletes from other parts of the world were eager to raise appeals against controversial judgements at London 2012, those from China were reluctant. The argument here is that the reluctance was a duty of the Chinese Olympic delegation with the aim of relieving the concern of the international society that China was likely to become the Middle Kingdom in the Pacific Rim. A non-confrontational China at London 2012 was considered a placatory diplomatic gesture by the Chinese authorities.
{"title":"Reluctant Appealer: China's Responses to Controversial Judgements at London 2012","authors":"Marcus P. Chu","doi":"10.1080/09523367.2013.811646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2013.811646","url":null,"abstract":"A controversial judgement denotes that a decision made by referees is deemed to involve errors and those errors result in the athlete being disqualified or being given unreasonable scores in the match. While the athletes from other parts of the world were eager to raise appeals against controversial judgements at London 2012, those from China were reluctant. The argument here is that the reluctance was a duty of the Chinese Olympic delegation with the aim of relieving the concern of the international society that China was likely to become the Middle Kingdom in the Pacific Rim. A non-confrontational China at London 2012 was considered a placatory diplomatic gesture by the Chinese authorities.","PeriodicalId":47491,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the History of Sport","volume":"56 1","pages":"1735 - 1747"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09523367.2013.811646","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60078321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-02-01DOI: 10.1080/09523367.2012.755346
Peng Han Lim
The British colonised Penang in 1786, Malacca in 1895 and Singapore in 1819. In 1874, the British, through its Residents, came to control the Governments of Perak, Selangor and Sungei Ujong, and wherever they went, they indulged in their leisure pursuits such as horse riding and cricket. This research attempts to show how the immigrant Malay Eurasian, Chinese and Tamil communities come into contact with the different British and European communities and were introduced to cricket. The process of diffusion and acceptance becomes evident when the local populations in turn set up their own sports clubs and cricket clubs. The study tries to identify the various means of the cultural transmission of sports by the different ethnic groups during British colonial rule from 1876 to 1899.
{"title":"The Diffusion and Transmission of Cricket among European, Indigenous and Migrant Communities in the British Straits Settlements and Malay States during the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century, 1786–1899","authors":"Peng Han Lim","doi":"10.1080/09523367.2012.755346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2012.755346","url":null,"abstract":"The British colonised Penang in 1786, Malacca in 1895 and Singapore in 1819. In 1874, the British, through its Residents, came to control the Governments of Perak, Selangor and Sungei Ujong, and wherever they went, they indulged in their leisure pursuits such as horse riding and cricket. This research attempts to show how the immigrant Malay Eurasian, Chinese and Tamil communities come into contact with the different British and European communities and were introduced to cricket. The process of diffusion and acceptance becomes evident when the local populations in turn set up their own sports clubs and cricket clubs. The study tries to identify the various means of the cultural transmission of sports by the different ethnic groups during British colonial rule from 1876 to 1899.","PeriodicalId":47491,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the History of Sport","volume":"30 1","pages":"210 - 231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09523367.2012.755346","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60077790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1080/09523367.2012.746813
Carlin de Montfort
Open-boat sailing boomed in Sydney, Australia, during the 1890s, as a number of new sailing clubs emerged in the city's working waterfront suburbs. Open boats have since been remembered as ‘typically Australian’, radically opposed to the forms and ceremonies of the yachting establishment, and even as sharing the characteristics of the bushman, an archetype of Australian national identity. This article traces the rise of open-boat sailing as a working-class spectator sport and the associated image of an ‘open boat legend’. It argues that open-boat sailing remained a Sydney legend in the 1890s. However, links to working traditions and place have made it possible for popular histories of sailing and yachting to present the open boats and sailors of the period with identifiably Australian characteristics.
{"title":"Centreboards and Sails: The Rise of Open-Boat Racing in Sydney During the 1890s","authors":"Carlin de Montfort","doi":"10.1080/09523367.2012.746813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2012.746813","url":null,"abstract":"Open-boat sailing boomed in Sydney, Australia, during the 1890s, as a number of new sailing clubs emerged in the city's working waterfront suburbs. Open boats have since been remembered as ‘typically Australian’, radically opposed to the forms and ceremonies of the yachting establishment, and even as sharing the characteristics of the bushman, an archetype of Australian national identity. This article traces the rise of open-boat sailing as a working-class spectator sport and the associated image of an ‘open boat legend’. It argues that open-boat sailing remained a Sydney legend in the 1890s. However, links to working traditions and place have made it possible for popular histories of sailing and yachting to present the open boats and sailors of the period with identifiably Australian characteristics.","PeriodicalId":47491,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the History of Sport","volume":"30 1","pages":"145 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09523367.2012.746813","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60077570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.1080/09523367.2012.658191
Shen Liang, F. Hong
This paper provides an overview of Chinese state policy on physical education in the context of Chinese History, from 1949 to 2010. It demonstrates the origin and continuity of state policy, and addresses the strong effect of politics and social and economic transformation in shaping state policy on physical education in China. It considers that the formation and development of state policy on physical education in China has always been shaped by political, cultural and ideological requirements. From the 1950s to the 1970s, for ideological reasons, China imported the Soviet Union's physical education techniques, which emphasised physique-oriented sporting skill learning, and abandoned American physical education concepts that was focused on cultivating students' personalities. Since the beginning of the reform and the opening-up of China in the late 1970s, physical education in China not only was de-militarised, but it also generally realised a transformation from a physique-oriented national interest requirement to serving multi-objectives and being student-oriented.
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Pub Date : 2011-05-01DOI: 10.1080/09523367.2011.567783
M. Huggins, Mike O’Mahony
On 6 August 1967, the Sunday Express published a cartoon by its regular contributor, Giles (Figure 1). It represents a group of visitors at a museum, attending to a uniformed guard who adopts an oratorical stance while expounding on the virtues of one of the many works displayed on the walls of these ornate surroundings. One of the museum visitors, however, has chosen to ignore this official commentary, listening instead to a sports commentary delivered on the small transistor radio he holds to his ear. Billions of these popular cultural artefacts were sold globally during the 1960s, and became a common sight at sports grounds, as owners listened to commentary and results elsewhere. Here it is specifically a football match that captures the museum visitor’s attention far more than the surrounding art, as the radio commentator announces, as articulated in the accompanying caption, ‘Greaves passes to Gilzean, Gilzean to Greaves, Greaves puts the ball across to Mackay, brilliant header by Chalmers . . .’. The inclusion in the commentary of the names of well-known players – Jimmy Greaves, Alan Gilzean and Dave Mackay of Tottenham Hotspur and Steve Chalmers of Celtic – enables a precise identification of the match being played. On the previous day these two teams had met at Hampden Park in Glasgow in a pre-season friendly; Tottenham appeared as FA Cup victors (having recently beaten Chelsea 2–1) and Celtic as the first British team to bring home the European Cup (having defeated Inter Milan 2–1 in Portugal). This careful staging of a match between the winners of the so-called ‘Cockney Cup Final’ and the ‘Lisbon Lions’ was clearly designed to reflect the current strength of British football, and stand on the shoulders of England’s famous victory in the World Cup the previous summer. It also reflected an increasing media attention devoted to football, not least of all an expansion of television coverage. For example, the BBC’s flagship football programme Match of the Day had first been broadcast just three years earlier in 1964 and live coverage of big games in the FA Cup, the European Cup and the World Cup was increasingly becoming the norm. Football, along with other forms of mass entertainment such as pop music, was changing the face of British culture. In this context, Giles’s cartoon notably highlights the transgressive potential of popular culture when it invades a notionally more highbrow environment, such as
1967年8月6日，《星期日快报》刊登了一幅由其定期撰稿人贾尔斯(Giles)创作的漫画(图1)。漫画描绘了一群游客在博物馆里，看着一名身穿制服的警卫，这名警卫以雄辩的姿态，阐述着这些华丽环境中墙上展示的众多作品中的一件作品的优点。然而，博物馆的一位参观者却选择无视官方的解说，而是听着他耳边的小晶体管收音机里传来的体育解说。在20世纪60年代，数十亿件这种流行的文化文物在全球范围内被出售，当所有者在其他地方听评论和结果时，它们成为体育场上的一道常见风景线。在这里，这是一场足球比赛，比周围的艺术品更能吸引博物馆游客的注意力，正如电台评论员所宣布的那样，正如附带的标题所表达的那样，“格里夫斯传给吉尔赞，吉尔赞传给格里夫斯，格里夫斯把球传给麦凯，查默斯的头球精彩……”在解说中加入了一些知名球员的名字——热刺的吉米·格里夫斯、艾伦·吉尔兹、戴夫·麦凯和凯尔特人的史蒂夫·查尔默斯——这使得人们能够准确地识别正在进行的比赛。就在前一天，这两支球队在格拉斯哥的汉普顿公园球场进行了季前赛的友谊赛。托特纳姆热刺是足总杯冠军(最近以2比1击败切尔西)，凯尔特人是第一支将欧洲冠军杯带回家的英国球队(在葡萄牙以2比1击败国际米兰)。这场精心安排的所谓“伦敦杯决赛”获胜者与“里斯本雄狮”之间的比赛，显然是为了反映英国足球目前的实力，并站在英格兰在去年夏天世界杯上著名胜利的肩膀上。这也反映了媒体对足球的关注越来越多，尤其是电视报道的扩大。例如，英国广播公司(BBC)的旗舰足球节目《每日一赛》(Match of the Day)在三年前的1964年首次播出，对足总杯、欧洲杯和世界杯等大型比赛的现场直播正日益成为常态。足球和流行音乐等其他大众娱乐形式一起改变了英国文化的面貌。在这种背景下，贾尔斯的漫画突出了流行文化的越界潜力，当它侵入一个理论上更高雅的环境时，比如
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Pub Date : 2011-02-01DOI: 10.1080/09523367.2011.537915
V. A. de Melo
Brazilian drivers have dominated the history of Formula One racing and therefore hold a prominent place in the international pantheon of the sport. Brazil is by no means a wealthy country, nor is it as socially advanced as a great deal of others, and therefore such a significant role in international motor sport may at first appear unlikely. This article unpacks the relationship between Brazil and the sport of motor racing, something that is strongly connected to the role played by the automobile since its arrival in Brazil. The main purpose of this article, however, is to discuss the history of Brazilian motor racing from the first structured auto races (São Paulo, 1908, and Rio de Janeiro, 1909) until the dawn of the Rio de Janeiro Grand Prix, staged at the famous Gávea Circuit, which represents the critical point at which Brazilian motor racing entered the highest echelons of world motor sport.
{"title":"Before Fittipaldi, Piquet and Senna: The Beginning of Motor Racing in Brazil (1908–1954)","authors":"V. A. de Melo","doi":"10.1080/09523367.2011.537915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2011.537915","url":null,"abstract":"Brazilian drivers have dominated the history of Formula One racing and therefore hold a prominent place in the international pantheon of the sport. Brazil is by no means a wealthy country, nor is it as socially advanced as a great deal of others, and therefore such a significant role in international motor sport may at first appear unlikely. This article unpacks the relationship between Brazil and the sport of motor racing, something that is strongly connected to the role played by the automobile since its arrival in Brazil. The main purpose of this article, however, is to discuss the history of Brazilian motor racing from the first structured auto races (São Paulo, 1908, and Rio de Janeiro, 1909) until the dawn of the Rio de Janeiro Grand Prix, staged at the famous Gávea Circuit, which represents the critical point at which Brazilian motor racing entered the highest echelons of world motor sport.","PeriodicalId":47491,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the History of Sport","volume":"28 1","pages":"253 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09523367.2011.537915","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60077765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-08-01DOI: 10.1080/09523367.2010.495226
G. V. Van Steen
This study offers brief soundings into the exploitation of sport by the Greek dictatorial regimes, both the interwar dictatorship of 1936–1941 and the military regime of 1967–1974. During those eras, sport provided templates of competition and combat. The most recent dictatorship showcased sport along with a ‘canon’ of historical re-enactments in massive open-air spectacles, which deserve further attention. The strongmen of both regimes saw, in addition to communist threats, signs of decay in Greek society, and they insisted on military-style discipline and orderliness. How then did their regimes approach sport? Or rather, how did they manage to convey persuasive images of sport and of the political propaganda behind it? This article addresses the above questions and reconstructs the dictators' excessive acts of stage-managing a mass theatre of indoctrination through athletic events, military displays and historical re-enactments. I argue that Greek dictatorial regimes allocated an important role to sport and bodily culture to shore up their nationalist ‘mission’ and that, as a result, they militarized and politicized the field. The essay pays brief attention also to the realm of pedagogy, because those regimes wanted school instruction and discipline training to be conducted in a ‘patriotic’ and militaristic fashion.
{"title":"Rallying the Nation: Sport and Spectacle Serving the Greek Dictatorships","authors":"G. V. Van Steen","doi":"10.1080/09523367.2010.495226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2010.495226","url":null,"abstract":"This study offers brief soundings into the exploitation of sport by the Greek dictatorial regimes, both the interwar dictatorship of 1936–1941 and the military regime of 1967–1974. During those eras, sport provided templates of competition and combat. The most recent dictatorship showcased sport along with a ‘canon’ of historical re-enactments in massive open-air spectacles, which deserve further attention. The strongmen of both regimes saw, in addition to communist threats, signs of decay in Greek society, and they insisted on military-style discipline and orderliness. How then did their regimes approach sport? Or rather, how did they manage to convey persuasive images of sport and of the political propaganda behind it? This article addresses the above questions and reconstructs the dictators' excessive acts of stage-managing a mass theatre of indoctrination through athletic events, military displays and historical re-enactments. I argue that Greek dictatorial regimes allocated an important role to sport and bodily culture to shore up their nationalist ‘mission’ and that, as a result, they militarized and politicized the field. The essay pays brief attention also to the realm of pedagogy, because those regimes wanted school instruction and discipline training to be conducted in a ‘patriotic’ and militaristic fashion.","PeriodicalId":47491,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of the History of Sport","volume":"27 1","pages":"2121 - 2154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2010-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09523367.2010.495226","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60077627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1080/09523360903550215
C. Richard King
Sport in the Pacific, as the contributions to this special issue have clearly illustrated, cannot be understood without a thorough understanding of imperialism and its lasting impacts. This has proven especially true for indigenous peoples. Colonial agents, ranging from administrators to missionaries—routinely misunderstood indigenous sporting practices and regularly worked to end them. At the same time, European athletic pursuits were seized upon as a means to social indigenous peoples, offering the discipline and enculturation necessary to civilize cultures deemed savage. Ironically perhaps, sport reinforced prevailing images and interpretations, precisely because its corporeality demonstrated its proponents believed the truism of their race-based distinctions. As such, sport became crucial to the establishment of social boundaries and racial hierarchies, encouraging the exclusion of brown bodies from white spaces and from emerging white settler states. Even as they sought to marginalize indigenous peoples, settlers made a habit of taking and remaking their practices (such as surfing and haka) for power, pleasure, and profit no less than for the claims on place and to identity it offered them. Importantly, in the wake of the Second World War and quickened by freedom struggles locally and globally, a decolonial moment opened and with it the possibilities of sport changed radically. Rather than civilize indigenous peoples (whatever that might mean), sport opened significant sites to challenge the prevailing imperial order and its racial logics and to formulate novel identities that empowered previously marginalized communities. Across Australia, New Zealand/Aotearoa, and the United States, sport played a key role in causing this break and in the manner that native and settler communities would work to come to terms with it. While multiculturalism came to prevail in distinct forms in each of these settler states, racism directed at indigenous people did not go away so much as it was recoded, moved back stage, or redirected: the struggles of P akeh a in New Zealand/Aotearoa to come to terms with M aori in rugby, the racism that persists in recruiting Aboriginal Australian footballers in Australia, and the exploitation of Polynesian bodies and
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