Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2023.2183197
Andrew Glencross
ABSTRACT This article provides a Weberian ideal-type framework to capture elite strategies for managing hard Euroscepticism and their consequences for EU disintegration. It does so by drawing on policy evolution theory to conceptualise two ideal types representing contrasting strategies: taming Euroscepticism by technocratic adaptation or embracing it. This framework is used to analyse empirical examples that match these two ideal-type approaches respectively: France and the UK between 2004 and 17. The use of this framework is a novel way of explaining the evolution and differences between elite French and UK responses to hard Euroscepticism by showing how and why French EU policy remained intra-paradigmatic as compared to the paradigm shift of Brexit. This approach allows for a better understanding of the process and probability of EU disintegration by linking the latter to strategic policy choices. In a UK context, it also offers a way to anticipate the signals leading to a reversal of disintegration.
{"title":"Riding the Eurosceptic tiger vs taming it by technocracy: the UK and France as two ideal types of how to manage hard Euroscepticism","authors":"Andrew Glencross","doi":"10.1080/07036337.2023.2183197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2183197","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article provides a Weberian ideal-type framework to capture elite strategies for managing hard Euroscepticism and their consequences for EU disintegration. It does so by drawing on policy evolution theory to conceptualise two ideal types representing contrasting strategies: taming Euroscepticism by technocratic adaptation or embracing it. This framework is used to analyse empirical examples that match these two ideal-type approaches respectively: France and the UK between 2004 and 17. The use of this framework is a novel way of explaining the evolution and differences between elite French and UK responses to hard Euroscepticism by showing how and why French EU policy remained intra-paradigmatic as compared to the paradigm shift of Brexit. This approach allows for a better understanding of the process and probability of EU disintegration by linking the latter to strategic policy choices. In a UK context, it also offers a way to anticipate the signals leading to a reversal of disintegration.","PeriodicalId":47516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration","volume":"45 1","pages":"785 - 802"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47683178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-23DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2023.2183396
Vincent Della Sala
ABSTRACT The paper’s aim is two-fold. First, it wants to explore if and how the war in Ukraine has exposed tension in the EU’s foundational myth as a political community forged in crisis with the aim to bring peace and stability to Europe. Second, it highlights how the war reveals that the EU ultimately fails to be an ontological security provider for member states and Europeans. The paradox of the EU’s myth of crisis is that it, like all foundational myths, is supposed to lead to a more secure sense of self and continuity. However, the war in Ukraine is a crisis that cannot be addressed without putting into discussion the other part of the foundational myth of how integration leads to peace and how this may help to explain limits to how much the EU can do to guarantee peace and stability.
{"title":"Ontological security, crisis and political myth: the Ukraine war and the European Union","authors":"Vincent Della Sala","doi":"10.1080/07036337.2023.2183396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2183396","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper’s aim is two-fold. First, it wants to explore if and how the war in Ukraine has exposed tension in the EU’s foundational myth as a political community forged in crisis with the aim to bring peace and stability to Europe. Second, it highlights how the war reveals that the EU ultimately fails to be an ontological security provider for member states and Europeans. The paradox of the EU’s myth of crisis is that it, like all foundational myths, is supposed to lead to a more secure sense of self and continuity. However, the war in Ukraine is a crisis that cannot be addressed without putting into discussion the other part of the foundational myth of how integration leads to peace and how this may help to explain limits to how much the EU can do to guarantee peace and stability.","PeriodicalId":47516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration","volume":"45 1","pages":"361 - 375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43543457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-13DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2023.2177647
Friedrich Plank
ABSTRACT Interregionalism constitutes a main feature of EU external policy and unfolds specifically in Africa-EU-relations. However, research has merely focused on the EU as a coherent actor, although many EU institutions implement cooperation with African partners. Likewise, principal-agent research, a prominent path to unpack the internals of EU policies, on the EU´s interregional relations is nascent. This paper seeks to fill these research gaps by applying a principal-agent framework to internal processes of the EU in its Africa relations. After analyzing acts of delegation, it analyzes the discretion of the agents. Pointing specifically to the EU-Africa Partnership on Peace and Security, the study investigates on principal-agent relations from a non-principal-related perspective that puts forward structure-induced and interest-induced factors for increased agent discretion. The results suggest that agents enjoy substantial discretion enabled by the specific environment and agent actions in a policy field of high importance to the principals.
{"title":"Principal-agent relations, politics of discretion, and the Africa-EU Partnership on Peace and Security","authors":"Friedrich Plank","doi":"10.1080/07036337.2023.2177647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2177647","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Interregionalism constitutes a main feature of EU external policy and unfolds specifically in Africa-EU-relations. However, research has merely focused on the EU as a coherent actor, although many EU institutions implement cooperation with African partners. Likewise, principal-agent research, a prominent path to unpack the internals of EU policies, on the EU´s interregional relations is nascent. This paper seeks to fill these research gaps by applying a principal-agent framework to internal processes of the EU in its Africa relations. After analyzing acts of delegation, it analyzes the discretion of the agents. Pointing specifically to the EU-Africa Partnership on Peace and Security, the study investigates on principal-agent relations from a non-principal-related perspective that puts forward structure-induced and interest-induced factors for increased agent discretion. The results suggest that agents enjoy substantial discretion enabled by the specific environment and agent actions in a policy field of high importance to the principals.","PeriodicalId":47516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration","volume":"45 1","pages":"767 - 783"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47053272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2023.2171343
Martina Chiara Tallarita
ABSTRACT Over the last two decades, a raising awareness concerning the Eurocentric nature of knowledge production infused the research on EU development cooperation. As a consequence, this field of study had to face a post-development and a post-colonial challenge. In this context, a renewed interest towards Africa and the multifaceted agency of the EU from a socio-ontological and normative perspective emerged. By combining normative political theory and empirical research, three books offer relevant insights concerning intra-EU norm coordination, situated norm collision, and norm problematisation in Africa-EU relations. In a global scenario that leaves no space for oversimplifying dichotomies and epistemic stances shaped by outdated hegemonies, these contributions prove to be an essential starting point for future research that aims at analysing post-2020 EU development cooperation.
{"title":"Between processes and norms. Understanding EU development cooperation beyond EU institutions","authors":"Martina Chiara Tallarita","doi":"10.1080/07036337.2023.2171343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2171343","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Over the last two decades, a raising awareness concerning the Eurocentric nature of knowledge production infused the research on EU development cooperation. As a consequence, this field of study had to face a post-development and a post-colonial challenge. In this context, a renewed interest towards Africa and the multifaceted agency of the EU from a socio-ontological and normative perspective emerged. By combining normative political theory and empirical research, three books offer relevant insights concerning intra-EU norm coordination, situated norm collision, and norm problematisation in Africa-EU relations. In a global scenario that leaves no space for oversimplifying dichotomies and epistemic stances shaped by outdated hegemonies, these contributions prove to be an essential starting point for future research that aims at analysing post-2020 EU development cooperation.","PeriodicalId":47516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration","volume":"45 1","pages":"327 - 332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49030683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2022.2154344
Dóra Piroska, R. Epstein
ABSTRACT Since the US financial meltdown in 2008 that sparked a Eurozone crisis, the European Union has introduced new financial market initiatives that were intended to advance integration, bring stability, and create shared prosperity for EU members. Innovations included Banking Union, Capital Markets Union, and the European Fund for Strategic Investments. We find, however, that tensions between supranationalization and retaining national control in institutional design diminished incentives for full participation, particularly among the EU’s East Central European members. Uneven levels of foreign bank ownership between East and West Europe, disparities in the depth of capital markets, and varying institutional capacity have often led Eastern member states to opt out. Paradoxically, initiatives intended to advance integration and overcome developmental inequalities have instead compounded national fragmentation and restricted pathways to catching up for some of the EU’s less prosperous members. Thus, European financial integration was stalled by design.
{"title":"Stalled by design: New paradoxes in the European Union’s single financial market","authors":"Dóra Piroska, R. Epstein","doi":"10.1080/07036337.2022.2154344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2022.2154344","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since the US financial meltdown in 2008 that sparked a Eurozone crisis, the European Union has introduced new financial market initiatives that were intended to advance integration, bring stability, and create shared prosperity for EU members. Innovations included Banking Union, Capital Markets Union, and the European Fund for Strategic Investments. We find, however, that tensions between supranationalization and retaining national control in institutional design diminished incentives for full participation, particularly among the EU’s East Central European members. Uneven levels of foreign bank ownership between East and West Europe, disparities in the depth of capital markets, and varying institutional capacity have often led Eastern member states to opt out. Paradoxically, initiatives intended to advance integration and overcome developmental inequalities have instead compounded national fragmentation and restricted pathways to catching up for some of the EU’s less prosperous members. Thus, European financial integration was stalled by design.","PeriodicalId":47516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration","volume":"45 1","pages":"181 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48281436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2023.2183390
Anna-Lena Högenauer, D. Howarth, L. Quaglia
ABSTRACT The papers of this special issue investigate the persistent challenges to European Banking Union and explore the tensions between broader financial stability objectives and national political and socio-economic pressures through a diversity of lenses. In this introduction, we examine two main issues that need to be addressed in order to strengthen Banking Union: the incomplete institutional design of Banking Union and the difficulties encountered in applying the different elements of Banking Union to loosen sovereign-bank ties. These elements include the so-called ‘single’ rulebook, supervision, resolution, and financial mechanisms to support and resolve banks.
{"title":"Introduction to the special issue: the persistent challenges to European Banking Union","authors":"Anna-Lena Högenauer, D. Howarth, L. Quaglia","doi":"10.1080/07036337.2023.2183390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2183390","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The papers of this special issue investigate the persistent challenges to European Banking Union and explore the tensions between broader financial stability objectives and national political and socio-economic pressures through a diversity of lenses. In this introduction, we examine two main issues that need to be addressed in order to strengthen Banking Union: the incomplete institutional design of Banking Union and the difficulties encountered in applying the different elements of Banking Union to loosen sovereign-bank ties. These elements include the so-called ‘single’ rulebook, supervision, resolution, and financial mechanisms to support and resolve banks.","PeriodicalId":47516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration","volume":"45 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42675129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2022.2144279
J. Zeitlin
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) from three overlapping perspectives: first, as a centralized hierarchy, seeking to enforce uniform rules, standards, and procedures; second, as a polyarchic network, seeking to orchestrate cooperation between the ECB and national authorities; and finally, as an experimentalist organization, seeking to learn from diversity by adapting common rules and procedures to the specificities of individual banks, and revising them regularly through peer review of implementation experience at multiple levels. Drawing extensively on interviews and primary documents, the paper traces the evolution of the SSM’s institutional structures, decision-making processes, and organizational practices from its origins to the present. On this basis, the paper argues that the most encompassing perspective on the SSM is that of an experimentalist organization, which integrates and recasts key elements of the other two views into a more complete and dynamic analysis of its evolving architecture and practical operations.
{"title":"Hierarchy, polyarchy, and experimentalism in EU banking regulation: the Single Supervisory Mechanism in action","authors":"J. Zeitlin","doi":"10.1080/07036337.2022.2144279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2022.2144279","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) from three overlapping perspectives: first, as a centralized hierarchy, seeking to enforce uniform rules, standards, and procedures; second, as a polyarchic network, seeking to orchestrate cooperation between the ECB and national authorities; and finally, as an experimentalist organization, seeking to learn from diversity by adapting common rules and procedures to the specificities of individual banks, and revising them regularly through peer review of implementation experience at multiple levels. Drawing extensively on interviews and primary documents, the paper traces the evolution of the SSM’s institutional structures, decision-making processes, and organizational practices from its origins to the present. On this basis, the paper argues that the most encompassing perspective on the SSM is that of an experimentalist organization, which integrates and recasts key elements of the other two views into a more complete and dynamic analysis of its evolving architecture and practical operations.","PeriodicalId":47516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration","volume":"45 1","pages":"79 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48858688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2022.2156501
Laura Pierret, David N. Howarth
ABSTRACT Banking Union was a major policy response to the financial crisis that began in 2007 and the subsequent Eurozone crisis. Moral hazard has frequently been presented as a major cause of these crises. Therefore, Banking Union can be understood as a response to moral hazard in relation to banks and sovereigns. Yet, moral hazard was an acknowledged and supposedly managed problem prior to these events. Paradoxically, moral hazard has been used to justify contradictory policy options to safeguard European financial system stability, such as decentralized institutional arrangements for banking supervision but also a centralized system coordinated by the European Central Bank (ECB). To address this paradox, this paper investigates moral hazard as a political concept. Based on a comparison of how central bankers from the Bundesbank and the ECB understand and use the moral hazard concept, this paper argues that moral hazard is closer to the realm of politics than expertise.
{"title":"Moral Hazard, central bankers, and Banking Union: professional dissensus and the politics of European financial system stability","authors":"Laura Pierret, David N. Howarth","doi":"10.1080/07036337.2022.2156501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2022.2156501","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Banking Union was a major policy response to the financial crisis that began in 2007 and the subsequent Eurozone crisis. Moral hazard has frequently been presented as a major cause of these crises. Therefore, Banking Union can be understood as a response to moral hazard in relation to banks and sovereigns. Yet, moral hazard was an acknowledged and supposedly managed problem prior to these events. Paradoxically, moral hazard has been used to justify contradictory policy options to safeguard European financial system stability, such as decentralized institutional arrangements for banking supervision but also a centralized system coordinated by the European Central Bank (ECB). To address this paradox, this paper investigates moral hazard as a political concept. Based on a comparison of how central bankers from the Bundesbank and the ECB understand and use the moral hazard concept, this paper argues that moral hazard is closer to the realm of politics than expertise.","PeriodicalId":47516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration","volume":"45 1","pages":"15 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45978569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2022.2155640
L. Quaglia, A. Verdun
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a major economic crisis worldwide. The monetary policy response of the European Central Bank (ECB) was fast and massive. The ECB also intervened on the supervisory side because, after the establishment of Banking Union, the ECB was given responsibility for banking supervision in the euro area through the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM). This paper explains the response of the ECB-SSM to the COVID-19 related economic crisis during 2020 and 2021, up until February 2022. These ECB actions include the reduction of bank capital buffers, the redefinition of non-performing loans, and the limitations on dividends and bonuses paid by banks. We adopt a neofunctionalist approach, which suggests that policies are developed at the EU level in response to need, whereby supranational actors and spillovers are particularly important. We offer some concluding insights into whether the ECB-SSM’s responses have led to a further deepening of integration.
{"title":"The European Central Bank, the Single Supervisory Mechanism and the COVID-19 related economic crisis: a neofunctionalist analysis","authors":"L. Quaglia, A. Verdun","doi":"10.1080/07036337.2022.2155640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2022.2155640","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a major economic crisis worldwide. The monetary policy response of the European Central Bank (ECB) was fast and massive. The ECB also intervened on the supervisory side because, after the establishment of Banking Union, the ECB was given responsibility for banking supervision in the euro area through the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM). This paper explains the response of the ECB-SSM to the COVID-19 related economic crisis during 2020 and 2021, up until February 2022. These ECB actions include the reduction of bank capital buffers, the redefinition of non-performing loans, and the limitations on dividends and bonuses paid by banks. We adopt a neofunctionalist approach, which suggests that policies are developed at the EU level in response to need, whereby supranational actors and spillovers are particularly important. We offer some concluding insights into whether the ECB-SSM’s responses have led to a further deepening of integration.","PeriodicalId":47516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration","volume":"45 1","pages":"139 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45959540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2022.2154763
F. Amtenbrink
ABSTRACT Based on a discussion of main channels through which fiscal stability can contribute to financial stability, the current legal governance framework of the euro area and the experience gained in its application are assessed with the aim to offer an answer to the question alluded to in the title, namely whether the EU’s fiscal architecture, namely the current EMU legal framework on economic policy coordination, provides a meaningful contribution to financial stability. Moreover, the potential of this framework to accommodate future measures to enhance fiscal stability is briefly assessed.
{"title":"The (potential) contribution of the European Union’s fiscal architecture to financial stability","authors":"F. Amtenbrink","doi":"10.1080/07036337.2022.2154763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2022.2154763","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Based on a discussion of main channels through which fiscal stability can contribute to financial stability, the current legal governance framework of the euro area and the experience gained in its application are assessed with the aim to offer an answer to the question alluded to in the title, namely whether the EU’s fiscal architecture, namely the current EMU legal framework on economic policy coordination, provides a meaningful contribution to financial stability. Moreover, the potential of this framework to accommodate future measures to enhance fiscal stability is briefly assessed.","PeriodicalId":47516,"journal":{"name":"Journal of European Integration","volume":"45 1","pages":"203 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46367538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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