Pub Date : 2020-07-08DOI: 10.1177/1541204020939649
Jessica M. Craig
When Editor Trulson asked me to guest edit a special issue of Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, I took some time to reflect on how best to position my primary area of interest—developmental criminology—within the scope of the journal’s focus. Some of the more recent work from this paradigm has concentrated on the impact of early traumatic experiences on subsequent offending. Indeed, scholars have demonstrated that those with a higher exposure to early trauma are more likely to be violent juvenile offenders—one of the primary areas of attention for this journal. This special issue thus represented a unique opportunity to ask several of my colleagues to contribute articles on the theme Developmental Perspectives on Youth Violence: The Role of Trauma and Other Life Experiences. I am extremely grateful to each of the authors who contributed to this special issue and believe the work presented in this issue represent an important contribution to the field. The studies are also representative of a wide variety of research designs as they include samples from the US, Canada, and Australia and include not only non-experimental designs but randomized controlled trials as well. While most of the articles in this special issue focused on trauma as traditionally defined, Cardwell and her colleagues focused on trauma not caused by one’s family but instead at the hands of peers. Cardwell et al. studied the intersection between bully victimization and truancy on later violent offending in the context of a randomized control trial of the Ability School Engagement Program (ASEP) in Queensland, Australia. Prior research has found that bully victimization can have similar impacts on mental health and behavioral outcomes and some argue being bullied should be part of the ACE paradigm. This article represents an important extension of our understanding of trauma to include school-based experiences, particularly given the significant association the researchers found between bullying victimization and violent behavior. Some of the articles in the current issue examined the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and offending. First, Craig and Zettler relied upon a sample of institutionalized serious adjudicated delinquents and found the impact of ACEs on violent offending differed by offense type as well as the offender sex and race/ethnicity. For instance, while ACEs were found to increase the likelihood of reoffending with sexual violence or domestic violence, it had no impact on murder or aggravated assault. These results suggested the impact of trauma is not consistent across groups and further research is needed to understand potential mechanisms in the ACE-offending relationship.
{"title":"Letter From Guest Editor","authors":"Jessica M. Craig","doi":"10.1177/1541204020939649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020939649","url":null,"abstract":"When Editor Trulson asked me to guest edit a special issue of Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, I took some time to reflect on how best to position my primary area of interest—developmental criminology—within the scope of the journal’s focus. Some of the more recent work from this paradigm has concentrated on the impact of early traumatic experiences on subsequent offending. Indeed, scholars have demonstrated that those with a higher exposure to early trauma are more likely to be violent juvenile offenders—one of the primary areas of attention for this journal. This special issue thus represented a unique opportunity to ask several of my colleagues to contribute articles on the theme Developmental Perspectives on Youth Violence: The Role of Trauma and Other Life Experiences. I am extremely grateful to each of the authors who contributed to this special issue and believe the work presented in this issue represent an important contribution to the field. The studies are also representative of a wide variety of research designs as they include samples from the US, Canada, and Australia and include not only non-experimental designs but randomized controlled trials as well. While most of the articles in this special issue focused on trauma as traditionally defined, Cardwell and her colleagues focused on trauma not caused by one’s family but instead at the hands of peers. Cardwell et al. studied the intersection between bully victimization and truancy on later violent offending in the context of a randomized control trial of the Ability School Engagement Program (ASEP) in Queensland, Australia. Prior research has found that bully victimization can have similar impacts on mental health and behavioral outcomes and some argue being bullied should be part of the ACE paradigm. This article represents an important extension of our understanding of trauma to include school-based experiences, particularly given the significant association the researchers found between bullying victimization and violent behavior. Some of the articles in the current issue examined the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and offending. First, Craig and Zettler relied upon a sample of institutionalized serious adjudicated delinquents and found the impact of ACEs on violent offending differed by offense type as well as the offender sex and race/ethnicity. For instance, while ACEs were found to increase the likelihood of reoffending with sexual violence or domestic violence, it had no impact on murder or aggravated assault. These results suggested the impact of trauma is not consistent across groups and further research is needed to understand potential mechanisms in the ACE-offending relationship.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":"19 1","pages":"3 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020939649","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41735515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.1177/1541204019883922
Xuexin Xu, Dongdong Li, C. Chu, G. Chng, Kala Ruby
This study examined youth probationers’ risk profiles at the start and the end of probation and the types of transition in risk profiles over time. It further identified the association between the transition types, their adverse family background as well as their probation completion status. Using a sample of 935 youth probationers in Singapore, a latent transition analysis was conducted based on seven dynamic domains captured in the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory 2.0. Based on the risk profiles, three subgroups of youths were identified: (1) the “De-escalators” had reduced risk in one or multiple domains; (2) the “Persistors” continued to have moderate risk in most domains; and (3) the “Escalators” showed an increase in risk levels in one or multiple domains. Compared to the De-escalators, the Persistors and Escalators were less likely to complete their probation orders. Further analysis revealed that youths from nonintact families or families with conviction history showed higher relative risk in being Persistors. These findings contribute to our understanding on the changes in probationers’ risk profiles over time and provide information for early and more targeted intervention efforts.
{"title":"Understanding Changes in Youth Offenders’ Risk Profiles: A Latent Transition Analysis","authors":"Xuexin Xu, Dongdong Li, C. Chu, G. Chng, Kala Ruby","doi":"10.1177/1541204019883922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204019883922","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined youth probationers’ risk profiles at the start and the end of probation and the types of transition in risk profiles over time. It further identified the association between the transition types, their adverse family background as well as their probation completion status. Using a sample of 935 youth probationers in Singapore, a latent transition analysis was conducted based on seven dynamic domains captured in the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory 2.0. Based on the risk profiles, three subgroups of youths were identified: (1) the “De-escalators” had reduced risk in one or multiple domains; (2) the “Persistors” continued to have moderate risk in most domains; and (3) the “Escalators” showed an increase in risk levels in one or multiple domains. Compared to the De-escalators, the Persistors and Escalators were less likely to complete their probation orders. Further analysis revealed that youths from nonintact families or families with conviction history showed higher relative risk in being Persistors. These findings contribute to our understanding on the changes in probationers’ risk profiles over time and provide information for early and more targeted intervention efforts.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"294 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204019883922","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49475106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01Epub Date: 2019-10-31DOI: 10.1177/1541204019880945
Paul Hemez, John J Brent, Thomas J Mowen
A growing body of research has evoked the life-course perspective to understand how experiences in school relate to a wide range of longer term life outcomes. This is perhaps best typified by the notion of the school-to-prison pipeline which refers to a process by which youth who experience punitive punishment in schools are increasingly enmeshed within the criminal justice system. While this metaphor is commonly accepted, few studies have examined the extent to which exclusionary school discipline significantly alters pathways toward incarceration as youth transition into young adulthood. Applying a life-course perspective and leveraging 15 waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this study examines how school suspensions influence the odds of imprisonment during young adulthood. Mixed-effects longitudinal models demonstrate that receiving a suspension serves as a key turning point toward increased odds of incarceration, even after accounting for key covariates including levels of criminal offending. However, results show that repeated suspensions do not appear to confer additional risk of incarceration. Results carry implications for the ways in which school punishment impacts youths' life-course.
{"title":"Exploring the School-to-Prison Pipeline: How School Suspensions Influence Incarceration During Young Adulthood.","authors":"Paul Hemez, John J Brent, Thomas J Mowen","doi":"10.1177/1541204019880945","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1541204019880945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A growing body of research has evoked the life-course perspective to understand how experiences in school relate to a wide range of longer term life outcomes. This is perhaps best typified by the notion of the school-to-prison pipeline which refers to a process by which youth who experience punitive punishment in schools are increasingly enmeshed within the criminal justice system. While this metaphor is commonly accepted, few studies have examined the extent to which exclusionary school discipline significantly alters pathways toward incarceration as youth transition into young adulthood. Applying a life-course perspective and leveraging 15 waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this study examines how school suspensions influence the odds of imprisonment during young adulthood. Mixed-effects longitudinal models demonstrate that receiving a suspension serves as a key turning point toward increased odds of incarceration, even after accounting for key covariates including levels of criminal offending. However, results show that repeated suspensions do not appear to confer additional risk of incarceration. Results carry implications for the ways in which school punishment impacts youths' life-course.</p>","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":"18 3","pages":"235-255"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8277150/pdf/nihms-1706891.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39184526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.1177/1541204019889664
Erin M. Espinosa, Jon R. Sorensen, Scott M. Walfield
This study examined the influence of gender, participation in public mental health services, perceived mental health need, and traumatic experiences on juvenile justice system processing. Data were collected on youth formally processed for delinquency or status offenses by a large statewide juvenile justice system and youth served by the state’s public mental health system during a 7-year period (n = 271,427). The results indicated that accessing mental health services in the community or being viewed as having a mental health need by a juvenile probation officer increased the likelihood of youth being removed from their home by the juvenile justice system, especially for girls. While girls generally had decreased odds of out-of-home placement compared to boys, their odds significantly increased when combined with involvement in public mental health services and/or receiving a violation of probation. Once placed out of the home, boys discharged much more quickly than girls, with the rate of discharge being related primarily to the severity of their offenses. When controlling for relevant variables using propensity score matching, girls who experienced trauma or involvement with the public mental health system had a significantly lower rate of discharge from out-of-home placement than similarly matched boys.
{"title":"Youth Pathways: Evaluating the Influence of Gender, Involvement With the Public Mental Health System, Perceived Mental Health Need, and Traumatic Experiences on Juvenile Justice System Processing","authors":"Erin M. Espinosa, Jon R. Sorensen, Scott M. Walfield","doi":"10.1177/1541204019889664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204019889664","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the influence of gender, participation in public mental health services, perceived mental health need, and traumatic experiences on juvenile justice system processing. Data were collected on youth formally processed for delinquency or status offenses by a large statewide juvenile justice system and youth served by the state’s public mental health system during a 7-year period (n = 271,427). The results indicated that accessing mental health services in the community or being viewed as having a mental health need by a juvenile probation officer increased the likelihood of youth being removed from their home by the juvenile justice system, especially for girls. While girls generally had decreased odds of out-of-home placement compared to boys, their odds significantly increased when combined with involvement in public mental health services and/or receiving a violation of probation. Once placed out of the home, boys discharged much more quickly than girls, with the rate of discharge being related primarily to the severity of their offenses. When controlling for relevant variables using propensity score matching, girls who experienced trauma or involvement with the public mental health system had a significantly lower rate of discharge from out-of-home placement than similarly matched boys.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"215 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204019889664","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43962264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-05DOI: 10.1177/1541204020927737
Richard K. Moule, B. Fox
Anderson’s Code of the Street thesis suggests that stronger belief in, and adherence to, subcultural “street code” norms increases the risk of criminal and aggressive behaviors, particularly among adolescents and young adults in urban communities. This study uses a meta-analysis to assess the overall relationship between individual belief in the street code and risk of offending. Effect sizes (n = 38) from 20 unique studies produced a weighted correlation (r) of .11, indicating a belief in the street code had a positive association with offending across all studies. The effect is strongest for violent offending (.13) and among samples comprised of adolescents (.14), as predicted by Anderson’s theory. Even after accounting for competing theoretical and established correlates of offending, modest effects of street code beliefs on offending remained. These findings indicate that overall, the street code is a more general theory than Anderson originally predicted. Directions for future research on the code are discussed.
{"title":"Belief in the Code of the Street and Individual Involvement in Offending: A Meta-Analysis","authors":"Richard K. Moule, B. Fox","doi":"10.1177/1541204020927737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020927737","url":null,"abstract":"Anderson’s Code of the Street thesis suggests that stronger belief in, and adherence to, subcultural “street code” norms increases the risk of criminal and aggressive behaviors, particularly among adolescents and young adults in urban communities. This study uses a meta-analysis to assess the overall relationship between individual belief in the street code and risk of offending. Effect sizes (n = 38) from 20 unique studies produced a weighted correlation (r) of .11, indicating a belief in the street code had a positive association with offending across all studies. The effect is strongest for violent offending (.13) and among samples comprised of adolescents (.14), as predicted by Anderson’s theory. Even after accounting for competing theoretical and established correlates of offending, modest effects of street code beliefs on offending remained. These findings indicate that overall, the street code is a more general theory than Anderson originally predicted. Directions for future research on the code are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":"19 1","pages":"227 - 247"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020927737","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48393486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-26DOI: 10.1177/1541204020927075
Michael T. Baglivio, Kevin T. Wolff, M. Delisi, Katherine Jackowski
Childhood maltreatment and inept parental disciplinary, attachment, and monitoring practices evidence a relationship with early and severe childhood and adolescent aggression and have figured prominently as causative factors in theoretical and empirical underpinnings of lifelong antisocial behavior. Abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction have been linked to both violent offending and higher scores on measures of dispositional tendencies associated with psychopathy. The current study incorporates these lines of research by examining a potential pathway by which cumulative adverse childhood experience exposure, rather than single exposures assessed independently, leads to chronic and serious juvenile offending. Specifically, we leverage a sample of 64,007 juvenile offenders who have aged out of the juvenile justice system to examine the extent to which the effects of traumatic exposure on age of onset (first arrest) as well as residential placement, total offenses, and serious, violent, and chronic offending up to age 18 are each mediated by psychopathic features. Results demonstrate that a substantial portion (37%–93%) of the effects of cumulative traumatic exposure on justice system outcomes is indirect, operating through these features, even after controlling for demographic and other criminogenic risk factors. Juvenile justice policy implications are discussed.
{"title":"The Role of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Psychopathic Features on Juvenile Offending Criminal Careers to Age 18","authors":"Michael T. Baglivio, Kevin T. Wolff, M. Delisi, Katherine Jackowski","doi":"10.1177/1541204020927075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020927075","url":null,"abstract":"Childhood maltreatment and inept parental disciplinary, attachment, and monitoring practices evidence a relationship with early and severe childhood and adolescent aggression and have figured prominently as causative factors in theoretical and empirical underpinnings of lifelong antisocial behavior. Abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction have been linked to both violent offending and higher scores on measures of dispositional tendencies associated with psychopathy. The current study incorporates these lines of research by examining a potential pathway by which cumulative adverse childhood experience exposure, rather than single exposures assessed independently, leads to chronic and serious juvenile offending. Specifically, we leverage a sample of 64,007 juvenile offenders who have aged out of the juvenile justice system to examine the extent to which the effects of traumatic exposure on age of onset (first arrest) as well as residential placement, total offenses, and serious, violent, and chronic offending up to age 18 are each mediated by psychopathic features. Results demonstrate that a substantial portion (37%–93%) of the effects of cumulative traumatic exposure on justice system outcomes is indirect, operating through these features, even after controlling for demographic and other criminogenic risk factors. Juvenile justice policy implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"337 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020927075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45602565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-07DOI: 10.1177/1541204020922887
E. Wright, Ryan Spohn, Michael F. Campagna
Crossover youth are involved in both child welfare and juvenile justice systems. The Crossover Youth Practice Model (CYPM) promotes collaboration between these systems to inform decision making between the two agencies and better serve these youth. Yet, few outcome evaluations of the CYPM exist, especially those that assess outcomes beyond recidivism, such as case dispositions, case closure, or placement or living situations. This study examined whether the CYPM (n = 210) decreased recidivism and increased system/case responses and positive outcomes among youth within 9–18 months after the youth’s initial arrest relative to a comparison group of crossover youth (n = 425) who were arrested 1 year before the CYPM was implemented. Overall, the findings suggest that the CYPM in the jurisdiction under study dismisses or diverts crossover youth more often, closes delinquency cases more often, and leads to more home placements than was previously done in the jurisdiction, but it does not significantly reduce recidivism.
{"title":"Responding to Crossover Youth: A Look Beyond Recidivism Outcomes","authors":"E. Wright, Ryan Spohn, Michael F. Campagna","doi":"10.1177/1541204020922887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020922887","url":null,"abstract":"Crossover youth are involved in both child welfare and juvenile justice systems. The Crossover Youth Practice Model (CYPM) promotes collaboration between these systems to inform decision making between the two agencies and better serve these youth. Yet, few outcome evaluations of the CYPM exist, especially those that assess outcomes beyond recidivism, such as case dispositions, case closure, or placement or living situations. This study examined whether the CYPM (n = 210) decreased recidivism and increased system/case responses and positive outcomes among youth within 9–18 months after the youth’s initial arrest relative to a comparison group of crossover youth (n = 425) who were arrested 1 year before the CYPM was implemented. Overall, the findings suggest that the CYPM in the jurisdiction under study dismisses or diverts crossover youth more often, closes delinquency cases more often, and leads to more home placements than was previously done in the jurisdiction, but it does not significantly reduce recidivism.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"381 - 394"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020922887","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45838726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-04DOI: 10.1177/1541204020922874
G. Walters
This study tested two theories designed to explain the bullying perpetration–victimization relationship. Peer delinquency was hypothesized to mediate the pathway from bullying perpetration to victimization, in line with opportunity, lifestyle, and routine activities theories, and anger was held to mediate the pathway from bullying victimization to perpetration as set forth in general strain theory. These pathways were tested in a sample of 3,411 youth (1,728 boys, 1,683 girls) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. A causal mediation analysis performed on three nonoverlapping waves of data, in which prior levels of each predicted variable were controlled, uncovered support for peer delinquency as a mediator of the perpetration–victimization pathway but failed to identify anger as a mediator of the victimization–perpetration pathway. Additional research is required to identify a mediator for the victimization–perpetration pathway and determine whether variables other than peer delinquency mediate the perpetration–victimization pathway.
{"title":"Unraveling the Bidirectional Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Perpetration: A Test of Mechanisms From Opportunity and General Strain Theories","authors":"G. Walters","doi":"10.1177/1541204020922874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020922874","url":null,"abstract":"This study tested two theories designed to explain the bullying perpetration–victimization relationship. Peer delinquency was hypothesized to mediate the pathway from bullying perpetration to victimization, in line with opportunity, lifestyle, and routine activities theories, and anger was held to mediate the pathway from bullying victimization to perpetration as set forth in general strain theory. These pathways were tested in a sample of 3,411 youth (1,728 boys, 1,683 girls) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. A causal mediation analysis performed on three nonoverlapping waves of data, in which prior levels of each predicted variable were controlled, uncovered support for peer delinquency as a mediator of the perpetration–victimization pathway but failed to identify anger as a mediator of the victimization–perpetration pathway. Additional research is required to identify a mediator for the victimization–perpetration pathway and determine whether variables other than peer delinquency mediate the perpetration–victimization pathway.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"395 - 411"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020922874","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42534951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-15DOI: 10.1177/1541204020916238
D. Walker, Gabriel T. Cesar
There are hundreds of thousands of juvenile gang members in the United States who are at heightened risk of criminal offending, violent victimization, and incarceration. Importantly, however, incarceration in itself is a lifelong risk factor for negative social outcomes. That said, little is known about the effects of gang membership on the sentencing outcomes of juvenile offenders. The primary research question of the current study is: How does self-reported gang membership influence the likelihood of incarceration relative to similarly situated non-gang-involved juvenile defendants? To address this question, the current study uses data obtained from the Pathways to Desistance study. In a sample of 1,067 serious adolescent offenders drawn from Wave I, results show that gang affiliation is a significant predictor of incarceration. This finding was consistent across the two study sites (Phoenix, AZ, and Philadelphia, PA), ultimately providing support for a “gang penalty” in juvenile sentencing outcomes. The implications for future research, juvenile justice policy, and youth development are discussed.
{"title":"Examining the “Gang Penalty” in the Juvenile Justice System: A Focal Concerns Perspective","authors":"D. Walker, Gabriel T. Cesar","doi":"10.1177/1541204020916238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020916238","url":null,"abstract":"There are hundreds of thousands of juvenile gang members in the United States who are at heightened risk of criminal offending, violent victimization, and incarceration. Importantly, however, incarceration in itself is a lifelong risk factor for negative social outcomes. That said, little is known about the effects of gang membership on the sentencing outcomes of juvenile offenders. The primary research question of the current study is: How does self-reported gang membership influence the likelihood of incarceration relative to similarly situated non-gang-involved juvenile defendants? To address this question, the current study uses data obtained from the Pathways to Desistance study. In a sample of 1,067 serious adolescent offenders drawn from Wave I, results show that gang affiliation is a significant predictor of incarceration. This finding was consistent across the two study sites (Phoenix, AZ, and Philadelphia, PA), ultimately providing support for a “gang penalty” in juvenile sentencing outcomes. The implications for future research, juvenile justice policy, and youth development are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"315 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020916238","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48162175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-10DOI: 10.1177/1541204020916826
O. Colins, L. Van Damme
This study scrutinizes if detained girls with psychiatric disorders were at risk for future violent arrests during adolescence. A structured diagnostic interview was performed to determine the presence of various psychiatric disorders in 313 detained girls. Official juvenile arrest records were collected. With three exceptions that are in need of replication, psychiatric disorders (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, subtypes of conduct disorder), psychiatric disorder categories (e.g., anxiety disorders), and psychiatric comorbidity patterns were not prospectively related to future violent arrests. Our findings suggest that detained girls with psychiatric disorders should not be considered more dangerous than their counterparts without disorders, at least not during adolescence.
{"title":"Psychiatric Disorders and Future Violent Arrests: A Prospective Study Among Detained Girls","authors":"O. Colins, L. Van Damme","doi":"10.1177/1541204020916826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020916826","url":null,"abstract":"This study scrutinizes if detained girls with psychiatric disorders were at risk for future violent arrests during adolescence. A structured diagnostic interview was performed to determine the presence of various psychiatric disorders in 313 detained girls. Official juvenile arrest records were collected. With three exceptions that are in need of replication, psychiatric disorders (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, subtypes of conduct disorder), psychiatric disorder categories (e.g., anxiety disorders), and psychiatric comorbidity patterns were not prospectively related to future violent arrests. Our findings suggest that detained girls with psychiatric disorders should not be considered more dangerous than their counterparts without disorders, at least not during adolescence.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":"18 1","pages":"365 - 380"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020916826","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49265647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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