Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100957
Xiaoyuan Liu , Maithri Sivaraman , Elle Kirsten
Relational Frame Theory (RFT) sees the operant acquisition of various patterns of derived relational responding as being key to language and cognition. Executive function (EF) is a concept widely used in cognitive psychology and is said to be critical for problem-solving, self-regulation, and overall success and wellbeing. The current study was a preliminary attempt to study the relationship between a measure of EF and fluency in derived relational responding. Forty-two verbal adults (25 males) participated in the study. All of them undertook a standardized EF test, the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) and an experimenter-designed arbitrary relational responding assessment. The WCST required participants to match compound stimuli based on unspecified, frequently changing rules. The relational assessment evaluated rate of correct derived relational responding across seven relational frames. The results showed strong negative correlations between perseverative errors on the WCST and the overall rate of correct responses on the relational assessment, but no such correlations between correct responses on the WCST and those on the relational assessment.
{"title":"Executive functioning and relational framing in verbal adults","authors":"Xiaoyuan Liu , Maithri Sivaraman , Elle Kirsten","doi":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Relational Frame Theory (RFT) sees the operant acquisition of various patterns of derived relational responding as being key to language and cognition. Executive function (EF) is a concept widely used in cognitive psychology and is said to be critical for problem-solving, self-regulation, and overall success and wellbeing. The current study was a preliminary attempt to study the relationship between a measure of EF and fluency in derived relational responding. Forty-two verbal adults (25 males) participated in the study. All of them undertook a standardized EF test, the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) and an experimenter-designed arbitrary relational responding assessment. The WCST required participants to match compound stimuli based on unspecified, frequently changing rules. The relational assessment evaluated rate of correct derived relational responding across seven relational frames. The results showed strong negative correlations between perseverative errors on the WCST and the overall rate of correct responses on the relational assessment, but no such correlations between correct responses on the WCST and those on the relational assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47544,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100957"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, the growing scientific interest in student mental health has highlighted a deterioration of their psychological state. Among promising interventions, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which focuses on psychological flexibility (PF), has drawn particular interest. However, the specific temporal dynamics linking PF dimensions to psychological distress (PD) remain underexplored. This study employs a temporal network approach applied to ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data to examine these interactions among French university students. Results reveal that the mindfulness dimension of PF plays a central role in the contemporary network, closely connecting PF and PD. At the temporal level, we observe that engaging in actions aligned with one's values leads to greater awareness of those values, hence promoting enhanced well-being. However, these findings are only partially replicated in the existing literature, suggesting that the observed links between PF and PD may vary depending on context, studied populations, and the measurement temporality. This study underscores the importance of using multilevel protocols to better understand the specific PF processes involved in PD. The study's limitations and methodological avenues for future research are also discussed.
{"title":"Psychological flexibility and psychological distress among students: A temporal network approach","authors":"Quentin Facon-Barillot , Lucia Romo , Luca Gallego De Dios , Yannick Morvan","doi":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the growing scientific interest in student mental health has highlighted a deterioration of their psychological state. Among promising interventions, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which focuses on psychological flexibility (PF), has drawn particular interest. However, the specific temporal dynamics linking PF dimensions to psychological distress (PD) remain underexplored. This study employs a temporal network approach applied to ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data to examine these interactions among French university students. Results reveal that the mindfulness dimension of PF plays a central role in the contemporary network, closely connecting PF and PD. At the temporal level, we observe that engaging in actions aligned with one's values leads to greater awareness of those values, hence promoting enhanced well-being. However, these findings are only partially replicated in the existing literature, suggesting that the observed links between PF and PD may vary depending on context, studied populations, and the measurement temporality. This study underscores the importance of using multilevel protocols to better understand the specific PF processes involved in PD. The study's limitations and methodological avenues for future research are also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47544,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100953"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100958
Jennifer L. Posey , Fina M. Robertson , Emma I. Moon , Craig A. Marrer , Mark R. Dixon
Behavior analysts rely upon the use of technical terms to communicate with one another succinctly. At times, however, they are also called to translate terminology into lay terms, which may lead toward drift if there is insufficient understanding of the technology. To explore this issue, 139 participants, comprised of 102 board certified behavior analysts (BCBAs) and 37 that were not, evaluated 24 definitions across four terminological categories, including Applied Behavior Analytic (ABA), pseudo-ABA, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and mainstream psychological term definitions. Results showed that behavior analysts ranked ABA term definitions as most closely aligned with behavior analytic principles, with pseudo-ABA term definitions ranking as the second most, and ACT and psychological definitions ranking third and fourth, respectively. Statistical analyses supplemented visual inspection of the data and resulted in significance at the p < .001 level. Concerns about over and under-generalization of behavior analytic principles are discussed.
{"title":"Over and undergeneralization of behavior analytic terminology and their influence on the trouble with terms","authors":"Jennifer L. Posey , Fina M. Robertson , Emma I. Moon , Craig A. Marrer , Mark R. Dixon","doi":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Behavior analysts rely upon the use of technical terms to communicate with one another succinctly. At times, however, they are also called to translate terminology into lay terms, which may lead toward drift if there is insufficient understanding of the technology. To explore this issue, 139 participants, comprised of 102 board certified behavior analysts (BCBAs) and 37 that were not, evaluated 24 definitions across four terminological categories, including Applied Behavior Analytic (ABA), pseudo-ABA, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and mainstream psychological term definitions. Results showed that behavior analysts ranked ABA term definitions as most closely aligned with behavior analytic principles, with pseudo-ABA term definitions ranking as the second most, and ACT and psychological definitions ranking third and fourth, respectively. Statistical analyses supplemented visual inspection of the data and resulted in significance at the p < .001 level. Concerns about over and under-generalization of behavior analytic principles are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47544,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100958"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100951
Andréa Nicholenas , Joseph Lavelle , Gregory Mellotte , Lisa Harpur , Hugh Mulcahy , Louise McHugh
Background
This pilot study assessed the feasibility of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), delivered through a smartphone app, Psychflex, for reducing stress in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Considering the significant burden posed by IBD to physical and psychological functioning and the prevalence of comorbid stress as a potential contributor to disease activity, the inclusion of psychological interventions in the treatment process has become increasingly important.
Method
This study uses a Single-Case Experimental Design with three individuals diagnosed with IBD who were experiencing moderate to severe IBD-related stress. Over a period of 25 days, participants were exposed to ACT content daily via Psychflex, a smartphone application, which also measured the level of reported stress using a standardised likert-based stress scale at baseline and post-intervention.
Results
These results show a significant decrease in the stress levels of all participants.
According to the statistical analyses, improvements in stress happened consistently, with a median stress reduction of −2, which is p < .0001.
Discussion
Despite difficulties regarding participant recruitment and sample size, the results tentatively show that ACT delivered via a smartphone might prove to be an effective supplementary treatment for IBD patients. These findings give credence to the potential of digital interventions for facilitating greater accessibility to treatment and day-to-day management of chronic health conditions. Future research could study the effect across multiple hospitals and contexts.
{"title":"IBstressD: The effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on stress reduction in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (A pilot study)","authors":"Andréa Nicholenas , Joseph Lavelle , Gregory Mellotte , Lisa Harpur , Hugh Mulcahy , Louise McHugh","doi":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This pilot study assessed the feasibility of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), delivered through a smartphone app, <em>Psychflex</em>, for reducing stress in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Considering the significant burden posed by IBD to physical and psychological functioning and the prevalence of comorbid stress as a potential contributor to disease activity, the inclusion of psychological interventions in the treatment process has become increasingly important.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This study uses a Single-Case Experimental Design with three individuals diagnosed with IBD who were experiencing moderate to severe IBD-related stress. Over a period of 25 days, participants were exposed to ACT content daily via <em>Psychflex</em>, a smartphone application, which also measured the level of reported stress using a standardised likert-based stress scale at baseline and post-intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>These results show a significant decrease in the stress levels of all participants.</div><div>According to the statistical analyses, improvements in stress happened consistently, with a median stress reduction of −2, which is p < .0001.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Despite difficulties regarding participant recruitment and sample size, the results tentatively show that ACT delivered via a smartphone might prove to be an effective supplementary treatment for IBD patients. These findings give credence to the potential of digital interventions for facilitating greater accessibility to treatment and day-to-day management of chronic health conditions. Future research could study the effect across multiple hospitals and contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47544,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100951"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100945
Man Yan Ida Chung
This study examined the use of Derived Relational Training (DRT) to teach autistic children to identify and avoid ingestible allergens. Given the limited research on interventions that support independent allergy management in autistic populations, the study assessed whether DRT could facilitate allergen recognition, refusal responses, and generalization to novel but related stimuli. Using a single-subject design, participants received a relational training intervention grounded in Relational Frame Theory (RFT), incorporating multiple exemplar training to establish A→B (allergen to reaction) and B→C (reaction to refusal) relations. The emergence of the untrained A→C relation and generalization to A→D (novel allergen) were then evaluated. Three participants, aged 5 to 12, completed baseline, intervention, generalization, and maintenance phases. Data were analyzed via visual inspection of changes in trend, level, and variability across conditions. Results indicated that all participants acquired the trained relations, demonstrated derived relational responding, and generalized refusal behaviors to untrained allergens. These findings extend the application of DRT to safety skill instruction and support its utility in teaching flexible, functional behavior in applied settings for autistic children.
{"title":"Increasing ingestible allergy safety skills in autistic children using derived relational training for effective health and safety training","authors":"Man Yan Ida Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examined the use of Derived Relational Training (DRT) to teach autistic children to identify and avoid ingestible allergens. Given the limited research on interventions that support independent allergy management in autistic populations, the study assessed whether DRT could facilitate allergen recognition, refusal responses, and generalization to novel but related stimuli. Using a single-subject design, participants received a relational training intervention grounded in Relational Frame Theory (RFT), incorporating multiple exemplar training to establish A→B (allergen to reaction) and B→C (reaction to refusal) relations. The emergence of the untrained A→C relation and generalization to A→D (novel allergen) were then evaluated. Three participants, aged 5 to 12, completed baseline, intervention, generalization, and maintenance phases. Data were analyzed via visual inspection of changes in trend, level, and variability across conditions. Results indicated that all participants acquired the trained relations, demonstrated derived relational responding, and generalized refusal behaviors to untrained allergens. These findings extend the application of DRT to safety skill instruction and support its utility in teaching flexible, functional behavior in applied settings for autistic children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47544,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100945"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100948
Jorge Villarroel Carrasco , Javier Vela , Beatriz Harana-Lahera , Carmen Luciano
Hierarchical networks are defined as classes of stimuli (e.g., “living organism”) that include subclasses (e.g., “plants,” “animals”), which in turn contain further sublevels (e.g., “cats,” “dogs,” “trees,” “grass”). This type of responding is relevant in domains such as concept learning, language development, psychopathology, and education, among others. It has been studied from various theoretical perspectives, including behavioral approaches. In this context, Relational Frame Theory (RFT) has facilitated the experimental analysis of such responses by conceptualizing them as derived relational responding. This scoping review analyzes 16 experimental studies that trained hierarchical networks and tested derived relational responses. The studies have been identified following PRISMA-ScR-guided scoping reviews. The review included studies that met these criteria: (1) experimental manipulation of at least one independent variable; (2) training categorization across two or more hierarchical levels; (3) testing derived or untrained responses; and (4) publication in peer-reviewed journals. The review examines training methods, network complexity, and derived responses within the networks. Of the total of studies identified, seven studies trained non-arbitrary classification responses, while nine focused on arbitrary networks. Among these, there was variability in training variables, network structure (number of stimuli, branches, among others), and derived functions tested. Overall, the literature remains scarce and fragmented regarding complex hierarchical responding, especially the derived functions across levels and branches. Future research should clarify training conditions to establish hierarchical responding and further explore its defining features.
{"title":"Derived hierarchical responding. A scoping review","authors":"Jorge Villarroel Carrasco , Javier Vela , Beatriz Harana-Lahera , Carmen Luciano","doi":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hierarchical networks are defined as classes of stimuli (e.g., “living organism”) that include subclasses (e.g., “plants,” “animals”), which in turn contain further sublevels (e.g., “cats,” “dogs,” “trees,” “grass”). This type of responding is relevant in domains such as concept learning, language development, psychopathology, and education, among others. It has been studied from various theoretical perspectives, including behavioral approaches. In this context, Relational Frame Theory (RFT) has facilitated the experimental analysis of such responses by conceptualizing them as derived relational responding. This scoping review analyzes 16 experimental studies that trained hierarchical networks and tested derived relational responses. The studies have been identified following PRISMA-ScR-guided scoping reviews. The review included studies that met these criteria: (1) experimental manipulation of at least one independent variable; (2) training categorization across two or more hierarchical levels; (3) testing derived or untrained responses; and (4) publication in peer-reviewed journals. The review examines training methods, network complexity, and derived responses within the networks. Of the total of studies identified, seven studies trained non-arbitrary classification responses, while nine focused on arbitrary networks. Among these, there was variability in training variables, network structure (number of stimuli, branches, among others), and derived functions tested. Overall, the literature remains scarce and fragmented regarding complex hierarchical responding, especially the derived functions across levels and branches. Future research should clarify training conditions to establish hierarchical responding and further explore its defining features.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47544,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100948"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100950
Helena Moreira , Tatiana Dias , Inês A. Trindade
This study aimed to examine whether postpartum depression and anxiety mediated the relationship between psychological flexibility (PF)—measured through its three overarching dimensions: openness to experience, behavioral awareness, and engagement/valued action—and mindful parenting among postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, it investigated changes in postpartum anxiety, postpartum depression, and mindful parenting across two time points: before and during a lockdown period.
A total of 363 mothers of children aged 0–5 months participated in an online longitudinal study. The first assessment (T1) was conducted in December 2020, a period marked by eased COVID-19 restrictions. The second assessment (T2) took place in March 2021, during the third wave of the pandemic, which coincided with a lockdown period. Mothers completed self-report measures of PF (CompACT-18), postpartum anxiety (PSAS-RSF-C), postpartum depression (EPDS), and mindful parenting (IMP-I).
Behavioral awareness showed a significant indirect effect on mindful parenting through postpartum depression, while openness to experience indirectly influenced mindful parenting through postpartum anxiety. However, the valued action dimension did not significantly predict mothers’ mental health or mindful parenting outcomes. Postpartum depression, postpartum anxiety, and mindful parenting all increased over time.
These findings suggest that interventions designed to enhance psychological flexibility—particularly by fostering awareness and openness—could be highly beneficial for new mothers, especially in uncertain or high-stress situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, for example, may not only help postpartum mothers manage their mental health but also enhance their capacity for mindful parenting.
{"title":"The role of psychological flexibility in mindful parenting during the postpartum period: A longitudinal study on the mediating effect of maternal psychopathology","authors":"Helena Moreira , Tatiana Dias , Inês A. Trindade","doi":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to examine whether postpartum depression and anxiety mediated the relationship between psychological flexibility (PF)—measured through its three overarching dimensions: openness to experience, behavioral awareness, and engagement/valued action—and mindful parenting among postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, it investigated changes in postpartum anxiety, postpartum depression, and mindful parenting across two time points: before and during a lockdown period.</div><div>A total of 363 mothers of children aged 0–5 months participated in an online longitudinal study. The first assessment (T1) was conducted in December 2020, a period marked by eased COVID-19 restrictions. The second assessment (T2) took place in March 2021, during the third wave of the pandemic, which coincided with a lockdown period. Mothers completed self-report measures of PF (CompACT-18), postpartum anxiety (PSAS-RSF-C), postpartum depression (EPDS), and mindful parenting (IMP-I).</div><div>Behavioral awareness showed a significant indirect effect on mindful parenting through postpartum depression, while openness to experience indirectly influenced mindful parenting through postpartum anxiety. However, the valued action dimension did not significantly predict mothers’ mental health or mindful parenting outcomes. Postpartum depression, postpartum anxiety, and mindful parenting all increased over time.</div><div>These findings suggest that interventions designed to enhance psychological flexibility—particularly by fostering awareness and openness—could be highly beneficial for new mothers, especially in uncertain or high-stress situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, for example, may not only help postpartum mothers manage their mental health but also enhance their capacity for mindful parenting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47544,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100950"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100952
Ana Gallego , Jaime Navarrete , Simone Gorinelli , Francesca Brandolin , Päivi Lappalainen , Nima Golijani-Moghaddam , David L. Dawson , Raimo Lappalainen , Juan V. Luciano
Introduction
Psychological flexibility is a core concept in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, with several self-report instruments developed to measure it. One multidimensional measure is the Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Processes (CompACT). This study is the first to test a bifactor structure of the CompACT providing new insights into its dimensional structure and how scores should be computed. Additionally, the study validates the Finnish version of the instrument.
Methods
Data from five distinct non-clinical Finnish (n = 281) and British samples (n = 690) were obtained. The internal structure of the CompACT was examined through confirmatory factor analysis. For the Finnish samples, reliability, construct validity, and sensitivity to change were also performed.
Results
The bifactor structure was the best-fitting model across Finnish and British samples, supporting both a general psychological flexibility factor and three specific subcomponents: openness to experience, behavioral awareness, and valued action. The Finnish version of the CompACT demonstrated good internal consistency, strong construct validity, and significant correlations with mindfulness, well-being, stress, and depression measures. Additionally, the measure was sensitive to change in psychological flexibility following ACT-based interventions, with moderate-to-large effect sizes.
Discussion
This study represents a significant advancement in the psychometric evaluation of the CompACT, providing the first empirical evidence that a bifactor model offers the optimal structural representation of the measure. The bifactor structure supports, for the first time, the computation of both an overarching psychological flexibility score and subscale scores in the CompACT, reinforcing the theoretical conceptualization of psychological flexibility. These findings contribute to the refinement of psychological flexibility measurement and offer valuable insights for both research and clinical applications. Future studies should further investigate the bifactor model's added value over other established measures of psychological flexibility.
{"title":"Testing a bifactor model of the comprehensive assessment of acceptance and Commitment Therapy Processes (CompACT) in Finnish and British populations","authors":"Ana Gallego , Jaime Navarrete , Simone Gorinelli , Francesca Brandolin , Päivi Lappalainen , Nima Golijani-Moghaddam , David L. Dawson , Raimo Lappalainen , Juan V. Luciano","doi":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Psychological flexibility is a core concept in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, with several self-report instruments developed to measure it. One multidimensional measure is the Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Processes (CompACT). This study is the first to test a bifactor structure of the CompACT providing new insights into its dimensional structure and how scores should be computed. Additionally, the study validates the Finnish version of the instrument.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data from five distinct non-clinical Finnish (n = 281) and British samples (n = 690) were obtained. The internal structure of the CompACT was examined through confirmatory factor analysis. For the Finnish samples, reliability, construct validity, and sensitivity to change were also performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The bifactor structure was the best-fitting model across Finnish and British samples, supporting both a general psychological flexibility factor and three specific subcomponents: openness to experience, behavioral awareness, and valued action. The Finnish version of the CompACT demonstrated good internal consistency, strong construct validity, and significant correlations with mindfulness, well-being, stress, and depression measures. Additionally, the measure was sensitive to change in psychological flexibility following ACT-based interventions, with moderate-to-large effect sizes.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>This study represents a significant advancement in the psychometric evaluation of the CompACT, providing the first empirical evidence that a bifactor model offers the optimal structural representation of the measure. The bifactor structure supports, for the first time, the computation of both an overarching psychological flexibility score and subscale scores in the CompACT, reinforcing the theoretical conceptualization of psychological flexibility. These findings contribute to the refinement of psychological flexibility measurement and offer valuable insights for both research and clinical applications. Future studies should further investigate the bifactor model's added value over other established measures of psychological flexibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47544,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100952"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100954
Rodrigo Miguel Rosales-Sarabia , Camilo Moore , Carlos E. Montoya , Betty Peña-Tomas , Sebastián Ortiz , Cristian Santamaría , Paula Odriozola-González , Francisco J. Ruiz
According to acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), cognitive fusion is a critical process contributing to psychopathology and behavioral ineffectiveness. The Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) is the most used tool to assess this process and has been validated in various languages, including Spanish. However, the factorial equivalence of the CFQ across countries has been scarcely investigated, thereby precluding cross-cultural analyses of cognitive fusion. Additionally, it is necessary to explore the discriminant validity of the CFQ in relation to emotional symptoms to ensure that it assesses a distinct construct from negative emotions. Accordingly, this study examined the CFQ's factorial equivalence and discriminant validity in relation to emotional symptoms across samples from five Spanish-speaking countries: Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Chile, and Spain (total sample of 3389 participants). The CFQ demonstrated good psychometric properties in all samples, and the one-factor model showed measurement invariance across countries. The CFQ also demonstrated discriminant validity in relation to the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale – 21 (DASS-21). In conclusion, the CFQ appears to be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring cognitive fusion across Spanish-speaking countries, and it measures a construct distinct from negative emotions.
{"title":"Measurement invariance and discriminant validity of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire across five Spanish-speaking countries","authors":"Rodrigo Miguel Rosales-Sarabia , Camilo Moore , Carlos E. Montoya , Betty Peña-Tomas , Sebastián Ortiz , Cristian Santamaría , Paula Odriozola-González , Francisco J. Ruiz","doi":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>According to acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), cognitive fusion is a critical process contributing to psychopathology and behavioral ineffectiveness. The Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) is the most used tool to assess this process and has been validated in various languages, including Spanish. However, the factorial equivalence of the CFQ across countries has been scarcely investigated, thereby precluding cross-cultural analyses of cognitive fusion. Additionally, it is necessary to explore the discriminant validity of the CFQ in relation to emotional symptoms to ensure that it assesses a distinct construct from negative emotions. Accordingly, this study examined the CFQ's factorial equivalence and discriminant validity in relation to emotional symptoms across samples from five Spanish-speaking countries: Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Chile, and Spain (total sample of 3389 participants). The CFQ demonstrated good psychometric properties in all samples, and the one-factor model showed measurement invariance across countries. The CFQ also demonstrated discriminant validity in relation to the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale – 21 (DASS-21). In conclusion, the CFQ appears to be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring cognitive fusion across Spanish-speaking countries, and it measures a construct distinct from negative emotions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47544,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100954"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100955
Marlene Paulo , Paula Vagos , Diana Ribeiro da Silva , Paula Castilho , Juliana Soares , Rúben Sousa , Fynnja Hellmig , Daniel Rijo
Working with youth placed at juvenile detention facilities is considered a demanding and challenging job. Research shows that professional caregivers responsible for these youth are more prone to burnout syndrome and other related psychopathological symptoms. Still, while there is encouraging evidence about using compassion-based interventions or mindfulness strategies to tackle those difficulties with professional caregivers from different settings, little is known about those interventions’ effects among professional caregivers of juvenile detention facilities. To overcome this gap, this pilot mixed-method study aimed to assess the impact of an adapted version of the Mindful Self-Compassion program among professionals working in Portuguese juvenile detention facilities (MSC_JFD). A Treatment Group (TG; n=14) and a Waitlist Control Group (WCG; n=18) were assessed at baseline and posttreatment with self-report measures on self-compassion, mindfulness, fears of compassion, and burnout symptoms. The TG also participated in a focus group after completing the program. Individual change scores were plotted to visualize variability in responses between participants. Quantitative data showed that, compared to WCG participants, TG participants decreased their fears of giving compassion – a pattern also reflected in the qualitative findings. No other significant between-group differences were found. However, qualitative findings suggested perceived improvements in self-compassion, mindfulness, and burnout symptoms among TG participants. These findings indicate that the adapted version of the MSC program may be a promising and useful approach to address mental health difficulties among professional caregivers of juvenile detention facilities.
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