Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science最新文献_第2页

Exploring the fundamental processes underlying interventions designed to promote athletes’ performance and well-being: A contextual behavioral science perspective 探索旨在促进运动员表现和健康的干预措施的基本过程：情境行为科学视角

IF 3 3区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100959

Tomer Gutman , Matthieu Villatte , Chun-Qing Zhang

Interventions in sport psychology are designed to support athletes’ performance and well-being. These interventions are grounded in various theoretical approaches, differ in terminology, and may be delivered at the individual, interpersonal, or organizational level. However, many remain centered on midlevel terms and higher order theoretical constructs and do not sufficiently engage with the underlying linguistic and behavioral processes that shape intervention outcomes. This paper aims to explore these foundational processes through the lens of Contextual Behavioral Science (CBS) and Relational Frame Theory (RFT). CBS views behavior as influenced by the context in which it occurs, whereas RFT examines the underlying mechanisms involved in the development and structure of language. Together with the pragmatic functional contextualism philosophy, these frameworks offer an integrated process-based perspective that may enhance the effectiveness of both intervention research and applied practice in sport psychology. Two case studies, one focusing on the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment protocol and another on the cultivation of adaptive thinking, along with three widely used frameworks—goal setting, mastery-oriented motivational climate, and mental health awareness—are explored to demonstrate how CBS-RFT principles are embedded within them. By grounding intervention exploration in fundamental processes, this perspective aims to bridge CBS-RFT principles and applied sport psychology.

运动心理学的干预措施旨在支持运动员的表现和健康。这些干预基于不同的理论方法，在术语上有所不同，可以在个人、人际或组织层面进行。然而，许多仍然集中在中级术语和高阶理论结构上，没有充分参与影响干预结果的潜在语言和行为过程。本文旨在通过情境行为科学（CBS）和关系框架理论（RFT）的视角来探讨这些基本过程。CBS认为行为受其发生的环境的影响，而RFT则研究涉及语言发展和结构的潜在机制。与语用功能语境主义哲学一起，这些框架提供了一个基于过程的综合视角，可以提高运动心理学干预研究和应用实践的有效性。两个案例研究，一个专注于正念-接受-承诺协议，另一个专注于适应性思维的培养，以及三个广泛使用的框架-目标设定，掌握导向的动机气候和心理健康意识-探讨了CBS-RFT原则是如何嵌入其中的。通过对基本过程的干预探索，这一视角旨在将CBS-RFT原理与应用运动心理学联系起来。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “The compassion connection: Experience sampling insights into romantic attraction” [Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (2024) Volume 32] “同情连接：经验抽样洞察浪漫吸引力”的勘误表[背景行为科学杂志（2024）第32卷]

IF 3 3区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2026.100980

J. Ciarrochi , B. Sahdra , M.I. Fraser , S.C. Hayes , K. Yap , A.T. Gloster

引用次数: 0

Rule-based insensitivity to contingencies according to self-reported generalized pliance/tracking and the instruction functions 根据自我报告的广义顺应/跟踪和指令功能，基于规则的对偶然事件的不敏感

IF 3 3区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2026.100979

Esmeralda Martínez-Carrillo, Francisco J. Ruiz

Rule-based insensitivity to contingencies is a behavioral phenomenon in which participants instructed to respond correctly exhibit lower sensitivity to changing contingencies compared to those who learn through trial and error. A recent review highlighted a bias in the literature, suggesting that trial-and-error participants may follow rules that are similar to those followed by individuals who have learned through explicit instruction. Furthermore, two types of rule-following, pliance and tracking, are believed to influence this insensitivity, but the analysis has incurred the conceptual shortcoming of defining these rules from the experimenter's perspective instead of focusing on the functions the rules have for participants. This study aimed to address these limitations by asking participants about the task functions at the end of the experiment and by recruiting those with self-reported generalized pliance and tracking. Ninety participants completed a matching-to-sample task in two conditions: General Instruction (GI) and General Instruction + Responding Criteria (GI + RC; i.e., explicit instruction indicating how to respond correctly). As expected, the GI + RC group showed less sensitivity to changing contingencies. Interestingly, about one-third of GI participants believed they had responding criteria, behaving similarly to the GI + RC group. There were no sensitivity differences between high pliance and high tracking participants, but pliance participants were more motivated to follow instructions and earn points. This study builds upon previous research by examining participants' rule-following in the trial-and-error condition and highlighting the varying functions of traditional tasks for high pliance and tracking individuals. These differences might increase insensitivity in pliance participants, but also enhance their sensitivity by heightening their motivation for the arbitrary reinforcement of the task

基于规则的对偶然事件的不敏感是一种行为现象，在这种现象中，与那些通过试验和错误学习的参与者相比，被指示正确反应的参与者对变化的偶然事件表现出较低的敏感性。最近的一篇综述强调了文献中的一种偏见，表明试错法参与者可能遵循的规则与通过明确指导学习的个体遵循的规则相似。此外，两种类型的规则遵循，顺从和跟踪，被认为影响这种不敏感性，但分析产生了概念上的缺陷，从实验者的角度来定义这些规则，而不是关注规则对参与者的功能。本研究旨在通过在实验结束时询问参与者关于任务功能的问题，并通过招募那些自我报告普遍服从和跟踪的人来解决这些限制。90名参与者在两种条件下完成了匹配样本的任务：一般指令（GI）和一般指令+反应标准（GI + RC，即指示如何正确反应的明确指令）。正如预期的那样，GI + RC组对变化的偶然性表现出较低的敏感性。有趣的是，大约三分之一的GI参与者认为他们有回应标准，行为与GI + RC组相似。高依从性和高跟踪性参与者之间没有敏感性差异，但依从性参与者更有动力遵循指示并获得积分。本研究建立在先前研究的基础上，通过检查参与者在试错条件下的规则遵循情况，并强调传统任务在高依从性和跟踪个体方面的不同功能。这些差异可能会增加顺从参与者的不敏感性，但也会通过提高他们任意强化任务的动机来增强他们的敏感性

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引用次数: 0

Psychological flexibility and rigidity among Ukrainian military personnel with post-traumatic stress disorder and adjustment disorder 乌克兰创伤后应激障碍和适应障碍军人的心理灵活性和刚性

IF 3 3区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100972

Dmytro I. Boiko, Anastasiia D. Shkodina

This observational cross-sectional study examined psychological flexibility and rigidity in Ukrainian military personnel participating in the Russian-Ukrainian war. A total of 129 male combatants were divided into three groups: those with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD, n = 63), those with adjustment disorder (n = 36), and a control group without mental disorders (n = 30). Psychological flexibility and rigidity were assessed using the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI). Results demonstrated that combatants with PTSD exhibited the lowest psychological flexibility and highest psychological rigidity compared to the control group. Participants with adjustment disorder showed intermediate levels of psychological flexibility between the PTSD and control groups, while maintaining elevated psychological rigidity comparable to the PTSD group. Significant differences were observed across all components of psychological flexibility and rigidity except for acceptance and experiential avoidance, which were similar across all groups. Notably, combatants with PTSD showed significantly higher levels of cognitive fusion and inaction compared to those with adjustment disorder. These findings highlight psychological flexibility as a potential therapeutic target for military personnel with stress-associated mental disorders and suggest that targeted interventions enhancing specific psychological flexibility components may constitute an efficacious approach to addressing combat stress sequelae.

本观察性横断面研究考察了参与俄乌战争的乌克兰军事人员的心理灵活性和刚性。129名男性战斗人员被分为三组：创伤后应激障碍组（PTSD, n = 63）、适应障碍组（n = 36）和无精神障碍的对照组（n = 30）。采用多维心理灵活性量表（MPFI）评估心理灵活性和刚性。结果表明，与对照组相比，创伤后应激障碍战斗员表现出最低的心理灵活性和最高的心理刚性。适应障碍的参与者表现出介于PTSD组和对照组之间的中等水平的心理灵活性，同时保持与PTSD组相当的较高的心理刚性。除了接纳和经验回避外，心理灵活性和刚性的所有组成部分都存在显著差异，这两个组成部分在所有组中相似。值得注意的是，与那些有适应障碍的人相比，患有创伤后应激障碍的战斗人员表现出更高水平的认知融合和不作为。这些发现强调了心理灵活性作为压力相关精神障碍军人的潜在治疗目标，并表明有针对性的干预措施可以增强特定的心理灵活性成分，这可能是解决战斗压力后遗症的有效方法。

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引用次数: 0

From experiential attachment to nonattachment: A theory-informed review of harmful and healthy pursuits of comfort, approval, competence, status, and control 从经验依恋到无依恋：对舒适、认可、能力、地位和控制的有害和健康追求的理论回顾

IF 3 3区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100971

Joseph Ciarrochi , Steven C. Hayes , Domonkos File , Kirk Warren Brown , Keong Yap , Madeleine I. Fraser , Cristobal Hernandez , Diana Hill , Louise Hayes , Clarissa W. Ong , Baljinder Sahdra

Nonattachment has long been regarded as crucial for inner peace and spiritual growth, with traditions in Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Sikhism, and Islam emphasizing the release from ego-driven striving and excessive pursuit of pleasurable states. We propose a functional definition of nonattachment as a behavioral repertoire that involves noticing the pull of socially and culturally created rewards (e.g., praise, control, status, self-image) without automatically acting on them, and re-orienting attention to present circumstances and values-based action. Central to this stance is reducing the dominance of symbolic control, in which the pursuit of positive symbolic experiences disproportionately guides behavior and overrides sensitivity to other contingencies. In this review, we apply Relational Frame Theory and the Extended Evolutionary Meta-Model to organize and interpret the diverse findings related to nonattachment and its functions. Evidence links nonattachment to well-being, pain tolerance, openness, and prosociality, and points to intervention targets across biological, psychological, interpersonal, and cultural levels.

长期以来，无执一直被认为是内心平静和精神成长的关键，佛教、道教、基督教、锡克教和伊斯兰教的传统都强调从自我驱动的奋斗和对快乐状态的过度追求中解脱出来。我们提出了一个非依恋的功能定义，作为一种行为曲目，包括注意到社会和文化创造的奖励（例如，表扬，控制，地位，自我形象）的吸引力，而不自动对它们采取行动，并将注意力重新定向到当前环境和基于价值观的行动上。这一立场的核心是减少象征控制的主导地位，在这种控制中，对积极的象征体验的追求不成比例地指导行为，并压倒对其他偶然事件的敏感性。在本文中，我们运用关系框架理论和扩展进化元模型来组织和解释与非依恋及其功能有关的各种研究结果。有证据表明，不依恋与幸福感、疼痛耐受性、开放性和亲社会有关，并指出了生物、心理、人际和文化层面的干预目标。

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引用次数: 0

Psychometric properties of the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth (AFQ-Y8) in socioeconomically disadvantaged Chilean adolescents 智利社会经济弱势青少年回避与融合问卷（AFQ-Y8）的心理测量特征

IF 3 3区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100933

Daniel Núñez , Rubén Trigueros , Jaime Yañez-Lizana , Jose M. Aguilar Parra , Jonathan M. Salazar , Vania Martínez , Jorge Gaete , Álvaro I. Langer

Psychological inflexibility (PI) is considered a transdiagnostic mechanism that underlies the development, maintenance, and exacerbation of a wide range of psychological problems in adolescents. The main instrument for evaluating PI in adolescents is the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth (AFQ-Y), however, there is scarce evidence of its relation with other constructs in socioeconomically disadvantaged adolescents. This study is a secondary data analysis aimed at examining the factor structure, reliability, convergent validity, and invariance across sex of the 8-item AFQ-Y in 297 Chilean adolescents from socioeconomically disadvantaged contexts (M = 14.87 (.78), 46.8 % women). Results confirmed that the AFQ-Y8 has an unifactorial structure as well as adequate internal reliability and convergent validity. Furthermore, it was observed that it is significantly associated with measures of mindfulness and depression and the emotion regulation strategy expressive suppression, but not with the strategy cognitive reappraisal. Given its adequate psychometric properties, the AFQ-Y8 can be used with Chilean adolescents in socioeconomically disadvantaged settings. However, further research testing its psychometric properties in a broader adolescent population is needed.

心理不灵活性（PI）被认为是一种跨诊断机制，是青少年各种心理问题发展、维持和恶化的基础。青少年逃避与融合问卷（AFQ-Y）是评估青少年自我意识的主要工具，但在社会经济条件较差的青少年中，其与其他构式的关系尚缺乏证据。本研究对297名智利社会经济条件较差的青少年（M = 14.87）的8项AFQ-Y量表的因素结构、信度、收敛效度和性别不变性进行了二次数据分析。78)，女性占46.8%)。结果证实，AFQ-Y8具有单因子结构，具有足够的内部信度和收敛效度。此外，我们还观察到，正念和抑郁的测量以及情绪调节策略表达抑制显著相关，但与策略认知重评无关。鉴于其足够的心理测量特性，AFQ-Y8可以用于社会经济条件不利的智利青少年。然而，需要进一步的研究来测试其在更广泛的青少年群体中的心理测量特性。

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引用次数: 0

Acceptance and commitment therapy can reduce emotional eating behavior in Turkish adults: A randomized controlled trial 接受和承诺疗法可以减少土耳其成年人的情绪化饮食行为：一项随机对照试验

IF 3 3区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100943

Büşra Kavla , Yasin Kavla , Hasan Turan Karatepe

Purpose

Emotional eating (EE) is a significant clinical feature of eating disorders. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is an effective treatment approach for eating disorders. However, the effectiveness of ACT on EE remains unclear. This study aims to develop a new ACT-based intervention and evaluate its effectiveness on EE.

Methods

Forty-five females participated and were randomly assigned to either the ACT group (n = 46) or the control group (n = 45). All participants completed validated measures of emotional eating, psychological flexibility, emotion regulation difficulty, and mindful eating at two points: baseline and post-treatment. At one-month follow-up, participants in the ACT group also completed the baseline measures.

Results

Post-intervention, EE and psychological inflexibility were significantly reduced, while psychological flexibility and mindful eating were significantly increased in the ACT group compared to the control. At follow-up, the ACT group continued to show significantly lower EE levels.

Conclusion

To date, only one study has investigated ACT's effectiveness in addressing EE, using a one-day workshop format, which was considered inadequate for developing acceptance and value clarification skills. This study is the first to adapt traditional ACT practices specifically for EE, with sufficient treatment duration. It is also the first to assess the intervention's impact on psychological flexibility. The results provide preliminary evidence of the potential of an ACT-based approach to reduce EE.

Level of evidence

Level I, Evidence obtained from at least one properly designed randomized controlled trial, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses; experimental studies.

目的情绪性进食是进食障碍的一个重要临床特征。接受与承诺疗法（ACT）是治疗饮食失调的有效方法。然而，ACT对情感表达的有效性尚不清楚。本研究旨在开发一种新的基于act的干预措施，并评估其对情感表达的有效性。方法将45名女性随机分为ACT组（n = 46）和对照组（n = 45）。所有参与者都在基线和治疗后的两个时间点完成了情绪性进食、心理灵活性、情绪调节难度和有意识进食的有效测量。在一个月的随访中，ACT组的参与者也完成了基线测量。结果与对照组相比，ACT组干预后情感表达和心理不灵活性显著降低，心理灵活性和正念进食显著增加。在随访中，ACT组继续表现出明显较低的情感表达水平。迄今为止，只有一项研究调查了ACT在解决情感表达方面的有效性，使用了为期一天的研讨会形式，这被认为不足以培养接受和价值澄清技能。这项研究首次将传统的ACT实践专门用于情感表达，并提供足够的治疗时间。这也是第一个评估干预对心理灵活性影响的研究。该结果为基于act的方法减少情感表达的潜力提供了初步证据。证据水平：I级，证据来自至少一项设计合理的随机对照试验、系统评价和荟萃分析；实验研究。

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引用次数: 0

An idiographic comparison of ACT focused on repetitive negative thinking versus non-directive therapy in child generalized anxiety 针对儿童广泛性焦虑的重复消极思维与非指导性治疗的ACT的具体比较

IF 3 3区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100944

Haydi N. Barajas , Nicolás Farfán , Laura J. Rodríguez , Betty Peña-Tomas , Yury A. Larrea-Rivera , Yeraldin Gutiérrez , Sofía Iriarte-Becerra , Paola A. Rodríguez , Jaime H. Moreno-Méndez , Francisco J. Ruiz

Anxiety disorders are common among children, with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) being one of the most prevalent. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has demonstrated efficacy in treating these disorders, but there is still room for improvement. Notably, the most extensively tested CBT intervention is only slightly more efficacious than non-directive therapy (NDT), which is often used as a psychological placebo intervention. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is an alternative to CBT and is gaining traction as a viable treatment for childhood anxiety disorders. Specifically, a version of ACT that integrates relational frame theory (RFT) in greater depth and targets repetitive negative thinking (RNT) appears particularly suited for addressing GAD in children. This study conducted an idiographic comparison of RNT-focused ACT versus NDT for treating GAD in children aged 8–12 years. The research employed a randomized, two-sample, multiple-baseline design with 17 participants. The interventions were delivered via videoconference and consisted of three 45-min sessions. The results indicated that participants who received the RNT-focused ACT protocol demonstrated greater improvements in emotional symptoms and pathological worry than those who received NDT, as reported by parents and children. The reduction of worry mediated the effect of the RNT-focused ACT intervention for all participants, according to their parents’ reports. In conclusion, brief RNT-focused ACT interventions are promising for treating GAD in children.

焦虑症在儿童中很常见，其中最普遍的是广泛性焦虑症（GAD）。认知行为疗法（CBT）已经证明了治疗这些疾病的有效性，但仍有改进的余地。值得注意的是，最广泛测试的CBT干预只比非指导性治疗（NDT）稍微有效一点，后者通常被用作心理安慰剂干预。接受与承诺疗法（ACT）是CBT的一种替代疗法，作为儿童焦虑症的一种可行的治疗方法正获得越来越多的关注。具体来说，ACT的一个版本更深入地整合了关系框架理论（RFT），并针对重复性消极思维（RNT），似乎特别适合于解决儿童的广泛性焦虑症。本研究对以rnt为重点的ACT与NDT治疗8-12岁儿童广泛性焦虑症进行了具体比较。该研究采用随机、双样本、多基线设计，共有17名参与者。干预措施通过视频会议进行，包括三次45分钟的会议。结果表明，接受以rnt为重点的ACT方案的参与者在情绪症状和病理性担忧方面比接受NDT的参与者表现出更大的改善，正如父母和孩子所报告的那样。根据他们父母的报告，焦虑的减少介导了所有参与者以rnt为重点的ACT干预的效果。总之，以rnt为重点的简短ACT干预措施有望治疗儿童广泛性焦虑症。

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引用次数: 0

Executive functioning and relational framing in verbal adults 言语成人的执行功能与关系框架

IF 3 3区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100957

Xiaoyuan Liu , Maithri Sivaraman , Elle Kirsten

Relational Frame Theory (RFT) sees the operant acquisition of various patterns of derived relational responding as being key to language and cognition. Executive function (EF) is a concept widely used in cognitive psychology and is said to be critical for problem-solving, self-regulation, and overall success and wellbeing. The current study was a preliminary attempt to study the relationship between a measure of EF and fluency in derived relational responding. Forty-two verbal adults (25 males) participated in the study. All of them undertook a standardized EF test, the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) and an experimenter-designed arbitrary relational responding assessment. The WCST required participants to match compound stimuli based on unspecified, frequently changing rules. The relational assessment evaluated rate of correct derived relational responding across seven relational frames. The results showed strong negative correlations between perseverative errors on the WCST and the overall rate of correct responses on the relational assessment, but no such correlations between correct responses on the WCST and those on the relational assessment.

关系框架理论（RFT）认为，各种衍生关系反应模式的操作性习得是语言和认知的关键。执行功能（EF）是认知心理学中广泛使用的一个概念，被认为对解决问题、自我调节、整体成功和幸福至关重要。目前的研究是初步尝试研究EF的测量和衍生关系反应的流畅性之间的关系。42名会说话的成年人（25名男性）参与了这项研究。所有被试均进行了标准化EF测验、威斯康辛卡片分类测验（WCST）和实验者设计的任意关系反应评估。WCST要求参与者根据不明确的、经常变化的规则来匹配复合刺激。关系评估评估了七个关系框架中推导出的正确关系反应率。结果显示，持续性错误与相关评价的总体正确率呈显著负相关，而与相关评价的正确率无显著负相关。

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引用次数: 0

Psychological flexibility and psychological distress among students: A temporal network approach 学生心理弹性与心理困扰：时间网络研究

IF 3 3区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100953

Quentin Facon-Barillot , Lucia Romo , Luca Gallego De Dios , Yannick Morvan

In recent years, the growing scientific interest in student mental health has highlighted a deterioration of their psychological state. Among promising interventions, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which focuses on psychological flexibility (PF), has drawn particular interest. However, the specific temporal dynamics linking PF dimensions to psychological distress (PD) remain underexplored. This study employs a temporal network approach applied to ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data to examine these interactions among French university students. Results reveal that the mindfulness dimension of PF plays a central role in the contemporary network, closely connecting PF and PD. At the temporal level, we observe that engaging in actions aligned with one's values leads to greater awareness of those values, hence promoting enhanced well-being. However, these findings are only partially replicated in the existing literature, suggesting that the observed links between PF and PD may vary depending on context, studied populations, and the measurement temporality. This study underscores the importance of using multilevel protocols to better understand the specific PF processes involved in PD. The study's limitations and methodological avenues for future research are also discussed.

近年来，科学对学生心理健康的兴趣日益浓厚，凸显了学生心理状态的恶化。在有希望的干预措施中，关注心理灵活性（PF）的接受和承诺疗法（ACT）引起了特别的兴趣。然而，PF维度与心理困扰（PD）之间的具体时间动态关系仍未得到充分探讨。本研究采用应用于生态瞬时评估（EMA）数据的时间网络方法来检查法国大学生之间的这些相互作用。结果表明，PF的正念维度在当代网络中起着核心作用，密切连接着PF和PD。在时间层面上，我们观察到，参与与个人价值观一致的行动会导致对这些价值观的更大认识，从而促进幸福感的增强。然而，这些发现在现有文献中只是部分重复，这表明观察到的PF和PD之间的联系可能因环境、研究人群和测量时间而异。这项研究强调了使用多层协议来更好地理解PD中涉及的特定PF过程的重要性。本文还讨论了本研究的局限性和未来研究的方法途径。

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引用次数: 0