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Group Decision and Negotiation最新文献

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COMB: Scalable Concession-Driven Opponent Models Using Bayesian Learning for Preference Learning in Bilateral Multi-Issue Automated Negotiation COMB:利用贝叶斯学习在双边多问题自动谈判中进行偏好学习的可扩展让步驱动型对手模型
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09889-7
Shengbo Chang, Katsuhide Fujita

Learning an opponent’s preferences in bilateral multi-issue automated negotiations can lead to more favorable outcomes. However, existing opponent models can fail in negotiation contexts when their assumptions about opponent behaviors differ from actual behavior patterns. Although integrating broader behavioral assumptions into these models could be beneficial, it poses a challenge because the models are designed with specific assumptions. Therefore, this study proposes an adaptable opponent model that integrates a general behavioral assumption. Specifically, the proposed model uses Bayesian learning (BL), which can apply various behavioral assumptions by considering the opponent’s entire bidding sequence. However, this BL model is computationally infeasible for multi-issue negotiations. Hence, current BL models often impose constraints on their hypothesis space, but these constraints about the utility function’s shape significantly sacrifice accuracy. This study presents a novel scalable BL model that relaxes these constraints to improve accuracy while maintaining linear time complexity by separately learning each parameter of a utility function. Furthermore, we introduce a general assumption that the opponent’s bidding strategy follows a concession-based pattern to enhance adaptability to various negotiation contexts. We explore three likelihood function options to implement this assumption effectively. By incorporating these options into the proposed scalable model, we develop three scalable concession-driven opponent models using Bayesian learning (COMB). Experiments across 45 negotiation domains using 15 basic agents and 15 finalists from the automated negotiating agents competition demonstrate the proposed scalable model’s higher accuracy than existing scalable models. COMB models show higher adaptability to various negotiation contexts than state-of-the-art models.

在双边多问题自动谈判中,学习对手的偏好可以带来更有利的结果。然而,当现有的对手模型对对手行为的假设与实际行为模式不同时,就会在谈判中失败。虽然将更广泛的行为假设整合到这些模型中是有益的,但由于模型是根据特定的假设设计的,因此这也是一个挑战。因此,本研究提出了一种整合了一般行为假设的可调整对手模型。具体来说,本研究提出的模型采用贝叶斯学习法(Bayesian Learning,BL),可以通过考虑对手的整个出价序列来应用各种行为假设。然而,这种贝叶斯学习模型对于多问题谈判来说在计算上是不可行的。因此,当前的基本学习模型通常会对其假设空间施加约束,但这些关于效用函数形状的约束会大大牺牲准确性。本研究提出了一种新颖的可扩展 BL 模型,该模型通过分别学习效用函数的每个参数,放宽了这些限制,从而在保持线性时间复杂性的同时提高了准确性。此外,我们还引入了一个一般假设,即对手的出价策略遵循基于让步的模式,以增强对各种谈判环境的适应性。我们探讨了三种有效实现这一假设的似然函数选项。通过将这些选项纳入所提出的可扩展模型,我们利用贝叶斯学习(COMB)开发出了三种可扩展的让步驱动型对手模型。使用 15 个基本代理和 15 个自动谈判代理竞赛决赛选手在 45 个谈判领域进行的实验表明,与现有的可扩展模型相比,所提出的可扩展模型具有更高的准确性。与最先进的模型相比,COMB 模型对各种谈判环境的适应性更高。
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引用次数: 0
Maximum Utility Consensus with Inequity Aversion in Social Network Group Decision Making 社会网络群体决策中的最大效用共识与不公平厌恶
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09887-9
Yangjingjing Zhang, Xia Chen, Mengting Gao, Yucheng Dong
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引用次数: 0
A Novel Consensus and Dissent Framework Under Grey Preference Based on the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution for Two Decision Makers 基于两个决策者冲突解决图模型的灰色偏好下共识与异议新框架
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09882-0
Jinmuzi Zhang, Haiyan Xu, Ginger Y. Ke
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引用次数: 0
Confidence and Outcome Expectations in Bilateral Negotiations–A Dynamic Model 双边谈判中的信心和结果预期--一个动态模型
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09886-w
Rudolf Vetschera, Luis C. Dias

This work proposes and studies a dynamic model of two bargaining parties exchanging offers over time, considering their confidence about the share of the “pie” they obtain, which translates into expectations regarding the outcome of the bargaining process. The model predicts the sequence of offers as well as the final agreement for given confidence parameters. A mathematical analysis of the model shows the outcome is an Asymmetric Nash Bargaining Solution with exponents determined by the bargainers’ confidence. Moreover, a compensation effect can be found between confidence and risk aversion. This work also considers that confidence levels of bargainers might change during the negotiation, and we conduct a comprehensive simulation study to analyze the effect of such changes. Through Monte-Carlo simulation, we show that a bargainer is better off if its confidence increases, but the advantage is lost if the other party’s confidence increases in a similar way. In that case, concessions are smaller and negotiations last longer. Changing confidence parameters make the outcome harder to predict, as it will depend more on the final confidence than the initial one. The simulations also show that the average size of concessions, and therefore the final agreement, depend not only on whether confidence increases or decreases, but also on the change rate, with stronger effects observed when change accelerates towards the end of the process.

这项研究提出并研究了一个动态模型,模型中讨价还价的双方会随着时间的推移交换出价,同时考虑到他们对自己获得的 "馅饼 "份额的信心,这种信心会转化为对讨价还价过程结果的预期。该模型可预测出价顺序以及给定信心参数下的最终协议。对模型的数学分析显示,结果是一个非对称纳什议价方案,其指数由议价者的信心决定。此外,还可以发现信心和风险规避之间存在补偿效应。本研究还考虑到谈判过程中谈判者的信心水平可能会发生变化,并对这种变化的影响进行了全面的模拟研究分析。通过蒙特卡洛模拟,我们发现,如果谈判方的信心增加,那么谈判方的优势就会更大,但如果对方的信心也以类似的方式增加,那么谈判方的优势就会丧失。在这种情况下,让步会更小,谈判持续的时间会更长。信心参数的变化使结果更难预测,因为它将更多地取决于最终信心而非初始信心。模拟结果还表明,让步的平均规模以及最终协议的达成不仅取决于信心的增加或减少,还取决于变化率,当变化率在进程末期加速变化时,会产生更强的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Two-Person Fair Division with Additive Valuations 二人公平分配加法估值
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09885-x
D. Marc Kilgour, Rudolf Vetschera

In the literature, many desirable properties for allocations of indivisible goods have been proposed, including envy-freeness, Pareto optimality, and maximization of either the total welfare of all agents, the welfare of the worst-off agent, or the Nash product of agents’ welfares. In the two-person context, we study relationships among these properties using both analytical models and simulation in a setting where individual preferences are given by additive cardinal utilities. We provide several new theorems linking these criteria and use simulation to study how their values are related to problem characteristics, assuming that utilities are assigned randomly. We draw some conclusions concerning the relation of problem characteristics to the availabilty of allocations with particular properties.

文献中提出了许多不可分割物品分配的理想属性,包括无嫉妒、帕累托最优以及所有代理人的总福利最大化、最差代理人的福利最大化或代理人福利的纳什乘积最大化。在二人情境中,我们使用分析模型和模拟方法,在个人偏好由加法心算效用给出的情况下,研究了这些属性之间的关系。假设效用是随机分配的,我们提供了几个将这些标准联系起来的新定理,并利用模拟来研究它们的值与问题特征之间的关系。我们就问题特征与具有特定属性的分配的可用性之间的关系得出了一些结论。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to: Concept Design Evaluation of Sustainable Product–Service Systems: A QFD–TOPSIS Integrated Framework with Basic Uncertain Linguistic Information 更正:可持续产品服务系统的概念设计评估:带有基本不确定语言信息的 QFD-TOPSIS 综合框架
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09884-y
Qiang Yang, Zhen-Song Chen, Jiang-Hong Zhu, Luis Martínez, W. Pedrycz, M. Skibniewski
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引用次数: 0
Determination of a Representative Collective Value Function Through a Value Function-Based Consensus-Reaching Process 通过基于价值函数的达成共识过程确定具有代表性的集体价值函数
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09883-z
Kun Zhou, Zaiwu Gong, Xiaoqing Chen, Roman Słowiński

Consensus-reaching among decision-makers (DMs) is an important prerequisite for effective group decision-making. Determining a collective value function that is recognized by major DMs is new in consensus research. We are approaching this problem by adopting the preference disaggregation analysis (PDA) to construct a novel consensus-reaching process (CRP). More precisely, we define the value function that can restore the preference information of all DMs as the consensus value function, and determine all such value functions by the PDA method. A consensus discriminant model is constructed to determine whether DMs can reach a consensus. Considering the adjustment cost of DMs, the minimum cost consensus model, and the minimum cost inconsistency elimination model, are constructed by introducing estimation errors and 0–1 variables, respectively, thus assisting DMs to reach a consensus. Furthermore, in the process of selecting a representative collective value function from the consensus space for subsequent decision analysis, a lexicographic optimization process is applied to convert the multi-objective programming problem of DMs’ individual requirements for the collective value function into a multi-stage single-objective programming problem. This study provides a new concept of consensus and extends the classic minimum cost consensus model to the case of value functions. Finally, an illustrative example showing the proposed CRP in action is presented, while conducting sensitivity analysis to explore the impact of parameter changes on the model.

决策者(DMs)之间达成共识是有效群体决策的重要前提。在共识研究中,确定一个得到主要 DMs 认可的集体价值函数是一个新课题。我们采用偏好分解分析法(PDA)来解决这一问题,从而构建了一个新颖的达成共识过程(CRP)。更确切地说,我们将能够还原所有 DM 偏好信息的价值函数定义为共识价值函数,并通过 PDA 方法确定所有此类价值函数。通过构建共识判别模型来确定 DM 是否能达成共识。考虑到 DM 的调整成本,通过引入估计误差和 0-1 变量,分别构建了最小成本共识模型和最小成本不一致消除模型,从而帮助 DM 达成共识。此外,在从共识空间中选择具有代表性的集体价值函数进行后续决策分析的过程中,应用了词法优化过程,将 DMs 对集体价值函数的个体要求的多目标编程问题转化为多阶段单目标编程问题。这项研究提供了一个新的共识概念,并将经典的最小成本共识模型扩展到了价值函数的情况。最后,介绍了一个示例,展示了所建议的 CRP 的实际应用,同时进行了敏感性分析,以探讨参数变化对模型的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Group Risky Choice and Resource Allocation Under Social Comparison Effects 社会比较效应下的群体风险选择和资源分配
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09875-z
Xia Chen, Yucheng Dong, Ying He

In a decision-making problem where a group must select an action from risky lotteries to receive a payoff that needs to be distributed among the group members, the group’s external risky choice and internal resource allocation emerge as two critical and interrelated subproblems. Individuals unconsciously exhibit social comparison behavior in many group contexts, profoundly impacting their payoff preferences. In this study, we first formulate a novel group resource allocation model and explore how the allocation equality of group resource is influenced by social comparisons. Particularly, we discuss the non-dictatorship condition under social comparison effects, which guarantees an extreme case of group resource allocation, i.e., “winner-take-all,” does not appear. Subsequently, we investigate the group risky choice under the effects of social comparison. The main results show that (1) introducing social comparison effects can increase allocation equality when loss aversion is high but decrease allocation equality when loss aversion is low, and (2) the classical risk sharing rule still holds in the group under social comparison effects, but introducing social comparison effects will lead to the group being more risk averse.

在一个决策问题中,一个群体必须从有风险的彩票中选择一项行动,以获得需要在群体成员之间分配的报酬,群体的外部风险选择和内部资源分配成为两个关键且相互关联的子问题。在许多群体情境中,个体会不自觉地表现出社会比较行为,从而对其报酬偏好产生深刻影响。在本研究中,我们首先提出了一个新颖的群体资源分配模型,并探讨了社会比较如何影响群体资源分配的平等性。特别是,我们讨论了社会比较效应下的非独裁条件,它保证了群体资源分配的极端情况,即 "赢家通吃 "不会出现。随后,我们研究了社会比较效应下的群体风险选择。主要结果表明:(1) 当损失厌恶程度较高时,引入社会比较效应会提高分配平等性,但当损失厌恶程度较低时,分配平等性会降低;(2) 在社会比较效应下,经典的风险分担规则在群体中仍然成立,但引入社会比较效应会导致群体更加厌恶风险。
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引用次数: 0
An Integrated Approach to Preferential Voting Models with Variable Weights for Rank Positions 排名位置权重可变的优先投票模型综合方法
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09874-0
Byeong Seok Ahn

In a ranked voting system, voters select a subset of candidates and rank them from most to least preferred. Data envelopment analysis (DEA)-based voting models, among others, are used to determine the rank-position weights most favorable for each candidate, with the goal of achieving the highest aggregate score. However, concerns have been raised about the weights assigned to each rank position, as well as the potential for rank reversal of some candidates resulting from changes in votes earned by other candidates. To address these issues, some authors have developed two improved models. These models aim to incorporate the constraints of candidates that are not being evaluated into a single restriction, preventing inefficient candidates from influencing the order of efficient candidates. Moreover, these models treat the parameters used to make the distance between successive ranks as variable weights, and calculate average efficiency scores of candidates while considering the entire range of parameters. In this study, we revisit the two improved models and explore an alternative approach based on results from linear algebra and convex analysis, which is more intuitive and easier to understand. Furthermore, we provide closed-form optimal solutions for DEA-based voting models that share the common goal of maximizing the distance between successive ranks while considering both efficiency-related and weight constraints. The analysis of these four models offers a better understanding of their similarities and differences.

在排序投票系统中,投票者选择一个候选人子集,并将其从最喜欢的到最不喜欢的进行排序。基于数据包络分析(DEA)的投票模型等被用来确定对每个候选人最有利的排名位置权重,目的是获得最高的总分。然而,人们对分配给每个排名位置的权重,以及因其他候选人得票变化而导致某些候选人排名逆转的可能性表示担忧。为了解决这些问题,一些作者开发了两个改进的模型。这些模型旨在将未被评估的候选人的约束条件纳入一个单一的限制条件,防止低效候选人影响高效候选人的排序。此外,这些模型将用于确定连续排序之间距离的参数视为可变权重,并在考虑整个参数范围的同时计算候选者的平均效率分数。在本研究中,我们重新审视了这两种改进模型,并探索了一种基于线性代数和凸分析结果的替代方法,这种方法更直观、更易于理解。此外,我们还为基于 DEA 的投票模型提供了闭式最优解,这些模型的共同目标是在考虑效率相关约束和权重约束的同时,最大化连续排名之间的距离。通过对这四种模型的分析,我们可以更好地理解它们之间的异同。
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引用次数: 0
Coalition Stability in International Environmental Matching Agreements 国际环境匹配协议中的联盟稳定性
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09878-w
Charlotte Süring, Hans-Peter Weikard

This study presents empirically calibrated simulations of three different variants of environmental matching agreements aimed at reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. We determine whether matching agreements can produce larger stable coalitions and increase abatement contributions and payoffs as compared to standard agreements. The matching agreements we analyze feature uniform matching rates by which coalition members match the unconditional contributions of (i) the other coalition members, (ii) all other players, or (iii) only non-members, while non-members do not commit to any matching and maximize their individual payoffs. The simulation considers twelve asymmetric world regions with linear abatement benefits and quadratic costs, calibrated based on the STACO 3 model, and uses emissions data from the shared socioeconomic pathways database. We find that the first variant of the matching game fails to produce any stable coalitions and thus performs worse than the standard agreement that produces a stable two-player coalition. The second variant produces a stable grand coalition and significantly increases the abatement and payoff levels beyond the non-cooperative Nash baseline. Partial coalitions are unstable in this game. The third variant produces a two-player coalition similar to the standard coalition formation game, but with different members and higher abatement and payoff levels due to the matching mechanism.

本研究对旨在减少全球温室气体排放的环境匹配协议的三种不同变体进行了经验校准模拟。与标准协议相比,我们确定匹配协议是否能产生更大的稳定联盟,并增加减排贡献和回报。我们分析的匹配协议具有统一匹配率的特点,即联盟成员匹配(i)其他联盟成员、(ii)所有其他参与者或(iii)仅非成员的无条件贡献,而非成员不承诺任何匹配,并使其个人收益最大化。模拟考虑了 12 个非对称世界区域,其减排收益为线性,成本为二次方,根据 STACO 3 模型进行了校准,并使用了共享社会经济路径数据库中的排放数据。我们发现,匹配博弈的第一个变体无法产生任何稳定的联盟,因此表现不如产生稳定的双人联盟的标准协议。第二个变体产生了一个稳定的大联盟,并大大提高了减排量和报酬水平,超过了非合作的纳什基线。在这个博弈中,部分联盟是不稳定的。第三种变式产生的双人联盟与标准联盟形成博弈类似,但成员不同,而且由于匹配机制,减排量和报酬水平更高。
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引用次数: 0
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Group Decision and Negotiation
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