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Group Decision and Negotiation最新文献

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Two-Person Fair Division with Additive Valuations 二人公平分配加法估值
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09885-x
D. Marc Kilgour, Rudolf Vetschera

In the literature, many desirable properties for allocations of indivisible goods have been proposed, including envy-freeness, Pareto optimality, and maximization of either the total welfare of all agents, the welfare of the worst-off agent, or the Nash product of agents’ welfares. In the two-person context, we study relationships among these properties using both analytical models and simulation in a setting where individual preferences are given by additive cardinal utilities. We provide several new theorems linking these criteria and use simulation to study how their values are related to problem characteristics, assuming that utilities are assigned randomly. We draw some conclusions concerning the relation of problem characteristics to the availabilty of allocations with particular properties.

文献中提出了许多不可分割物品分配的理想属性,包括无嫉妒、帕累托最优以及所有代理人的总福利最大化、最差代理人的福利最大化或代理人福利的纳什乘积最大化。在二人情境中,我们使用分析模型和模拟方法,在个人偏好由加法心算效用给出的情况下,研究了这些属性之间的关系。假设效用是随机分配的,我们提供了几个将这些标准联系起来的新定理,并利用模拟来研究它们的值与问题特征之间的关系。我们就问题特征与具有特定属性的分配的可用性之间的关系得出了一些结论。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of a Representative Collective Value Function Through a Value Function-Based Consensus-Reaching Process 通过基于价值函数的达成共识过程确定具有代表性的集体价值函数
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09883-z
Kun Zhou, Zaiwu Gong, Xiaoqing Chen, Roman Słowiński

Consensus-reaching among decision-makers (DMs) is an important prerequisite for effective group decision-making. Determining a collective value function that is recognized by major DMs is new in consensus research. We are approaching this problem by adopting the preference disaggregation analysis (PDA) to construct a novel consensus-reaching process (CRP). More precisely, we define the value function that can restore the preference information of all DMs as the consensus value function, and determine all such value functions by the PDA method. A consensus discriminant model is constructed to determine whether DMs can reach a consensus. Considering the adjustment cost of DMs, the minimum cost consensus model, and the minimum cost inconsistency elimination model, are constructed by introducing estimation errors and 0–1 variables, respectively, thus assisting DMs to reach a consensus. Furthermore, in the process of selecting a representative collective value function from the consensus space for subsequent decision analysis, a lexicographic optimization process is applied to convert the multi-objective programming problem of DMs’ individual requirements for the collective value function into a multi-stage single-objective programming problem. This study provides a new concept of consensus and extends the classic minimum cost consensus model to the case of value functions. Finally, an illustrative example showing the proposed CRP in action is presented, while conducting sensitivity analysis to explore the impact of parameter changes on the model.

决策者(DMs)之间达成共识是有效群体决策的重要前提。在共识研究中,确定一个得到主要 DMs 认可的集体价值函数是一个新课题。我们采用偏好分解分析法(PDA)来解决这一问题,从而构建了一个新颖的达成共识过程(CRP)。更确切地说,我们将能够还原所有 DM 偏好信息的价值函数定义为共识价值函数,并通过 PDA 方法确定所有此类价值函数。通过构建共识判别模型来确定 DM 是否能达成共识。考虑到 DM 的调整成本,通过引入估计误差和 0-1 变量,分别构建了最小成本共识模型和最小成本不一致消除模型,从而帮助 DM 达成共识。此外,在从共识空间中选择具有代表性的集体价值函数进行后续决策分析的过程中,应用了词法优化过程,将 DMs 对集体价值函数的个体要求的多目标编程问题转化为多阶段单目标编程问题。这项研究提供了一个新的共识概念,并将经典的最小成本共识模型扩展到了价值函数的情况。最后,介绍了一个示例,展示了所建议的 CRP 的实际应用,同时进行了敏感性分析,以探讨参数变化对模型的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Group Risky Choice and Resource Allocation Under Social Comparison Effects 社会比较效应下的群体风险选择和资源分配
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09875-z
Xia Chen, Yucheng Dong, Ying He

In a decision-making problem where a group must select an action from risky lotteries to receive a payoff that needs to be distributed among the group members, the group’s external risky choice and internal resource allocation emerge as two critical and interrelated subproblems. Individuals unconsciously exhibit social comparison behavior in many group contexts, profoundly impacting their payoff preferences. In this study, we first formulate a novel group resource allocation model and explore how the allocation equality of group resource is influenced by social comparisons. Particularly, we discuss the non-dictatorship condition under social comparison effects, which guarantees an extreme case of group resource allocation, i.e., “winner-take-all,” does not appear. Subsequently, we investigate the group risky choice under the effects of social comparison. The main results show that (1) introducing social comparison effects can increase allocation equality when loss aversion is high but decrease allocation equality when loss aversion is low, and (2) the classical risk sharing rule still holds in the group under social comparison effects, but introducing social comparison effects will lead to the group being more risk averse.

在一个决策问题中,一个群体必须从有风险的彩票中选择一项行动,以获得需要在群体成员之间分配的报酬,群体的外部风险选择和内部资源分配成为两个关键且相互关联的子问题。在许多群体情境中,个体会不自觉地表现出社会比较行为,从而对其报酬偏好产生深刻影响。在本研究中,我们首先提出了一个新颖的群体资源分配模型,并探讨了社会比较如何影响群体资源分配的平等性。特别是,我们讨论了社会比较效应下的非独裁条件,它保证了群体资源分配的极端情况,即 "赢家通吃 "不会出现。随后,我们研究了社会比较效应下的群体风险选择。主要结果表明:(1) 当损失厌恶程度较高时,引入社会比较效应会提高分配平等性,但当损失厌恶程度较低时,分配平等性会降低;(2) 在社会比较效应下,经典的风险分担规则在群体中仍然成立,但引入社会比较效应会导致群体更加厌恶风险。
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引用次数: 0
An Integrated Approach to Preferential Voting Models with Variable Weights for Rank Positions 排名位置权重可变的优先投票模型综合方法
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09874-0
Byeong Seok Ahn

In a ranked voting system, voters select a subset of candidates and rank them from most to least preferred. Data envelopment analysis (DEA)-based voting models, among others, are used to determine the rank-position weights most favorable for each candidate, with the goal of achieving the highest aggregate score. However, concerns have been raised about the weights assigned to each rank position, as well as the potential for rank reversal of some candidates resulting from changes in votes earned by other candidates. To address these issues, some authors have developed two improved models. These models aim to incorporate the constraints of candidates that are not being evaluated into a single restriction, preventing inefficient candidates from influencing the order of efficient candidates. Moreover, these models treat the parameters used to make the distance between successive ranks as variable weights, and calculate average efficiency scores of candidates while considering the entire range of parameters. In this study, we revisit the two improved models and explore an alternative approach based on results from linear algebra and convex analysis, which is more intuitive and easier to understand. Furthermore, we provide closed-form optimal solutions for DEA-based voting models that share the common goal of maximizing the distance between successive ranks while considering both efficiency-related and weight constraints. The analysis of these four models offers a better understanding of their similarities and differences.

在排序投票系统中,投票者选择一个候选人子集,并将其从最喜欢的到最不喜欢的进行排序。基于数据包络分析(DEA)的投票模型等被用来确定对每个候选人最有利的排名位置权重,目的是获得最高的总分。然而,人们对分配给每个排名位置的权重,以及因其他候选人得票变化而导致某些候选人排名逆转的可能性表示担忧。为了解决这些问题,一些作者开发了两个改进的模型。这些模型旨在将未被评估的候选人的约束条件纳入一个单一的限制条件,防止低效候选人影响高效候选人的排序。此外,这些模型将用于确定连续排序之间距离的参数视为可变权重,并在考虑整个参数范围的同时计算候选者的平均效率分数。在本研究中,我们重新审视了这两种改进模型,并探索了一种基于线性代数和凸分析结果的替代方法,这种方法更直观、更易于理解。此外,我们还为基于 DEA 的投票模型提供了闭式最优解,这些模型的共同目标是在考虑效率相关约束和权重约束的同时,最大化连续排名之间的距离。通过对这四种模型的分析,我们可以更好地理解它们之间的异同。
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引用次数: 0
Coalition Stability in International Environmental Matching Agreements 国际环境匹配协议中的联盟稳定性
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-03-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09878-w
Charlotte Süring, Hans-Peter Weikard

This study presents empirically calibrated simulations of three different variants of environmental matching agreements aimed at reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. We determine whether matching agreements can produce larger stable coalitions and increase abatement contributions and payoffs as compared to standard agreements. The matching agreements we analyze feature uniform matching rates by which coalition members match the unconditional contributions of (i) the other coalition members, (ii) all other players, or (iii) only non-members, while non-members do not commit to any matching and maximize their individual payoffs. The simulation considers twelve asymmetric world regions with linear abatement benefits and quadratic costs, calibrated based on the STACO 3 model, and uses emissions data from the shared socioeconomic pathways database. We find that the first variant of the matching game fails to produce any stable coalitions and thus performs worse than the standard agreement that produces a stable two-player coalition. The second variant produces a stable grand coalition and significantly increases the abatement and payoff levels beyond the non-cooperative Nash baseline. Partial coalitions are unstable in this game. The third variant produces a two-player coalition similar to the standard coalition formation game, but with different members and higher abatement and payoff levels due to the matching mechanism.

本研究对旨在减少全球温室气体排放的环境匹配协议的三种不同变体进行了经验校准模拟。与标准协议相比,我们确定匹配协议是否能产生更大的稳定联盟,并增加减排贡献和回报。我们分析的匹配协议具有统一匹配率的特点,即联盟成员匹配(i)其他联盟成员、(ii)所有其他参与者或(iii)仅非成员的无条件贡献,而非成员不承诺任何匹配,并使其个人收益最大化。模拟考虑了 12 个非对称世界区域,其减排收益为线性,成本为二次方,根据 STACO 3 模型进行了校准,并使用了共享社会经济路径数据库中的排放数据。我们发现,匹配博弈的第一个变体无法产生任何稳定的联盟,因此表现不如产生稳定的双人联盟的标准协议。第二个变体产生了一个稳定的大联盟,并大大提高了减排量和报酬水平,超过了非合作的纳什基线。在这个博弈中,部分联盟是不稳定的。第三种变式产生的双人联盟与标准联盟形成博弈类似,但成员不同,而且由于匹配机制,减排量和报酬水平更高。
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引用次数: 0
Efficiency of Community-Based Content Moderation Mechanisms: A Discussion Focused on Birdwatch 基于社区的内容管理机制的效率:以《鸟类观察》为重点的讨论
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-03-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09881-1
Chenlong Wang, Pablo Lucas

As user-generated online content has been flourishing with both useful information and misinformation. One of the complexities surrounding such phenomena is its huge amounts of data and its associated difficulties to effectively moderate content, particularly as most initiatives are centralised and fraught with its intrinsic trust issues. One of the few examples using mainly a decentralised (i.e., community-driven) mechanism is Twitter’s Community Notes (once named as Birdwatch) experimental project. This paper thus is about testing the efficiency of such community-based content moderation mechanism and scenarios of interest aiming to better understanding how the users themselves better moderate online content. This is done through an agent-based approach and three conclusions are discussed in detail: (1) to some extent the community is able to fight against misinformation, (2) a Birdwatch-like mechanism can indeed boost the community’s content moderation ability, but there is a nontrivial trade-off between social influence and content timeliness and (3) a simple proposition, in the form of a reminder mechanism to users, cannot fulfil the task of improving the content moderation efficiency, which means a different approach to design is needed.

用户生成的在线内容一直在蓬勃发展,其中既有有用的信息,也有错误的信息。围绕这种现象的一个复杂问题是其海量数据以及与之相关的有效管理内容的困难,特别是大多数倡议都是集中式的,充满了内在的信任问题。Twitter 的 "社区笔记"(曾用名 "鸟类观察")实验项目是少数几个主要采用去中心化(即社区驱动)机制的例子之一。因此,本文将测试这种基于社区的内容管理机制的效率和相关场景,旨在更好地了解用户本身如何更好地管理在线内容。本文通过基于代理的方法进行测试,并详细讨论了三个结论:(1) 在一定程度上,社区能够抵制错误信息;(2) 类似 "小鸟观察 "的机制确实能够提高社区的内容节制能力,但在社会影响力和内容及时性之间存在不小的权衡;(3) 以提醒用户机制为形式的简单命题无法完成提高内容节制效率的任务,这意味着需要采用不同的设计方法。
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引用次数: 0
Smart Contract Application in Resisting Extreme Weather Risks for the Prefabricated Construction Supply Chain: Prototype Exploration and Assessment 智能合同在预制建筑供应链抵御极端天气风险中的应用:原型探索与评估
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09877-x
Zhu-Jun Wang, Yangyang Sun, Qin Su, Muhammet Deveci, Kannan Govindan, Mirosław J. Skibniewski, Zhen-Song Chen

The increasing frequency of extreme weather (EW) events has created significant vulnerabilities in the normal operations of the prefabricated construction supply chain (PCSC). This study aims to enhance the resilience of the PCSC against EW by utilizing smart contracts. The study proposes a prototype smart contract application to mitigate the risks posed by EW to the PCSC. Additionally, it identifies 28 potential barriers affecting smart contract adoption in the PCSC using the Technology-Organization-Environment framework. Furthermore, the paper presents a multi-objective optimization-based group decision-making method to assess the feasibility of smart contract adoption in the PCSC. An online survey was then conducted among 50 stakeholders from various links of the PCSC to gather insights into smart contract adoption. The results indicate that stakeholder awareness of smart contracts and the current corporate level are the most influential factors in decision-making. This research extends the application of smart contracts to risk management within the PCSC, offering valuable insights for stakeholders to enhance resilience and address the adverse effects of EW proactively.

极端天气(EW)事件日益频繁,给预制建筑供应链(PCSC)的正常运营带来了重大隐患。本研究旨在利用智能合约提高预制建筑供应链抵御极端天气的能力。本研究提出了一种智能合约应用原型,以减轻 EW 对 PCSC 造成的风险。此外,该研究还利用技术-组织-环境框架确定了影响 PCSC 采用智能合约的 28 个潜在障碍。此外,论文还提出了一种基于多目标优化的群体决策方法,用于评估在 PCSC 中采用智能合约的可行性。然后,对来自 PCSC 各个环节的 50 名利益相关者进行了在线调查,以收集对智能合约采用的见解。结果表明,利益相关者对智能合约的认知度和当前的企业水平是对决策影响最大的因素。这项研究将智能合约的应用扩展到了 PCSC 内部的风险管理,为利益相关者提供了宝贵的见解,帮助他们增强应变能力,积极应对 EW 的不利影响。
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引用次数: 0
An Outranking-Based Approach Modeling Satisfaction–Dissatisfaction Intensity, Preference Dependence, and Discordance Strength in Group Decision 基于排序的方法,为群体决策中的满意-不满意强度、偏好依赖性和不和谐强度建模
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09880-2
Eduardo Fernández, José Rui Figueira, Jorge Navarro, Efrain Solares

There are numerous proposals for Group Decision-Making (GDM) inspired by the ELECTRE multiple criteria decision approach. These proposals capitalize on ELECTRE's resemblance to certain voting systems and its ability to navigate veto situations. However, while ELECTRE-based methods have commendable features for establishing the credibility degree of the predicate “x is collectively considered at least as good as y”, they do not address three relevant issues: (1) the reinforced preference in favor of x exhibited by certain members of the group; (2) the strength of the coalition of Decision-Makers (DMs) who favor y over x; and (3) the effects of preference dependence (complementarity, redundancy, antagonism) among different DMs. This paper addresses group ranking problems within scenarios where a group is under the control of a special powerful actor, called a “Supra-Decision Maker”, or when a group adheres to a predetermined system of rules agreed upon by its members. Unlike other ELECTRE-based methods for GDM, this proposal comprehensively addresses the issues (1), (2) and (3) to determine the credibility degree of the collective outranking predicate. This determination can be utilized to derive a collective ranking or another form of recommendation in GDM. This proposal is expected to excel in a collaborative organizational environment where group members express genuine judgments, devoid of malicious intentions to manipulate collective decisions. Moreover, it has relevance in socially oriented decision-making contexts, especially when government agencies seek to reconcile opinions of diverse stakeholder groups with highly contradictory points of view. In such scenarios, where phenomena such as preference dependence, reinforced preference, and intense disagreement manifest, this proposal could offer valuable insights.

在 ELECTRE 多标准决策方法的启发下,有许多关于群体决策(GDM)的建议。这些建议利用了 ELECTRE 与某些投票系统的相似性及其在否决情况下的驾驭能力。然而,虽然基于 ELECTRE 的方法在确定 "x 被集体认为至少与 y 一样好 "这一谓词的可信度方面具有值得称道的特点,但它们并没有解决三个相关问题:(1) 小组中某些成员表现出的偏好 x 的强化偏好;(2) 偏好 y 而非 x 的决策者(DMs)联盟的强度;(3) 不同 DMs 之间偏好依赖性(互补性、冗余性、对抗性)的影响。本文所讨论的群体排序问题,是在群体受一个被称为 "超级决策者 "的特殊强势行为者控制的情况下,或在群体遵守其成员商定的预定规则体系的情况下产生的。与其他基于 ELECTRE 的 GDM 方法不同,本提案全面解决了问题(1)、(2)和(3),从而确定了集体排名靠前谓词的可信度。这种确定可用于在 GDM 中得出集体排名或其他形式的推荐。在协作式组织环境中,小组成员表达的是真实的判断,没有操纵集体决策的恶意,因此该建议有望大显身手。此外,它还适用于社会导向型决策环境,尤其是当政府机构寻求协调观点高度矛盾的不同利益相关群体的意见时。在这种情况下,会出现偏好依赖、强化偏好和激烈分歧等现象,这项建议可以提供有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
A Markov Chain-Based Group Consensus Method with Unknown Parameters 基于马尔可夫链的未知参数群体共识法
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09876-y
Chao Fu, Wenjun Chang

Group consensus (GC) is important for generating a group solution satisfactory or acceptable to most decision-makers in a group. Its convergency usually depends on several rounds of iterations and becomes more difficult with unknown parameters because GC is usually associated with parameters. To address the GC with unknown parameters, this paper proposes a Markov chain-based GC method, in which criterion weights and expert weights are considered as parameters. Given the interval-valued assessments of decision-makers, the GC at the alternative and global levels is defined. Based on the Markov chain, a two-hierarchical randomization algorithm is designed with unknown criterion weights to determine the transition probability matrix used to generate the stable GC. To accelerate the stable GC’s convergency, criteria significantly contributing negatives to the stable GC are identified and suggestions on helping renew decision-makers’ assessments on the identified criteria are provided. On the condition that the stable GC is definitely satisfied, a GC-based two-hierarchical randomization algorithm is designed based on the Markov chain to determine the transition probability matrix for generating the stable ranking value distribution of each alternative. The proposed method is employed to analyze a development mode selection problem. It is compared with the stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis and simple additive weighting methods based on the problem by calculation and principle.

群体共识(GC)对于产生令群体中大多数决策者满意或可接受的群体解决方案非常重要。其收敛性通常取决于几轮迭代,而且由于 GC 通常与参数相关,因此在参数未知的情况下变得更加困难。为了解决参数未知的 GC 问题,本文提出了一种基于马尔可夫链的 GC 方法,其中标准权重和专家权重被视为参数。给定决策者的区间值评估,定义备选方案和全局层面的 GC。在马尔可夫链的基础上,设计了一种双层次随机化算法,利用未知的标准权重来确定用于生成稳定 GC 的过渡概率矩阵。为了加快稳定 GC 的收敛速度,确定了对稳定 GC 有重大负面影响的标准,并提出了帮助决策者更新对所确定标准的评估的建议。在肯定满足稳定 GC 的条件下,设计了一种基于 GC 的双层次随机化算法,该算法基于马尔可夫链来确定过渡概率矩阵,以生成每个备选方案的稳定排序值分布。所提出的方法被用于分析开发模式选择问题。通过计算和原理,将其与基于该问题的随机多标准可接受性分析法和简单加权法进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
A Critical Exploration of Bargaining in Purchasing and Supply Management: A Systematic Literature Review 采购与供应管理中讨价还价的批判性探索:系统性文献综述
IF 3 4区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09879-9
Stephen Kelly, Daniel Chicksand

Bargaining with suppliers is a key Purchasing and Supply Management (PSM) activity but there is considerable ambiguity over what bargaining entails and the concept currently lacks a systematic treatment, despite its significant interest to PSM professionals. The literature shows that bargaining can be seen as an adversarial approach to negotiation (in contrast to more integrative/collaborative ones) and also the back-and-forth discussion over price and other variables between buying and supplying organisations to reach an agreement. In addition, many will move between fundamentally distributive and integrative approaches as the discussions play out. A systematic literature review of the Scopus, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, JSTOR and Web of Science databases was undertaken to address this gap, identifying 427 relevant journal papers that were systematically analysed. First, descriptive techniques identified the trajectory of published papers, methods, theories and their industrial context. Second, content analysis identified the key constructs and associated operational measures/variables of bargaining. Third, the constructs have then been ordered temporally and by areas of location (organisational/departmental and individual levels) to generate a model and inform a series of practice-based recommendations at different stages of the bargaining process. The findings will allow future researchers to use the constructs either directly in developing focused hypotheses to test relationships or as a basis for refinement and extension in cumulative theory building and testing. In addition, a series of focused research gaps have been identified, such as addressing the current contradictory findings of the effect of purchasing volume or organisational size on bargaining power.

与供应商讨价还价是采购与供应管理(PSM)的一项重要活动,但讨价还价的内涵却相当模糊,尽管采购与供应管理专业人士对这一概念非常感兴趣,但目前却缺乏系统的论述。文献显示,讨价还价可以被视为一种对抗性的谈判方式(与更具整合性/合作性的谈判方式形成鲜明对比),也是采购组织和供应组织之间为达成协议而就价格和其他变量进行的来回讨论。此外,在讨论过程中,许多人还会在基本分配法和综合法之间转换。针对这一空白,我们对 Scopus、ProQuest、ScienceDirect、JSTOR 和 Web of Science 数据库进行了系统的文献综述,确定了 427 篇相关期刊论文,并对其进行了系统分析。首先,通过描述性技术确定了已发表论文的轨迹、方法、理论及其行业背景。其次,通过内容分析确定了关键结构和相关的操作措施/讨价还价变量。第三,然后按时间和地点(组织/部门和个人层面)对构建要素进行排序,以生成一个模型,并在讨价还价过程的不同阶段提出一系列基于实践的建议。研究结果将使未来的研究人员能够直接利用这些建构,提出有针对性的假设来检验其中的关系,或将其作为完善和扩展累积理论建设和检验的基础。此外,我们还发现了一系列重点研究缺口,如解决目前关于采购量或组织规模对议价能力影响的矛盾研究结果。
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引用次数: 0
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Group Decision and Negotiation
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