Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09885-x
D. Marc Kilgour, Rudolf Vetschera
In the literature, many desirable properties for allocations of indivisible goods have been proposed, including envy-freeness, Pareto optimality, and maximization of either the total welfare of all agents, the welfare of the worst-off agent, or the Nash product of agents’ welfares. In the two-person context, we study relationships among these properties using both analytical models and simulation in a setting where individual preferences are given by additive cardinal utilities. We provide several new theorems linking these criteria and use simulation to study how their values are related to problem characteristics, assuming that utilities are assigned randomly. We draw some conclusions concerning the relation of problem characteristics to the availabilty of allocations with particular properties.
{"title":"Two-Person Fair Division with Additive Valuations","authors":"D. Marc Kilgour, Rudolf Vetschera","doi":"10.1007/s10726-024-09885-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-024-09885-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the literature, many desirable properties for allocations of indivisible goods have been proposed, including envy-freeness, Pareto optimality, and maximization of either the total welfare of all agents, the welfare of the worst-off agent, or the Nash product of agents’ welfares. In the two-person context, we study relationships among these properties using both analytical models and simulation in a setting where individual preferences are given by additive cardinal utilities. We provide several new theorems linking these criteria and use simulation to study how their values are related to problem characteristics, assuming that utilities are assigned randomly. We draw some conclusions concerning the relation of problem characteristics to the availabilty of allocations with particular properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":47553,"journal":{"name":"Group Decision and Negotiation","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140617542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09883-z
Kun Zhou, Zaiwu Gong, Xiaoqing Chen, Roman Słowiński
Consensus-reaching among decision-makers (DMs) is an important prerequisite for effective group decision-making. Determining a collective value function that is recognized by major DMs is new in consensus research. We are approaching this problem by adopting the preference disaggregation analysis (PDA) to construct a novel consensus-reaching process (CRP). More precisely, we define the value function that can restore the preference information of all DMs as the consensus value function, and determine all such value functions by the PDA method. A consensus discriminant model is constructed to determine whether DMs can reach a consensus. Considering the adjustment cost of DMs, the minimum cost consensus model, and the minimum cost inconsistency elimination model, are constructed by introducing estimation errors and 0–1 variables, respectively, thus assisting DMs to reach a consensus. Furthermore, in the process of selecting a representative collective value function from the consensus space for subsequent decision analysis, a lexicographic optimization process is applied to convert the multi-objective programming problem of DMs’ individual requirements for the collective value function into a multi-stage single-objective programming problem. This study provides a new concept of consensus and extends the classic minimum cost consensus model to the case of value functions. Finally, an illustrative example showing the proposed CRP in action is presented, while conducting sensitivity analysis to explore the impact of parameter changes on the model.
{"title":"Determination of a Representative Collective Value Function Through a Value Function-Based Consensus-Reaching Process","authors":"Kun Zhou, Zaiwu Gong, Xiaoqing Chen, Roman Słowiński","doi":"10.1007/s10726-024-09883-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-024-09883-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Consensus-reaching among decision-makers (DMs) is an important prerequisite for effective group decision-making. Determining a collective value function that is recognized by major DMs is new in consensus research. We are approaching this problem by adopting the preference disaggregation analysis (PDA) to construct a novel consensus-reaching process (CRP). More precisely, we define the value function that can restore the preference information of all DMs as the consensus value function, and determine all such value functions by the PDA method. A consensus discriminant model is constructed to determine whether DMs can reach a consensus. Considering the adjustment cost of DMs, the minimum cost consensus model, and the minimum cost inconsistency elimination model, are constructed by introducing estimation errors and 0–1 variables, respectively, thus assisting DMs to reach a consensus. Furthermore, in the process of selecting a representative collective value function from the consensus space for subsequent decision analysis, a lexicographic optimization process is applied to convert the multi-objective programming problem of DMs’ individual requirements for the collective value function into a multi-stage single-objective programming problem. This study provides a new concept of consensus and extends the classic minimum cost consensus model to the case of value functions. Finally, an illustrative example showing the proposed CRP in action is presented, while conducting sensitivity analysis to explore the impact of parameter changes on the model.</p>","PeriodicalId":47553,"journal":{"name":"Group Decision and Negotiation","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140561990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09875-z
Xia Chen, Yucheng Dong, Ying He
In a decision-making problem where a group must select an action from risky lotteries to receive a payoff that needs to be distributed among the group members, the group’s external risky choice and internal resource allocation emerge as two critical and interrelated subproblems. Individuals unconsciously exhibit social comparison behavior in many group contexts, profoundly impacting their payoff preferences. In this study, we first formulate a novel group resource allocation model and explore how the allocation equality of group resource is influenced by social comparisons. Particularly, we discuss the non-dictatorship condition under social comparison effects, which guarantees an extreme case of group resource allocation, i.e., “winner-take-all,” does not appear. Subsequently, we investigate the group risky choice under the effects of social comparison. The main results show that (1) introducing social comparison effects can increase allocation equality when loss aversion is high but decrease allocation equality when loss aversion is low, and (2) the classical risk sharing rule still holds in the group under social comparison effects, but introducing social comparison effects will lead to the group being more risk averse.
{"title":"Group Risky Choice and Resource Allocation Under Social Comparison Effects","authors":"Xia Chen, Yucheng Dong, Ying He","doi":"10.1007/s10726-024-09875-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-024-09875-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In a decision-making problem where a group must select an action from risky lotteries to receive a payoff that needs to be distributed among the group members, the group’s external risky choice and internal resource allocation emerge as two critical and interrelated subproblems. Individuals unconsciously exhibit social comparison behavior in many group contexts, profoundly impacting their payoff preferences. In this study, we first formulate a novel group resource allocation model and explore how the allocation equality of group resource is influenced by social comparisons. Particularly, we discuss the non-dictatorship condition under social comparison effects, which guarantees an extreme case of group resource allocation, i.e., “winner-take-all,” does not appear. Subsequently, we investigate the group risky choice under the effects of social comparison. The main results show that (1) introducing social comparison effects can increase allocation equality when loss aversion is high but decrease allocation equality when loss aversion is low, and (2) the classical risk sharing rule still holds in the group under social comparison effects, but introducing social comparison effects will lead to the group being more risk averse.</p>","PeriodicalId":47553,"journal":{"name":"Group Decision and Negotiation","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140324757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09874-0
Byeong Seok Ahn
In a ranked voting system, voters select a subset of candidates and rank them from most to least preferred. Data envelopment analysis (DEA)-based voting models, among others, are used to determine the rank-position weights most favorable for each candidate, with the goal of achieving the highest aggregate score. However, concerns have been raised about the weights assigned to each rank position, as well as the potential for rank reversal of some candidates resulting from changes in votes earned by other candidates. To address these issues, some authors have developed two improved models. These models aim to incorporate the constraints of candidates that are not being evaluated into a single restriction, preventing inefficient candidates from influencing the order of efficient candidates. Moreover, these models treat the parameters used to make the distance between successive ranks as variable weights, and calculate average efficiency scores of candidates while considering the entire range of parameters. In this study, we revisit the two improved models and explore an alternative approach based on results from linear algebra and convex analysis, which is more intuitive and easier to understand. Furthermore, we provide closed-form optimal solutions for DEA-based voting models that share the common goal of maximizing the distance between successive ranks while considering both efficiency-related and weight constraints. The analysis of these four models offers a better understanding of their similarities and differences.
在排序投票系统中,投票者选择一个候选人子集,并将其从最喜欢的到最不喜欢的进行排序。基于数据包络分析(DEA)的投票模型等被用来确定对每个候选人最有利的排名位置权重,目的是获得最高的总分。然而,人们对分配给每个排名位置的权重,以及因其他候选人得票变化而导致某些候选人排名逆转的可能性表示担忧。为了解决这些问题,一些作者开发了两个改进的模型。这些模型旨在将未被评估的候选人的约束条件纳入一个单一的限制条件,防止低效候选人影响高效候选人的排序。此外,这些模型将用于确定连续排序之间距离的参数视为可变权重,并在考虑整个参数范围的同时计算候选者的平均效率分数。在本研究中,我们重新审视了这两种改进模型,并探索了一种基于线性代数和凸分析结果的替代方法,这种方法更直观、更易于理解。此外,我们还为基于 DEA 的投票模型提供了闭式最优解,这些模型的共同目标是在考虑效率相关约束和权重约束的同时,最大化连续排名之间的距离。通过对这四种模型的分析,我们可以更好地理解它们之间的异同。
{"title":"An Integrated Approach to Preferential Voting Models with Variable Weights for Rank Positions","authors":"Byeong Seok Ahn","doi":"10.1007/s10726-024-09874-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-024-09874-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In a ranked voting system, voters select a subset of candidates and rank them from most to least preferred. Data envelopment analysis (DEA)-based voting models, among others, are used to determine the rank-position weights most favorable for each candidate, with the goal of achieving the highest aggregate score. However, concerns have been raised about the weights assigned to each rank position, as well as the potential for rank reversal of some candidates resulting from changes in votes earned by other candidates. To address these issues, some authors have developed two improved models. These models aim to incorporate the constraints of candidates that are not being evaluated into a single restriction, preventing inefficient candidates from influencing the order of efficient candidates. Moreover, these models treat the parameters used to make the distance between successive ranks as variable weights, and calculate average efficiency scores of candidates while considering the entire range of parameters. In this study, we revisit the two improved models and explore an alternative approach based on results from linear algebra and convex analysis, which is more intuitive and easier to understand. Furthermore, we provide closed-form optimal solutions for DEA-based voting models that share the common goal of maximizing the distance between successive ranks while considering both efficiency-related and weight constraints. The analysis of these four models offers a better understanding of their similarities and differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":47553,"journal":{"name":"Group Decision and Negotiation","volume":"2016 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140299800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09878-w
Charlotte Süring, Hans-Peter Weikard
This study presents empirically calibrated simulations of three different variants of environmental matching agreements aimed at reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. We determine whether matching agreements can produce larger stable coalitions and increase abatement contributions and payoffs as compared to standard agreements. The matching agreements we analyze feature uniform matching rates by which coalition members match the unconditional contributions of (i) the other coalition members, (ii) all other players, or (iii) only non-members, while non-members do not commit to any matching and maximize their individual payoffs. The simulation considers twelve asymmetric world regions with linear abatement benefits and quadratic costs, calibrated based on the STACO 3 model, and uses emissions data from the shared socioeconomic pathways database. We find that the first variant of the matching game fails to produce any stable coalitions and thus performs worse than the standard agreement that produces a stable two-player coalition. The second variant produces a stable grand coalition and significantly increases the abatement and payoff levels beyond the non-cooperative Nash baseline. Partial coalitions are unstable in this game. The third variant produces a two-player coalition similar to the standard coalition formation game, but with different members and higher abatement and payoff levels due to the matching mechanism.
{"title":"Coalition Stability in International Environmental Matching Agreements","authors":"Charlotte Süring, Hans-Peter Weikard","doi":"10.1007/s10726-024-09878-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-024-09878-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents empirically calibrated simulations of three different variants of environmental matching agreements aimed at reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. We determine whether matching agreements can produce larger stable coalitions and increase abatement contributions and payoffs as compared to standard agreements. The matching agreements we analyze feature uniform matching rates by which coalition members match the unconditional contributions of (i) the other coalition members, (ii) all other players, or (iii) only non-members, while non-members do not commit to any matching and maximize their individual payoffs. The simulation considers twelve asymmetric world regions with linear abatement benefits and quadratic costs, calibrated based on the STACO 3 model, and uses emissions data from the shared socioeconomic pathways database. We find that the first variant of the matching game fails to produce any stable coalitions and thus performs worse than the standard agreement that produces a stable two-player coalition. The second variant produces a stable grand coalition and significantly increases the abatement and payoff levels beyond the non-cooperative Nash baseline. Partial coalitions are unstable in this game. The third variant produces a two-player coalition similar to the standard coalition formation game, but with different members and higher abatement and payoff levels due to the matching mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":47553,"journal":{"name":"Group Decision and Negotiation","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09881-1
Chenlong Wang, Pablo Lucas
As user-generated online content has been flourishing with both useful information and misinformation. One of the complexities surrounding such phenomena is its huge amounts of data and its associated difficulties to effectively moderate content, particularly as most initiatives are centralised and fraught with its intrinsic trust issues. One of the few examples using mainly a decentralised (i.e., community-driven) mechanism is Twitter’s Community Notes (once named as Birdwatch) experimental project. This paper thus is about testing the efficiency of such community-based content moderation mechanism and scenarios of interest aiming to better understanding how the users themselves better moderate online content. This is done through an agent-based approach and three conclusions are discussed in detail: (1) to some extent the community is able to fight against misinformation, (2) a Birdwatch-like mechanism can indeed boost the community’s content moderation ability, but there is a nontrivial trade-off between social influence and content timeliness and (3) a simple proposition, in the form of a reminder mechanism to users, cannot fulfil the task of improving the content moderation efficiency, which means a different approach to design is needed.
{"title":"Efficiency of Community-Based Content Moderation Mechanisms: A Discussion Focused on Birdwatch","authors":"Chenlong Wang, Pablo Lucas","doi":"10.1007/s10726-024-09881-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-024-09881-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As user-generated online content has been flourishing with both useful information and misinformation. One of the complexities surrounding such phenomena is its huge amounts of data and its associated difficulties to effectively moderate content, particularly as most initiatives are centralised and fraught with its intrinsic trust issues. One of the few examples using mainly a decentralised (i.e., community-driven) mechanism is Twitter’s Community Notes (once named as Birdwatch) experimental project. This paper thus is about testing the efficiency of such community-based content moderation mechanism and scenarios of interest aiming to better understanding how the users themselves better moderate online content. This is done through an agent-based approach and three conclusions are discussed in detail: (1) to some extent the community is able to fight against misinformation, (2) a Birdwatch-like mechanism can indeed boost the community’s content moderation ability, but there is a nontrivial trade-off between social influence and content timeliness and (3) a simple proposition, in the form of a reminder mechanism to users, cannot fulfil the task of improving the content moderation efficiency, which means a different approach to design is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":47553,"journal":{"name":"Group Decision and Negotiation","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09877-x
Zhu-Jun Wang, Yangyang Sun, Qin Su, Muhammet Deveci, Kannan Govindan, Mirosław J. Skibniewski, Zhen-Song Chen
The increasing frequency of extreme weather (EW) events has created significant vulnerabilities in the normal operations of the prefabricated construction supply chain (PCSC). This study aims to enhance the resilience of the PCSC against EW by utilizing smart contracts. The study proposes a prototype smart contract application to mitigate the risks posed by EW to the PCSC. Additionally, it identifies 28 potential barriers affecting smart contract adoption in the PCSC using the Technology-Organization-Environment framework. Furthermore, the paper presents a multi-objective optimization-based group decision-making method to assess the feasibility of smart contract adoption in the PCSC. An online survey was then conducted among 50 stakeholders from various links of the PCSC to gather insights into smart contract adoption. The results indicate that stakeholder awareness of smart contracts and the current corporate level are the most influential factors in decision-making. This research extends the application of smart contracts to risk management within the PCSC, offering valuable insights for stakeholders to enhance resilience and address the adverse effects of EW proactively.
极端天气(EW)事件日益频繁,给预制建筑供应链(PCSC)的正常运营带来了重大隐患。本研究旨在利用智能合约提高预制建筑供应链抵御极端天气的能力。本研究提出了一种智能合约应用原型,以减轻 EW 对 PCSC 造成的风险。此外,该研究还利用技术-组织-环境框架确定了影响 PCSC 采用智能合约的 28 个潜在障碍。此外,论文还提出了一种基于多目标优化的群体决策方法,用于评估在 PCSC 中采用智能合约的可行性。然后,对来自 PCSC 各个环节的 50 名利益相关者进行了在线调查,以收集对智能合约采用的见解。结果表明,利益相关者对智能合约的认知度和当前的企业水平是对决策影响最大的因素。这项研究将智能合约的应用扩展到了 PCSC 内部的风险管理,为利益相关者提供了宝贵的见解,帮助他们增强应变能力,积极应对 EW 的不利影响。
{"title":"Smart Contract Application in Resisting Extreme Weather Risks for the Prefabricated Construction Supply Chain: Prototype Exploration and Assessment","authors":"Zhu-Jun Wang, Yangyang Sun, Qin Su, Muhammet Deveci, Kannan Govindan, Mirosław J. Skibniewski, Zhen-Song Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10726-024-09877-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-024-09877-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing frequency of extreme weather (EW) events has created significant vulnerabilities in the normal operations of the prefabricated construction supply chain (PCSC). This study aims to enhance the resilience of the PCSC against EW by utilizing smart contracts. The study proposes a prototype smart contract application to mitigate the risks posed by EW to the PCSC. Additionally, it identifies 28 potential barriers affecting smart contract adoption in the PCSC using the Technology-Organization-Environment framework. Furthermore, the paper presents a multi-objective optimization-based group decision-making method to assess the feasibility of smart contract adoption in the PCSC. An online survey was then conducted among 50 stakeholders from various links of the PCSC to gather insights into smart contract adoption. The results indicate that stakeholder awareness of smart contracts and the current corporate level are the most influential factors in decision-making. This research extends the application of smart contracts to risk management within the PCSC, offering valuable insights for stakeholders to enhance resilience and address the adverse effects of EW proactively.</p>","PeriodicalId":47553,"journal":{"name":"Group Decision and Negotiation","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-19DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09880-2
Eduardo Fernández, José Rui Figueira, Jorge Navarro, Efrain Solares
There are numerous proposals for Group Decision-Making (GDM) inspired by the ELECTRE multiple criteria decision approach. These proposals capitalize on ELECTRE's resemblance to certain voting systems and its ability to navigate veto situations. However, while ELECTRE-based methods have commendable features for establishing the credibility degree of the predicate “x is collectively considered at least as good as y”, they do not address three relevant issues: (1) the reinforced preference in favor of x exhibited by certain members of the group; (2) the strength of the coalition of Decision-Makers (DMs) who favor y over x; and (3) the effects of preference dependence (complementarity, redundancy, antagonism) among different DMs. This paper addresses group ranking problems within scenarios where a group is under the control of a special powerful actor, called a “Supra-Decision Maker”, or when a group adheres to a predetermined system of rules agreed upon by its members. Unlike other ELECTRE-based methods for GDM, this proposal comprehensively addresses the issues (1), (2) and (3) to determine the credibility degree of the collective outranking predicate. This determination can be utilized to derive a collective ranking or another form of recommendation in GDM. This proposal is expected to excel in a collaborative organizational environment where group members express genuine judgments, devoid of malicious intentions to manipulate collective decisions. Moreover, it has relevance in socially oriented decision-making contexts, especially when government agencies seek to reconcile opinions of diverse stakeholder groups with highly contradictory points of view. In such scenarios, where phenomena such as preference dependence, reinforced preference, and intense disagreement manifest, this proposal could offer valuable insights.
在 ELECTRE 多标准决策方法的启发下,有许多关于群体决策(GDM)的建议。这些建议利用了 ELECTRE 与某些投票系统的相似性及其在否决情况下的驾驭能力。然而,虽然基于 ELECTRE 的方法在确定 "x 被集体认为至少与 y 一样好 "这一谓词的可信度方面具有值得称道的特点,但它们并没有解决三个相关问题:(1) 小组中某些成员表现出的偏好 x 的强化偏好;(2) 偏好 y 而非 x 的决策者(DMs)联盟的强度;(3) 不同 DMs 之间偏好依赖性(互补性、冗余性、对抗性)的影响。本文所讨论的群体排序问题,是在群体受一个被称为 "超级决策者 "的特殊强势行为者控制的情况下,或在群体遵守其成员商定的预定规则体系的情况下产生的。与其他基于 ELECTRE 的 GDM 方法不同,本提案全面解决了问题(1)、(2)和(3),从而确定了集体排名靠前谓词的可信度。这种确定可用于在 GDM 中得出集体排名或其他形式的推荐。在协作式组织环境中,小组成员表达的是真实的判断,没有操纵集体决策的恶意,因此该建议有望大显身手。此外,它还适用于社会导向型决策环境,尤其是当政府机构寻求协调观点高度矛盾的不同利益相关群体的意见时。在这种情况下,会出现偏好依赖、强化偏好和激烈分歧等现象,这项建议可以提供有价值的见解。
{"title":"An Outranking-Based Approach Modeling Satisfaction–Dissatisfaction Intensity, Preference Dependence, and Discordance Strength in Group Decision","authors":"Eduardo Fernández, José Rui Figueira, Jorge Navarro, Efrain Solares","doi":"10.1007/s10726-024-09880-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-024-09880-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There are numerous proposals for Group Decision-Making (GDM) inspired by the ELECTRE multiple criteria decision approach. These proposals capitalize on ELECTRE's resemblance to certain voting systems and its ability to navigate veto situations. However, while ELECTRE-based methods have commendable features for establishing the credibility degree of the predicate “<i>x</i> is collectively considered at least as good as <i>y</i>”, they do not address three relevant issues: (1) the reinforced preference in favor of <i>x</i> exhibited by certain members of the group; (2) the strength of the coalition of Decision-Makers (DMs) who favor <i>y</i> over <i>x</i>; and (3) the effects of preference dependence (complementarity, redundancy, antagonism) among different DMs. This paper addresses group ranking problems within scenarios where a group is under the control of a special powerful actor, called a “Supra-Decision Maker”, or when a group adheres to a predetermined system of rules agreed upon by its members. Unlike other ELECTRE-based methods for GDM, this proposal comprehensively addresses the issues (1), (2) and (3) to determine the credibility degree of the collective outranking predicate. This determination can be utilized to derive a collective ranking or another form of recommendation in GDM. This proposal is expected to excel in a collaborative organizational environment where group members express genuine judgments, devoid of malicious intentions to manipulate collective decisions. Moreover, it has relevance in socially oriented decision-making contexts, especially when government agencies seek to reconcile opinions of diverse stakeholder groups with highly contradictory points of view. In such scenarios, where phenomena such as preference dependence, reinforced preference, and intense disagreement manifest, this proposal could offer valuable insights.</p>","PeriodicalId":47553,"journal":{"name":"Group Decision and Negotiation","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140167479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-18DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09876-y
Chao Fu, Wenjun Chang
Group consensus (GC) is important for generating a group solution satisfactory or acceptable to most decision-makers in a group. Its convergency usually depends on several rounds of iterations and becomes more difficult with unknown parameters because GC is usually associated with parameters. To address the GC with unknown parameters, this paper proposes a Markov chain-based GC method, in which criterion weights and expert weights are considered as parameters. Given the interval-valued assessments of decision-makers, the GC at the alternative and global levels is defined. Based on the Markov chain, a two-hierarchical randomization algorithm is designed with unknown criterion weights to determine the transition probability matrix used to generate the stable GC. To accelerate the stable GC’s convergency, criteria significantly contributing negatives to the stable GC are identified and suggestions on helping renew decision-makers’ assessments on the identified criteria are provided. On the condition that the stable GC is definitely satisfied, a GC-based two-hierarchical randomization algorithm is designed based on the Markov chain to determine the transition probability matrix for generating the stable ranking value distribution of each alternative. The proposed method is employed to analyze a development mode selection problem. It is compared with the stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis and simple additive weighting methods based on the problem by calculation and principle.
{"title":"A Markov Chain-Based Group Consensus Method with Unknown Parameters","authors":"Chao Fu, Wenjun Chang","doi":"10.1007/s10726-024-09876-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-024-09876-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Group consensus (GC) is important for generating a group solution satisfactory or acceptable to most decision-makers in a group. Its convergency usually depends on several rounds of iterations and becomes more difficult with unknown parameters because GC is usually associated with parameters. To address the GC with unknown parameters, this paper proposes a Markov chain-based GC method, in which criterion weights and expert weights are considered as parameters. Given the interval-valued assessments of decision-makers, the GC at the alternative and global levels is defined. Based on the Markov chain, a two-hierarchical randomization algorithm is designed with unknown criterion weights to determine the transition probability matrix used to generate the stable GC. To accelerate the stable GC’s convergency, criteria significantly contributing negatives to the stable GC are identified and suggestions on helping renew decision-makers’ assessments on the identified criteria are provided. On the condition that the stable GC is definitely satisfied, a GC-based two-hierarchical randomization algorithm is designed based on the Markov chain to determine the transition probability matrix for generating the stable ranking value distribution of each alternative. The proposed method is employed to analyze a development mode selection problem. It is compared with the stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis and simple additive weighting methods based on the problem by calculation and principle.</p>","PeriodicalId":47553,"journal":{"name":"Group Decision and Negotiation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140167630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-18DOI: 10.1007/s10726-024-09879-9
Stephen Kelly, Daniel Chicksand
Bargaining with suppliers is a key Purchasing and Supply Management (PSM) activity but there is considerable ambiguity over what bargaining entails and the concept currently lacks a systematic treatment, despite its significant interest to PSM professionals. The literature shows that bargaining can be seen as an adversarial approach to negotiation (in contrast to more integrative/collaborative ones) and also the back-and-forth discussion over price and other variables between buying and supplying organisations to reach an agreement. In addition, many will move between fundamentally distributive and integrative approaches as the discussions play out. A systematic literature review of the Scopus, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, JSTOR and Web of Science databases was undertaken to address this gap, identifying 427 relevant journal papers that were systematically analysed. First, descriptive techniques identified the trajectory of published papers, methods, theories and their industrial context. Second, content analysis identified the key constructs and associated operational measures/variables of bargaining. Third, the constructs have then been ordered temporally and by areas of location (organisational/departmental and individual levels) to generate a model and inform a series of practice-based recommendations at different stages of the bargaining process. The findings will allow future researchers to use the constructs either directly in developing focused hypotheses to test relationships or as a basis for refinement and extension in cumulative theory building and testing. In addition, a series of focused research gaps have been identified, such as addressing the current contradictory findings of the effect of purchasing volume or organisational size on bargaining power.
与供应商讨价还价是采购与供应管理(PSM)的一项重要活动,但讨价还价的内涵却相当模糊,尽管采购与供应管理专业人士对这一概念非常感兴趣,但目前却缺乏系统的论述。文献显示,讨价还价可以被视为一种对抗性的谈判方式(与更具整合性/合作性的谈判方式形成鲜明对比),也是采购组织和供应组织之间为达成协议而就价格和其他变量进行的来回讨论。此外,在讨论过程中,许多人还会在基本分配法和综合法之间转换。针对这一空白,我们对 Scopus、ProQuest、ScienceDirect、JSTOR 和 Web of Science 数据库进行了系统的文献综述,确定了 427 篇相关期刊论文,并对其进行了系统分析。首先,通过描述性技术确定了已发表论文的轨迹、方法、理论及其行业背景。其次,通过内容分析确定了关键结构和相关的操作措施/讨价还价变量。第三,然后按时间和地点(组织/部门和个人层面)对构建要素进行排序,以生成一个模型,并在讨价还价过程的不同阶段提出一系列基于实践的建议。研究结果将使未来的研究人员能够直接利用这些建构,提出有针对性的假设来检验其中的关系,或将其作为完善和扩展累积理论建设和检验的基础。此外,我们还发现了一系列重点研究缺口,如解决目前关于采购量或组织规模对议价能力影响的矛盾研究结果。
{"title":"A Critical Exploration of Bargaining in Purchasing and Supply Management: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"Stephen Kelly, Daniel Chicksand","doi":"10.1007/s10726-024-09879-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-024-09879-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bargaining with suppliers is a key Purchasing and Supply Management (PSM) activity but there is considerable ambiguity over what bargaining entails and the concept currently lacks a systematic treatment, despite its significant interest to PSM professionals. The literature shows that bargaining can be seen as an adversarial approach to negotiation (in contrast to more integrative/collaborative ones) and also the back-and-forth discussion over price and other variables between buying and supplying organisations to reach an agreement. In addition, many will move between fundamentally distributive and integrative approaches as the discussions play out. A systematic literature review of the Scopus, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, JSTOR and Web of Science databases was undertaken to address this gap, identifying 427 relevant journal papers that were systematically analysed. First, descriptive techniques identified the trajectory of published papers, methods, theories and their industrial context. Second, content analysis identified the key constructs and associated operational measures/variables of bargaining. Third, the constructs have then been ordered temporally and by areas of location (organisational/departmental and individual levels) to generate a model and inform a series of practice-based recommendations at different stages of the bargaining process. The findings will allow future researchers to use the constructs either directly in developing focused hypotheses to test relationships or as a basis for refinement and extension in cumulative theory building and testing. In addition, a series of focused research gaps have been identified, such as addressing the current contradictory findings of the effect of purchasing volume or organisational size on bargaining power.</p>","PeriodicalId":47553,"journal":{"name":"Group Decision and Negotiation","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140167475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}