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Efficiency and the Productive Body: The Gilbreths’ Photographic Motion Studies of Work 效率与生产性身体:吉尔布雷斯夫妇的工作动态摄影研究
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1177/1357034x241262176
Elizabeth Stephens
This article examines the images of working bodies seen in the photographic motion studies of work undertaken by the management consultants Frank and Lillian Gilbreth in the 1910s and 1920s. It contextualises their studies, called chronocyclegraphs, as the product of two key cultural developments: first, new practices of measuring and assessing productivity in the context of workplace management and second, the use of new technologies for visualising the body, which brought with them new aesthetics and visual conventions for representing bodies in motion. The Gilbreths’ chronocyclegraphs provide a striking new vision of the working body in industrial capitalism, not as a thing of flesh and blood, but as a luminous field of energy or line of force. Taking these images as representative of new ideas about efficiency and productivity emergent at this time, this article examines their popularisation through the work of Lillian Gilbreth, who promised that the reward for increased productivity was a greater quantity of ‘happiness minutes’.
本文研究了管理顾问弗兰克-吉尔布雷斯(Frank Gilbreth)和莉莲-吉尔布雷斯(Lillian Gilbreth)在 20 世纪 10 年代和 20 世纪 20 年代进行的工作动态摄影研究中的工作人体图像。文章将他们的研究称为 "计时摄影"(chronocyclegraphs),将其视为两个关键文化发展的产物:第一,在工作场所管理中衡量和评估生产率的新实践;第二,使用新技术将身体可视化,这带来了表现运动中身体的新美学和视觉惯例。吉尔布雷斯的计时器为工业资本主义下的工作身体提供了一个引人注目的新视角,它不是一个血肉之躯,而是一个发光的能量场或力量线。本文认为这些图像代表了当时出现的关于效率和生产率的新观念,并通过莉莲-吉尔布雷斯的作品研究了这些观念的普及情况,莉莲-吉尔布雷斯承诺,提高生产率的回报是更多的 "幸福分钟"。
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引用次数: 0
On the Embodied Experience of Anti-abortion Laws and Regulations: The Gendered Burden of ‘Abortion Work’ 论反堕胎法律法规的体现体验:堕胎工作 "的性别负担
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1177/1357034x241252420
Aideen Catherine O’Shaughnessy
This article explores how abortion laws and regulations are experienced by women and others who may become pregnant at the level of the affected body. It theorises that laws, policies, and regulations which criminalise or obstruct access to abortion shape the embodied subjectivities of gestating individuals in contextually specific ways. This research analyses the experiences of abortion activists in Ireland living under the 8th amendment – the constitutional abortion ban (1983–2018). It proposes the concept of ‘abortion work’ to exemplify the additional forms of reproductive labour imposed on women and people who have historically been forced to anticipate, plan for, and access clandestine abortions inside and outside of Irish borders. It explores how the experience of doing ‘abortion work’ changes the relationship of these individuals to their bodies, which they come to experience ‘out of space-and-time’ and as sites of both intense vulnerability and insurgent agency at the same time.
本文探讨了可能怀孕的妇女和其他人如何在受影响的身体层面上体验堕胎法律法规。文章认为,将堕胎定为犯罪或阻碍堕胎的法律、政策和法规以特定的方式塑造了妊娠个体的体现主体性。本研究分析了生活在第八修正案--宪法堕胎禁令(1983-2018 年)下的爱尔兰堕胎活动家的经历。它提出了 "堕胎工作 "的概念,以例证历史上被迫在爱尔兰境内外预测、计划和获得秘密堕胎的妇女和人群所承担的额外形式的生殖劳动。它探讨了从事 "堕胎工作 "的经历如何改变了这些人与其身体的关系,他们开始体验到 "时空之外 "的身体,并将其同时视为强烈的脆弱性和反叛力量的场所。
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引用次数: 0
Michel Serres’s Sensorial Philosophy and the Importance of Skin in Francis Bacon’s Nudes 米歇尔-塞雷斯的感官哲学与弗朗西斯-培根裸体画中皮肤的重要性
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1177/1357034x241245982
Kevin Hunt
Prompted by the exhibition Francis Bacon: Man and Beast (January–April 2022), this article takes a cultural studies and historical poetics approach to the significance of skin in Bacon’s nudes. Drawing upon Michel Serres’s philosophy and the work of prominent figures within skin studies, this article argues that Bacon’s paintings intuitively embody the significance of skin as a dynamic site/sight of sensory, lived, experience shaped by socio-historical context. Bacon’s nudes are considered in relation to the dermalogical turn; the topological body; Didier Anzieu’s skin ego and skin as our ‘deepest surface’; and the importance of movement in Bacon’s imagery, which correlates with Serres’s notion that learning occurs through bodily motion. Serres recognises that cultural works – including painting and other creative practices – can convey complex multiplicities of knowledge synthesised into new and distinct forms.
在弗朗西斯-培根的展览 "人与兽"(2022 年 1 月至 4 月)的推动下,本文从文化研究和历史诗学的角度探讨了培根裸体作品中皮肤的意义:人与兽 "展览(2022 年 1 月至 4 月)的启发,本文从文化研究和历史诗学的角度来探讨培根裸体画中皮肤的意义。本文借鉴米歇尔-塞雷斯(Michel Serres)的哲学思想和皮肤研究领域著名人士的研究成果,认为培根的画作直观地体现了皮肤的意义,它是由社会历史背景塑造的感官、生活和体验的动态场所/视角。培根的裸体画与皮肤学转向、拓扑学身体、Didier Anzieu 的皮肤自我和作为我们 "最深表面 "的皮肤,以及培根图像中运动的重要性相关联,这与塞雷斯关于通过身体运动进行学习的概念相关联。塞雷斯认为,文化作品--包括绘画和其他创作实践--可以传达复杂的多重知识,并将其综合为新的独特形式。
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引用次数: 0
Sensing a Heartbeat: A New Perspective on Self-Tracking Technologies through the Integration of Interoception 感知心跳:通过整合截听技术实现自我跟踪技术的新视角
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-27 DOI: 10.1177/1357034x241245994
Desiree Foerster
Fitness trackers are increasingly used by their wearers to monitor and optimise their exercise, health, and well-being. What is usually not considered is the role our interoceptive sense, the sense for inner-bodily processes, plays in the interpretation of body data and the formation of habits. By including neuroscientific research, perspectives from pragmatist philosophy, and science and technology studies into the analysis of self-tracking devices, this article will give a perspective on the scope and the effects of the involvement of the interoceptive sense in self-tracking practices. By offering a critical analysis of the contextualisation of experience through self-tracking devices, this article will argue that interoceptive awareness provides the context to make sense of body data. I propose here that paying greater attention to how interoception is involved in the mediation of bodily processes and activities through tracking devices can give novel insights into self-tracking as an embodied and affective practice.
健身追踪器越来越多地被佩戴者用来监测和优化他们的运动、健康和幸福。人们通常没有考虑到的是我们的内感官,即对身体内部过程的感知,在解读身体数据和形成习惯方面所起的作用。通过将神经科学研究、实用主义哲学视角和科学技术研究纳入对自我追踪设备的分析,本文将从感官参与自我追踪实践的范围和影响的角度进行阐述。通过批判性地分析自我追踪设备对经验的语境化,本文将论证感知间意识为理解身体数据提供了语境。我在此建议,更多地关注感知间如何通过跟踪设备参与身体过程和活动的中介,可以为自我跟踪这种体现性和情感性实践提供新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Embroidering Infertility: Using Art to Reveal and Resist Technobiopower in In Vitro Fertilisation Experiences 刺绣不孕症:用艺术揭示和抵制体外受精经历中的技术生物权力
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1177/1357034x231222546
Rochelle Einboden, Brooke Wylie, Rachael Simons, Janice Gullick
In the Western context of delayed motherhood and declining fertility, an array of fertility enhancements have emerged. While bioethical debates and literature on the technological prowess of these enhancements proliferate, it is useful to explore the lived experience of women undergoing them. This article uses Tabitha Moses’ artwork Investment, a series of embroidered hospital gowns, as a vehicle to explore lived experience of women engaging with fertility enhancements, including in vitro fertilisation. This analysis challenges dominant biomedical and corporate discourses framing fertility enhancements as benign. Using constructs of patriarchy, biopower, biopolitics (Foucault), and technobiopower (Haraway), we identify how power over women’s bodies is extended through fertility enhancements. Haraway’s notion of figuration supports the analysis. Understood as a tropic melding of semiotic and material, the figuration of The Infertile Woman offers a way to explore discursive operations of power and amid them the creation of a new form of reproductive labour.
在西方延迟生育和生育率下降的背景下,出现了一系列提高生育率的方法。在生物伦理辩论和有关这些技术的文献激增的同时,探讨接受这些技术的妇女的生活经历也是有益的。本文以塔碧莎-摩西(Tabitha Moses)的艺术作品《投资》(一系列刺绣医院长袍)为载体,探讨女性在接受包括体外受精在内的生育辅助技术时的生活体验。这项分析挑战了将生育力提升视为良性的主流生物医学和企业话语。利用父权制、生物权力、生物政治学(福柯)和技术生物权力(哈拉维)等概念,我们确定了女性身体的权力是如何通过生育力提升得到扩展的。哈拉维的 "具象 "概念为我们的分析提供了支持。不孕症妇女》的具象化被理解为符号学与物质的结合,它提供了一种探索权力话语运作的方法,并在其中创造了一种新的生育劳动形式。
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引用次数: 0
Maternal, placental and fetal response to a non-viral, polymeric nanoparticle gene therapy in nonhuman primates. 非人灵长类动物母体、胎盘和胎儿对非病毒聚合纳米粒子基因疗法的反应。
2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.16.545278
Rebecca L Wilson, Jenna Kropp Schmidt, Baylea N Davenport, Emily Ren, Logan T Keding, Sarah A Shaw, Michele L Schotzko, Kathleen M Antony, Heather A Simmons, Thaddeus G Golos, Helen N Jones

Background: Currently, there are no placenta-targeted treatments to alter the in utero environment. Water-soluble polymers have a distinguished record of clinical relevance outside of pregnancy. We have demonstrated the effective delivery of polymer-based nanoparticles containing a non-viral human insulin-like 1 growth factor ( IGF1 ) transgene to correct placental insufficiency in small animal models of fetal growth restriction (FGR). Our goal was to extend these studies to the pregnant nonhuman primate (NHP) and assess maternal, placental and fetal responses to nanoparticle-mediated IGF1 treatment.

Methods: Pregnant macaques underwent ultrasound-guided intraplacental injections of nanoparticles ( GFP- or IGF1- expressing plasmid under the control of the trophoblast-specific PLAC1 promoter complexed with a HPMA-DMEAMA co-polymer) at approximately gestational day 100 (term = 165 days). Fetectomy was performed 24 h ( GFP ; n =1), 48 h ( IGF1 ; n = 3) or 10 days ( IGF1 ; n = 3) after nanoparticle delivery. Routine pathological assessment was performed on biopsied maternal tissues, and placental and fetal tissues. Maternal blood was analyzed for complete blood count (CBC), immunomodulatory proteins and growth factors, progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). Placental ERK/AKT/mTOR signaling was assessed using western blot and qPCR.

Findings: Fluorescent microscopy and in situ hybridization confirmed placental uptake and transgene expression in villous syncytiotrophoblast. No off-target expression was observed in maternal and fetal tissues. Histopathological assessment of the placenta recorded observations not necessarily related to the IGF1 nanoparticle treatment. In maternal blood, CBCs, P4 and E2 remained within the normal range for pregnant macaques across the treatment period. Changes to placental ERK and AKT signaling at 48 h and 10 d after IGF1 nanoparticle treatment indicated an upregulation in placental homeostatic mechanisms to prevent over activity in the normal pregnancy environment.

Interpretation: Maternal toxicity profile analysis and lack of adverse reaction to nanoparticle-mediated IGF1 treatment, combined with changes in placental signaling to maintain homeostasis indicates no deleterious impact of treatment.

Funding: National Institutes of Health, and Wisconsin National Primate Research Center.

背景:目前,还没有针对胎盘的治疗方法来改变子宫内环境。水溶性聚合物在妊娠期外的临床应用方面成绩斐然。我们已经证明,在胎儿生长受限(FGR)的小动物模型中,含有非病毒人胰岛素样 1 生长因子(IGF1)转基因的聚合物基纳米颗粒能有效输送,纠正胎盘功能不足。我们的目标是将这些研究扩展到怀孕的非人灵长类动物(NHP),并评估母体、胎盘和胎儿对纳米颗粒介导的 IGF1 治疗的反应:怀孕的猕猴在大约妊娠 100 天(足月 = 165 天)时接受超声引导下的纳米粒子胎盘内注射(GFP 或 IGF1 表达质粒,受滋养细胞特异性 PLAC1 启动子控制,与 HPMA-DMEAMA 共聚物复合)。纳米粒子递送后 24 小时(GFP;n =1)、48 小时(IGF1;n = 3)或 10 天(IGF1;n = 3)进行胎盘切除。对活检的母体组织、胎盘和胎儿组织进行常规病理评估。分析了母体血液中的全血细胞计数(CBC)、免疫调节蛋白和生长因子、孕酮(P4)和雌二醇(E2)。使用 Western 印迹和 qPCR 评估了胎盘 ERK/AKT/mTOR 信号转导:荧光显微镜和原位杂交证实了胎盘对转基因的吸收以及转基因在绒毛合胞滋养细胞中的表达。在母体和胎儿组织中未观察到脱靶表达。胎盘组织病理学评估记录的观察结果与 IGF1 纳米粒子处理没有必然联系。在整个治疗期间,母体血液中的 CBC、P4 和 E2 均保持在怀孕猕猴的正常范围内。在IGF1纳米粒子处理后48小时和10天,胎盘ERK和AKT信号的变化表明胎盘平衡机制上调,以防止正常妊娠环境中的过度活动:母体毒性分析和纳米颗粒介导的IGF1治疗无不良反应,结合胎盘信号的变化以维持平衡,表明治疗无有害影响:美国国立卫生研究院和威斯康星国家灵长类动物研究中心。
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引用次数: 0
Annual Index – Volume 29, 2023 年度索引》--第 29 卷,2023 年
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/1357034x231212505
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引用次数: 0
The Victimised Body: Sexual Violence, Incapacity, and the Materialisation of Unconscious Bodies in Rape Verdicts 受害者的身体:性暴力、无行为能力以及强奸判决中无意识身体的具体化
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.1177/1357034X231201942
Solveig Laugerud
This article considers the relationship between body and crime, particularly the body of the victim and the crime of sexual violence. Most studies have focused on the relationship between the body of the perpetrator and the crime they have committed, in particular how forensic technologies have contributed to materialise the ‘criminal body’. The body figures in different shapes in the legal system, and the law deploys different knowledges to make sense of it. In this article, I focus on how the victim’s physical body becomes a readable entity that the courts evaluate in legal deliberation regarding incapacitated rape. I show how the courts through commonsensical reasoning add meaning to bodily (in)activity and separate the body from the mind in their interpretation of the victim’s (in)capacity to resist unwanted sexual acts. Incapacity is in this way materialised as a passive and limp body, that is, a dormant or unconscious body.
本文探讨了身体与犯罪之间的关系,尤其是受害人的身体与性暴力犯罪之间的关系。大多数研究都集中于犯罪者的身体与他们所犯罪行之间的关系,特别是法医技术是如何将 "犯罪身体 "具体化的。在法律体系中,身体以不同的形态出现,法律也运用不同的知识来理解身体。在本文中,我将重点讨论受害者的身体如何成为法院在对无行为能力强奸案进行法律审议时所评估的可读实体。我展示了法院如何通过常识推理为身体(无)活动添加意义,并在解释受害人(无)抵制不想要的性行为的能力时将身体与精神分开。无行为能力以这种方式被具体化为被动和软弱的身体,即休眠或无意识的身体。
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引用次数: 0
Legitimacy and Respectability on the Skin: Bruises, Women’s Rugby and Situational Meaning 皮肤上的合法性和体面性:瘀伤、女子橄榄球和情境意义
2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-14 DOI: 10.1177/1357034x231201941
Charlotte Branchu
Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork, this article explores amateur rugby women’s reflexive negotiation of the bruises they earn as a result of the physicality of the game. On one hand, participants take pride in body marks that confirm their athletic strength and rugby identity and which grants them respect and belonging. On the other hand, these body marks can be anchors of stigma, signalling women’s rugby bodies as ‘deviant’ to non-initiated audiences. The article unpacks this tension between bruises as empowering or disempowering artefacts by demonstrating the situational and interactional nature of gendered dispositions and expectations. I show that the moral and symbolic order of entrenched gendered expectations is perpetuated in the flesh, but that it must be understood as being produced and reproduced in situ through intercorporeal processes. Through the analysis of bruises, I argue that to study bodies is to study (social) space.
根据人种学的田野调查,本文探讨了业余橄榄球女子对她们因比赛的身体素质而获得的瘀伤的反射性谈判。一方面,参与者对自己的身体印记感到自豪,因为这些印记证实了他们的运动力量和橄榄球身份,并赋予了他们尊重和归属感。另一方面,这些身体印记可能成为耻辱的锚点,在不熟悉的观众看来,女性橄榄球身体是“离经叛道”的。这篇文章通过展示性别倾向和期望的情境和相互作用的本质,揭示了伤痕作为赋予或剥夺权力的人工制品之间的紧张关系。我展示了根深蒂固的性别期望的道德和象征秩序在肉体中永存,但它必须被理解为通过身体间的过程在原地产生和复制。通过对瘀伤的分析,我认为研究身体就是研究(社会)空间。
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引用次数: 1
The Materiality of Power and Bodily Matter(ing): Embodied Resistance in Palestine 权力与身体物质的物质性:巴勒斯坦的具身抵抗
2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1177/1357034x231201950
Gala Rexer
To resist the Israeli military occupation of the West Bank, Palestinian prisoners are smuggling sperm samples out of Israeli prisons to enable their wives to undergo fertility treatment. Bodies and bodily matter figure as central actors in this practice of resistance. In this article, I draw from fieldwork I conducted with Palestinian women and medical staff in the occupied West Bank to examine the tension between carcerality and matter(ing). I argue that bodies and bodily matter are constitutive of the relationship between oppression and resistance. I analyze how Israeli military authorities assign evidentiary status to Palestinian bodies and illustrate how Palestinian families challenge the Israeli carceral system through new modes of embodied resistance. This article demonstrates how intersecting forms of oppression shape and are being shaped by bodies and their materiality. It also suggests that theorizing the materiality of power from Palestine offers new ways of understanding the political work that bodies do.
为了抵抗以色列对西岸的军事占领,巴勒斯坦囚犯从以色列监狱走私精子样本,使他们的妻子能够接受生育治疗。在这种抵抗练习中,身体和物质是中心角色。在这篇文章中,我引用了我在被占领的西岸对巴勒斯坦妇女和医务人员进行的实地调查,以研究残暴和物质之间的紧张关系。我认为身体和物质是压迫与反抗关系的组成部分。我分析了以色列军事当局如何为巴勒斯坦尸体分配证据地位,并说明了巴勒斯坦家庭如何通过具体抵抗的新模式挑战以色列的拘留制度。这篇文章展示了压迫的交叉形式是如何被身体和它们的物质性所塑造和正在塑造的。它还表明,将巴勒斯坦权力的物质性理论化,为理解实体所做的政治工作提供了新的途径。
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引用次数: 1
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