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Women’s Bodies and the Evolution of Anti-rape Technologies: From the Hoop Skirt to the Smart Frock 女性身体与反强奸技术的演变:从Hoop裙到Smart Frock
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/1357034X211058782
Caroline Wilson-Barnao, A. Bevan, R. Lincoln
In this article, we explore smart deterrents and their historical precedents marketed to women and girls for the purpose of preventing harassment, sexual abuse and violence. Rape deterrents, as we define them, encompass customs, architectures, fashions, surveillant infrastructures, apps and devices conceived to manage and protect the body. Online searches reveal an array of technologies, and we engage with their prevention narratives and cultural construction discourses of the gendered body. Our critical analysis places recent rape deterrents in conversation with earlier technologies to untangle the persistent logics. These are articulated with reference to the ways that proto-digital technologies have been imported into the realm of ubiquitous computing and networks. Our conceptual framework offers novel pathways for discussing feminine bodies and their messy navigation of everyday life that include both threats to corporeal safety and collective imaginings of empowerment.
在这篇文章中,我们探讨了智能威慑及其历史先例,这些智能威慑是为了防止骚扰、性虐待和暴力而向妇女和女孩推销的。根据我们的定义,强奸威慑包括习俗、建筑、时尚、监控基础设施、应用程序和旨在管理和保护身体的设备。在线搜索揭示了一系列技术,我们参与了它们的预防叙事和性别化身体的文化建构话语。我们的批判性分析将最近的强奸威慑与早期的技术对话,以解开持久的逻辑。这些都与原始数字技术被引入无处不在的计算和网络领域的方式有关。我们的概念框架为讨论女性的身体和她们在日常生活中的混乱导航提供了新的途径,包括对身体安全的威胁和对赋权的集体想象。
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引用次数: 3
Governing Corporeal Movement in India during the COVID-19 Pandemic 新冠肺炎大流行期间印度的管理机构运动
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-11-03 DOI: 10.1177/1357034X211036490
P. Holwitt
This article explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between bodies, risk and mobility. Drawing upon ethnographic data from India, it is argued that measures taken by the Indian government to contain the spread of the pandemic link mobile bodies to the notion of risk which has profound consequences for the way in which people access and engage with public spaces in Indian cities. In this process, a new type of body – the risky mobile body – is produced. At the same time, these measures run into problems due to the volatile nature of knowledge about bodies and diseases that they rely on. While the mobility of the COVID-19 virus is a subject of public debate, the fluidity and open-endedness of mobile bodies makes them difficult to regulate. This mismatch between governmental logics and unknowable bodies constitutes a significant challenge for the fight against the pandemic.
本文探讨了新冠肺炎大流行对身体、风险和流动之间关系的影响。根据印度的人种学数据,有人认为,印度政府为遏制大流行病的传播而采取的措施将流动机构与风险概念联系起来,这对人们进入和参与印度城市公共空间的方式产生了深远的影响。在这一过程中,产生了一种新型的机体——危险移动机体。同时,由于这些措施所依赖的关于身体和疾病的知识的不稳定性,这些措施遇到了问题。虽然COVID-19病毒的流动性是公众辩论的主题,但流动机构的流动性和开放性使其难以监管。政府的逻辑与不可知的机构之间的这种不匹配构成了防治这一流行病的重大挑战。
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引用次数: 4
Headphones, Auditory Violence and the Sonic Flooding of Corporeal Space 耳机,听觉暴力和物质空间的声音泛滥
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/1357034X211024352
J. Downs
In this article, I develop and redirect Julian Henriques’s model of sonic dominance through examination of accounts of acoustic violence and torture involving headphones. Specifically, I show how auditory experience has been weaponized as an intracorporeal phenomenon, with headphones effecting a sense of sounds invading the interior phenomenological space of the head. By analysing reported cases of sonic violence and torture involving headphones through a composite theoretical lens drawn from the fields of music, sound and body studies, I argue that in saturating the head’s perceived interior with sound, perpetrators of violence perform sonic dominance across two interrelated levels: the subjugation of interiorized auditory space via the notion of flooding, in which attention is directed towards the experience of the body as a vessel for sound; and the resulting manipulation of phenomenological head–mind linkages, with emphasis on the head as a ‘space’ for both sound and thought.
在这篇文章中,我通过研究涉及耳机的声学暴力和酷刑的描述,发展并重定向了朱利安·亨里克斯的声音支配模型。具体来说,我展示了听觉体验是如何被武器化为一种体内现象的,耳机会产生一种声音侵入头部内部现象学空间的感觉。通过从音乐、声音和身体研究领域提取的复合理论视角,分析报告的涉及耳机的声音暴力和酷刑案件,我认为,在让头部感知的内部充满声音的过程中,暴力实施者在两个相互关联的层面上表现出声音优势:通过泛滥的概念征服内部听觉空间,其中注意力集中在身体作为声音容器的体验上;以及由此产生的现象学头脑联系的操纵,强调头脑是声音和思想的“空间”。
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引用次数: 1
Interview with Samantha Frost on ‘The Attentive Body’: Epigenetic Processes and Self-formative Subjectivity 采访萨曼莎·弗罗斯特关于“细心的身体”:表观遗传过程和自我形成的主体性
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-22 DOI: 10.1177/1357034X211028638
T. Tamari
The interview is a follow-up from Samantha Frost’s article, ‘The Attentive Body’, in Body & Society 26(4). Tomoko Tamari invites Frost to explore her interest in ‘biocultural creatures’, with its focus on ‘bodies’ responsive self-transformation’ in epigenetic processes, and unfolds Peirce’s account of the index for understanding meaning-making in biological processes. Tamari also introduces Katherine Hayles’s notion of ‘cognitive nonconscious’ to raise the question of the possible theoretical and mechanical similarities/discrepancies between epigenetic processes in organisms and the meaning-making process in computational systems. Drawing on Jacob von Uexkull’s notion of ‘umwelt’ and introducing Yoshimi Kawade’s remarks on a living being’s subjective orientation in environments, a further question about ‘intention’ and ‘subjectivity’ enables Frost to further unpack her notion of ‘the attentive self’ and discuss its relation to ‘intentionality’ and ‘referentiality’ in epigenetic processes. Finally, Samantha Frost mentions her current projects on the connection between ‘attention-as-responsive-self-transformation’ and ‘mode-of-living-as-form-of-life’.
这次采访是萨曼莎·弗罗斯特在《身体与社会》26(4)上发表的文章《专注的身体》的后续。Tomoko Tamari邀请Frost探索她对“生物文化生物”的兴趣,其重点是表观遗传过程中的“身体”反应性自我转化,并展示了皮尔斯对理解生物过程意义形成指数的描述。Tamari还介绍了Katherine Hayles的“认知非意识”概念,以提出生物体中的表观遗传过程与计算系统中的意义形成过程之间可能存在的理论和机械相似性/差异的问题。根据Jacob von Uexkull的“umwelt”概念,并介绍了Yoshimi Kawade关于生物在环境中的主观取向的评论,关于“意图”和“主观性”的进一步问题使Frost能够进一步解开她对“专注自我”的概念,并讨论其与表观遗传学过程中的“意向性”和“指称性”的关系。最后,萨曼莎·弗罗斯特提到了她目前关于“作为反应性自我转变的注意力”和“作为生活形式的生活模式”之间联系的项目。
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引用次数: 1
Exoskeletons, Rehabilitation and Bodily Capacities 外骨骼,康复和身体能力
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-21 DOI: 10.1177/1357034X211025600
Denisa Butnaru
Motility impairments resulting from spinal cord injuries and cerebrovascular accidents are increasingly prevalent in society, leading to the growing development of rehabilitative robotic technologies, among them exoskeletons. This article outlines how bodies with neurological conditions such as spinal cord injury and stroke engage in processes of re-appropriation while using exoskeletons and some of the challenges they face. The main task of exoskeletons in rehabilitative environments is either to rehabilitate or ameliorate anatomic functions of impaired bodies. In these complex processes, they also play a crucial role in recasting specific corporeal phenomenologies. For the accomplishment of these forms of corporeal re-appropriation, the role of experts is crucial. This article explores how categories such as bodily resistance, techno-inter-corporeal co-production of bodies and machines, as well as body work mark the landscape of these contemporary forms of impaired corporeality. While defending corporeal extension rather than incorporation, I argue against the figure of the ‘cyborg’ and posit the idea of ‘residual subjectivity’.
脊髓损伤和脑血管事故导致的运动障碍在社会上越来越普遍,导致康复机器人技术不断发展,其中包括外骨骼。本文概述了患有脊髓损伤和中风等神经系统疾病的身体在使用外骨骼时如何参与重新占用的过程以及他们面临的一些挑战。外骨骼在康复环境中的主要任务是恢复或改善受损身体的解剖功能。在这些复杂的过程中,它们在重塑特定的身体现象学方面也起着至关重要的作用。为了实现这些形式的物质再占有,专家的作用是至关重要的。本文探讨了身体抵抗、身体和机器的技术-身体间的共同生产以及身体工作等类别如何标志着这些当代形式的受损肉体的景观。在捍卫肉体延伸而非整合的同时,我反对“半机械人”的形象,并提出了“剩余主体性”的概念。
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引用次数: 1
Hearing Gloves and Seeing Tongues? Disability, Sensory Substitution and the Origins of the Neuroplastic Subject 听力手套和看见舌头?残疾、感觉替代和神经可塑性主体的起源
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-21 DOI: 10.1177/1357034X211008235
Mark Paterson
Researchers in post-war industrial laboratories such as Bell Labs and the Smith-Kettlewell Institute pioneered solutions to compensate for sensory loss through so-called sensory substitution systems, premised on an assumption of cortical and sensory plasticity. The article tracks early discussions of plasticity in psychology literature from William James, acknowledged by Wiener, but explicitly developed by Bach-y-Rita and his collaborators. After discussing the conceptual foundations of the principles of sensory substitution, two examples are discussed. First, ‘Project Felix’ was an experiment in vibrotactile communication by means of ‘hearing gloves’ for the deaf at Norbert Wiener’s laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, demonstrated to Helen Keller in 1950. Second, the tactile-visual sensory substitution system for the blind pioneered by Paul Bach-y-Rita from 1968 onwards. Cumulatively, this article underlines the crucial yet occluded history of research on sensory impairments in the discovery of underlying neurophysiological processes of plasticity and the emergent discourse of neuroplastic subjectivity.
战后工业实验室(如贝尔实验室和Smith-Kettlewell研究所)的研究人员开创了通过所谓的感觉替代系统来补偿感觉损失的解决方案,该系统以皮层和感觉可塑性的假设为前提。这篇文章追溯了威廉·詹姆斯(William James)在心理学文献中关于可塑性的早期讨论,维纳承认了这一点,但巴赫-丽塔(Bach-y-Rita)和他的合作者明确提出了这一观点。在讨论了感觉替代原理的概念基础之后,讨论了两个例子。首先,“费利克斯计划”是一项振动触觉交流实验,在麻省理工学院的诺伯特·维纳实验室里,通过给聋哑人戴“听力手套”进行交流,并于1950年向海伦·凯勒演示。第二,由Paul Bach-y-Rita从1968年开始为盲人开创的触觉-视觉感官替代系统。总的来说,这篇文章强调了在发现可塑性的潜在神经生理过程和神经可塑性主体性的新兴话语中,感觉障碍研究的关键但被封闭的历史。
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引用次数: 2
Primordial Haptics, 1925–1935: Hands, Tools and the Psychotechnics of Prehistory 原始触觉,1925-1935:手,工具和史前的心理技术
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-09 DOI: 10.1177/1357034X211008239
Max Stadler
‘Psychotechnics’, Weimar Germany’s science du jour, typically is framed as a symptom of ‘technological media’ – obscuring the persistent significance of ‘dexterity’, ‘skill’ and ‘manual labour’ at the time. More broadly, there is a tendency to construe ‘the haptic’ as predominantly a casualty of modernity: skilled hands replaced by conveyor belts; skilled hands defended by the rearguard actions of arts-and-crafts movements; skilled hands destroyed by industrialized warfare. Drawing on contemporary investigations into the ‘organ of touch’, this essay aims to complicate this picture by reconstructing the proto-ergonomic project of Friedrich Herig, a German engineer, amateur prehistorian and expert on craft labour who rose to distinction in the 1920s as a designer of ‘ideal’ hand tools. Herig’s eclectic sources of inspiration reveal that matters of ‘touch’, far from obsolete, were intimately bound up with matters of tools – their design, uses and putative origins – and thus, with matters of (manual) labour.
“心理技术”是魏玛德国的科学,通常被认为是“技术媒体”的症状——掩盖了当时“灵巧”、“技能”和“体力劳动”的持久意义。更广泛地说,有一种倾向将“触觉”主要解释为现代化的牺牲品:熟练的双手被传送带取代;技艺精湛的手被工艺美术运动的后卫动作所保护;熟练的双手被工业化战争摧毁。根据当代对“触觉器官”的调查,本文旨在通过重建弗里德里希·赫利格(Friedrich Herig)的原始人体工程学项目,使这一情况复杂化。赫利格是一位德国工程师,业余史前学家和手工劳动专家,他在20世纪20年代因“理想”手工工具的设计师而出名。Herig不拘一格的灵感来源表明,“触摸”问题远没有过时,而是与工具问题密切相关——它们的设计、用途和假定的起源——因此,与(手工)劳动问题密切相关。
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引用次数: 0
Surface Media: McLuhan, the Bauhaus and the Tactile Values of TV 表面媒体:麦克卢汉、包豪斯和电视的触觉价值
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-09 DOI: 10.1177/1357034X211008960
H. Schmidgen
Marshall McLuhan understood television (TV) as a tactile medium. This understanding implied what Bruno Latour might call a ‘symmetrical’ conception of tactility. According to McLuhan, not only human actors are endowed with the sense of touch. In addition, TV, digital computers and other ‘electric media’ use light beams and similar scanning techniques for ceaselessly ‘caressing the contours’ of their surroundings. This notion of tactility was crucially shaped by the holistic aesthetics of the early Bauhaus. To get at the specific features of the TV image, McLuhan relied on the writings of László Moholy-Nagy and Sigfried Giedion, in particular their use of photography for capturing and highlighting the ‘texture’ of surfaces. However, he hardly reflected the social and political factors that, in the age of electric media, contribute to the ‘symmetricization’ of touch.
马歇尔·麦克卢汉认为电视是一种触觉媒介。这种理解暗示了布鲁诺·拉图尔所谓的“对称”触感概念。麦克卢汉认为,不仅人类演员具有触觉。此外,电视、数字电脑和其他“电子媒体”使用光束和类似的扫描技术不断地“抚摸”周围环境的轮廓。这种触感的概念在很大程度上是由早期包豪斯的整体美学塑造的。为了获得电视图像的具体特征,麦克卢汉依靠László Moholy-Nagy和Sigfried Giedion的著作,特别是他们使用摄影来捕捉和突出表面的“纹理”。然而,他几乎没有反映出在电子媒体时代导致触摸“对称”的社会和政治因素。
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引用次数: 0
Recombinant DNA and Genome-editing Technologies: Embodied Utopias and Heterotopias 重组DNA和基因组编辑技术:乌托邦和异乌托邦的体现
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/1357034X21998449
Eva Šlesingerová
Recombinant DNA technology is an essential area of life engineering. The main aim of research in this field is to experimentally explore the possibilities of repairing damaged human DNA, healing or enhancing future human bodies. Based on ethnographic research in a Czech biochemical laboratory, the article explores biotechnological corporealities and their specific ontology through dealings with bio-objects, the bodywork of scientists. Using the complementary concepts of utopia and heterotopia, the text addresses the situation of bodies and bio-objects in a laboratory. Embodied utopias are analyzed as material semiotic phenomena that are embodied by scientists in their visions and emotions and that are related to potential bodies and to future, not-yet-actualized embodiments. As a counterpart to this, the text explores embodied heterotopias, which are always the other spaces, like biotechnological bio-objects that are simulated in computers or stored in special solutions.
重组DNA技术是生命工程的一个重要领域。该领域研究的主要目的是通过实验探索修复受损人类DNA、治愈或增强未来人体的可能性。本文以捷克生化实验室的民族志研究为基础,通过对生物对象(科学家的身体)的处理,探讨了生物技术实体及其特定的本体。利用乌托邦和异托邦的互补概念,本文解决了实验室中身体和生物物体的情况。具身乌托邦被分析为物质符号学现象,这些现象由科学家在他们的愿景和情感中体现出来,与潜在的身体和未来的、尚未实现的化身有关。与此相对应的是,本文探讨了体现的异托邦,它总是其他空间,如生物技术生物物体,在计算机中模拟或存储在特殊的解决方案中。
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引用次数: 0
Dancing with and within the Digital Domain 与数字领域共舞
IF 1.8 2区 社会学 Q3 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/1357034X20979033
Kriss Ravetto-Biagioli
Digital cameras and motion capture technologies that document and share creative practices have transformed the way we think about dance as an embodied knowledge as well as the way we experience it bodily. Computational media, which not only records and archives but also calculates, analyses and models dance, further complicates its ontological status. This move to document and inscribe dance in a tangible medium marks a shift from understanding dance as an ungraspable event towards conceiving of dance as a tangible process that can be collected, transmitted, repeated and packaged or archived as an object. I look at two dance works – Matthias Sperling’s Loop Atlas and Siobhan Davies and Anri Sala’s Solo in the Doldrums – that trouble conventional notions of embodiment and its relationship to both presence and absence, at the same time they challenge how computational media fixates on figures and gestures that can be traced, mapped and calibrated.
数码相机和动作捕捉技术记录和分享创造性的实践,改变了我们认为舞蹈是一种具体化的知识的方式,也改变了我们身体体验舞蹈的方式。计算媒体不仅记录和存档,还对舞蹈进行计算、分析和建模,使其本体论地位进一步复杂化。这种以有形媒介记录和记录舞蹈的举动标志着一种转变,从将舞蹈理解为一种不可理解的事件,转变为将舞蹈视为一种有形的过程,可以收集、传播、重复、包装或存档为一种对象。我看了两件舞蹈作品——马提亚斯·斯普林的《环形地图集》和西沃恩·戴维斯以及安里·萨拉的《无影之独奏》——它们挑战了体现的传统观念及其与在场和缺席的关系,同时它们挑战了计算媒体如何专注于可以追踪、映射和校准的人物和手势。
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引用次数: 3
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