Journal of General Psychology最新文献

The main research goal is to analyze artificial intelligence (AI) technologies integrated into college physical education and their impact on the physical and psycho-emotional well-being of students, as well as their satisfaction with physical training. The research involved 328 students, randomly divided into control and training groups. The control group followed the traditional methods of physical education, and the training group used AI-powered technologies. The research used two assessments: the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale and the Scale of Physical and Psycho-Emotional Well-Being. The participants who used AI-generated content had significant positive changes in all subscales, including the pleasure scale, which increased by 6.20, the perceived benefits scale, which increased by 4.30, and the commitment and consistency scale, which increased by 3.95. The research results will help educators develop new educational programmes as well as contribute to pedagogical and sports practice and psychology.

Despite a surge of research on micro-breaks in recent years, the interactional nature of this recovery behavior during working hours still needs to be explored. Drawing on the Social Exchange Theory and Conservation of Resources Theory, first, we found from a study that included three online vignette experiments (Study 1, N = 551) that three micro-break support conditions (management support, supervisor norms, and coworker norms) enhanced the positive relationship between micro-breaks and three affective relationships (affective organizational commitment, affective supervisor-subordinate guanxi, and friendship prevalence), respectively. Second, a two-wave time-lag survey study (Study 2, N = 208) replicated the findings of Study 1 and verified the positive relationship between micro-breaks and positive affective work prospection and the mediating role of affective relationships therein and the moderating effect of micro-break support. Furthermore, through supplementary analyses, we found possible recursive relationships among the three affective relationships; supervisor-subordinate guanxi are likely to be antecedents of organizational commitment. This study's findings provide essential theoretical contributions to promote employee recovery in the workplace from a reciprocal perspective and provide insights into best practices in human resource management. Organizations and managers must provide an environment that supports micro-breaks for employees, as these supports help employees build affective relationships in the organization, leading to resource supplementation and, ultimately, resource gain. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the study and future research directions.

This study investigates the impact of risk perception on impulse buying behavior during the epidemic, the mediating role of anxiety, and the moderating role of source credibility in order to reveal the internal mechanism under the relationship between risk perception and impulse buying behavior. Experiment 1 explored the cross-sectional relationship between risk perception and impulse buying behavior during the epidemic, as well as anxiety and sensation seeking. The results found that anxiety played a mediation role between risk perception and impulse buying behavior, and sensation seeking played a moderating role. Through manipulating the degree of risk perception and source credibility, Experiment 2 examined how risk perception and anxiety influence buying behavior, as well as the role of source credibility in this relationship. The results demonstrated that the main effect of impulse buying was substantial, and the interaction effect of risk perception and source credibility was significant. It further revealed that anxiety partially mediated the relationship between risk perception and impulse buying behavior. Overall, our study found that risk perception of the epidemic predicted impulse buying behavior. Anxiety mediates the effect of risk perception on impulse buying behavior. Sensation seeking and source credibility play a moderating role in the effect of risk perception on impulse buying behavior.

A smile underlies the well-known recognition advantage of prototypical happy faces. However, a smiling mouth also has side effects: It biases a tendency to incorrectly judge as "happy" blended expressions with non-happy eyes (neutral, sad, etc.). This reveals interference with the processing of such mixed-smile expressions, which are otherwise ubiquitous in social settings (hence its practical importance). To account for this effect, we investigated two mechanisms: Perceptual overshadowing driven by the smile visual saliency, and categorical priming driven by the smile diagnostic value. In Experiment 1, we obtained diagnostic values for the mouth and eye regions of facial expressions of emotion. In Experiment 2, facilitation and interference effects of prime mouths on probe eyes were examined as a function of such values. In Experiment 3, overshadowing and priming were compared. Results showed, first, a high diagnostic value of the smiling mouth, followed by disgusted, sad, and angry mouths. Second, in correspondence with such values, the mouth expressions facilitated the recognition of congruent eyes. Importantly, the presence of a smiling mouth especially impaired the accurate recognition of non-happy eyes. This supports the categorical priming hypothesis. And, third, the smiling mouth still caused some (albeit limited) interference with the processing of facial information unrelated to expression (masculine/feminine appearance of the expresser). This is consistent with an overshadowing-inattentional blindness hypothesis. An alternative affective priming hypothesis is discussed.

This study aimed to identify personality profiles using dimensions of the five-factor model and examined whether resultant profiles were associated with emotion regulation processes. The participants included a normative sample of 383 (201 females and 182 males) Turkish university-attending emerging adults who were 18 to 25 years old. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was employed to identify distinct patterns of Big Five personality traits. The findings demonstrated that the 3-profile solution proved best-fitting: Resilient (higher openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness and lower neuroticism; N = 183 (97 females), 47.8%), overcontrolled (higher neuroticism and agreeableness, moderate conscientiousness, and lower openness and extraversion; N = 153 (80 females), 39.9%), and undercontrolled (higher neuroticism, extraversion, and openness and lower conscientiousness and agreeableness; N = 47 (24 females), 12.3%). The findings demonstrated that resilients, compared to overcontrollers and undercontrollers, were more likely to engage in cognitive reappraisal. On the other hand, overcontrollers tended to use the expressive suppression strategy more than resilients.

The causal relationships between attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and vascular risk factors remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the causal effects of ADHD on vascular risk factors and identify crucial mediators in these relationships. Utilizing instrumental variables from genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets, we applied two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the causal influences of ADHD on adiposity-related traits, blood pressure regulation, glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, lifestyle habits, chronic kidney disease, and systemic inflammation. Additionally, two-step MR was employed to evaluate the mediating effect of educational attainment (EA) in each newly established causal pair. Genetically determined ADHD was causally linked to increased body mass index (BMI, β = 0.054, p = 1.01E-08), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, β = 0.041, p = 1.65E-07), waist circumference (WC, β = 0.048, p = 5.78E-15), body fat percentage (BF%, β = 0.024, p = 7.19E-05), risk of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, OR = 1.104, p = 6.07E-07), and number of cigarettes smoked per day (β = 0.094, p = 3.99E-06), earlier smoking initiation (β = 0.115, p = 2.71E-12), and higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP, β = 0.054, p = 6.35E-14). Furthermore, EA was demonstrated to play a key mediating role in these causal relationships, with mediation proportions ranging from 41.67% to 11.30%. Our MR analyses supported the causal impacts of ADHD on several vascular risk factors, including BMI, WHR, WC, BF%, T2DM, early smoking initiation, cigarettes consumed per day, and CRP. Moreover, we recognized EA as a critical mediator underlying the established causal pathways. Overall, this study highlighted that individuals with ADHD were more likely to suffer from obesity, T2DM, poor lifestyle habits, and intense inflammation.

The existing literature has yet to thoroughly explore how employees process leader negative feedback in the context of organizational climate. Drawing on social information processing theory, this study proposes and tests a model that clarifies how and when leader negative feedback enhances employee task proficiency. Based on two experiments and a multi-wave field study (N_total = 530), our findings show that leader negative feedback increases employees' mental preoccupation with work, which in turn enhances task proficiency. Furthermore, the perceived rule climate strengthens the mediating role of mental preoccupation with work in the relationship between leader negative feedback and task proficiency. These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of the mechanisms and boundary conditions that shape employees' responses to leader negative feedback. This work offers practical insights for leaders on how to deliver negative feedback effectively, providing a robust theoretical foundation to inform organizational practices.

Recent scholarship has identified that factual errors have been common in introductory psychology textbooks. These errors tend to be in the direction of making psychological research appear more consistent than it is, as well as promoting viewpoints consistent with politically progressive ideologies. Some famous experiments in psychology have also seen serious questions raised about their validity. Given that these conversations have gone on for about a decade, it is worth considering whether identification of these issues resulted in improved coverage in introductory textbooks. Textbooks were sampled at two time points. Sixteen textbooks were sampled in 2018, and 18 in 2023. Although some improvements are seen from earlier studies, results indicated that errors in textbooks have remained common even after this issue had been clearly identified in the published literature. Misreporting of basic scientific information remains common in introductory textbooks, despite improvements in some areas. Textbook authors should be alert to potential misinformation, particularly related to controversial topics. Introductory psychology teachers may need to be aware that not all information presented in textbooks is true.

The article examines the impact of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on the level of enjoyment derived from physical activity and physical education performance among students at Mudanjiang Normal University, China. The study was conducted using a randomized controlled trial, including both a control and an experimental group, each consisting of 100 students. The three-month mindfulness program incorporated meditation, breathing exercises, and reflective practices, integrated into physical education classes. The level of satisfaction was assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), while academic performance was measured on a 100-point grading scale for physical education over one semester. Significant improvements in both enjoyment and academic performance were observed in the experimental group, with no changes in the control group. Data analysis using t-tests and Cohen's d effect size confirmed the statistical significance of the changes in the experimental group and the absence of significant changes in the control group. These findings support the effectiveness of integrating mindfulness training into physical education programs at universities. The mindfulness program not only reduced stress levels among students but also fostered a positive attitude toward physical activity and improved their semester grades. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term effects of such programs and their application in various educational settings.