Journal of General Psychology最新文献

Despite a surge of research on micro-breaks in recent years, the interactional nature of this recovery behavior during working hours still needs to be explored. Drawing on the Social Exchange Theory and Conservation of Resources Theory, first, we found from a study that included three online vignette experiments (Study 1, N = 551) that three micro-break support conditions (management support, supervisor norms, and coworker norms) enhanced the positive relationship between micro-breaks and three affective relationships (affective organizational commitment, affective supervisor-subordinate guanxi, and friendship prevalence), respectively. Second, a two-wave time-lag survey study (Study 2, N = 208) replicated the findings of Study 1 and verified the positive relationship between micro-breaks and positive affective work prospection and the mediating role of affective relationships therein and the moderating effect of micro-break support. Furthermore, through supplementary analyses, we found possible recursive relationships among the three affective relationships; supervisor-subordinate guanxi are likely to be antecedents of organizational commitment. This study's findings provide essential theoretical contributions to promote employee recovery in the workplace from a reciprocal perspective and provide insights into best practices in human resource management. Organizations and managers must provide an environment that supports micro-breaks for employees, as these supports help employees build affective relationships in the organization, leading to resource supplementation and, ultimately, resource gain. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the study and future research directions.

This study investigates the impact of risk perception on impulse buying behavior during the epidemic, the mediating role of anxiety, and the moderating role of source credibility in order to reveal the internal mechanism under the relationship between risk perception and impulse buying behavior. Experiment 1 explored the cross-sectional relationship between risk perception and impulse buying behavior during the epidemic, as well as anxiety and sensation seeking. The results found that anxiety played a mediation role between risk perception and impulse buying behavior, and sensation seeking played a moderating role. Through manipulating the degree of risk perception and source credibility, Experiment 2 examined how risk perception and anxiety influence buying behavior, as well as the role of source credibility in this relationship. The results demonstrated that the main effect of impulse buying was substantial, and the interaction effect of risk perception and source credibility was significant. It further revealed that anxiety partially mediated the relationship between risk perception and impulse buying behavior. Overall, our study found that risk perception of the epidemic predicted impulse buying behavior. Anxiety mediates the effect of risk perception on impulse buying behavior. Sensation seeking and source credibility play a moderating role in the effect of risk perception on impulse buying behavior.

A smile underlies the well-known recognition advantage of prototypical happy faces. However, a smiling mouth also has side effects: It biases a tendency to incorrectly judge as "happy" blended expressions with non-happy eyes (neutral, sad, etc.). This reveals interference with the processing of such mixed-smile expressions, which are otherwise ubiquitous in social settings (hence its practical importance). To account for this effect, we investigated two mechanisms: Perceptual overshadowing driven by the smile visual saliency, and categorical priming driven by the smile diagnostic value. In Experiment 1, we obtained diagnostic values for the mouth and eye regions of facial expressions of emotion. In Experiment 2, facilitation and interference effects of prime mouths on probe eyes were examined as a function of such values. In Experiment 3, overshadowing and priming were compared. Results showed, first, a high diagnostic value of the smiling mouth, followed by disgusted, sad, and angry mouths. Second, in correspondence with such values, the mouth expressions facilitated the recognition of congruent eyes. Importantly, the presence of a smiling mouth especially impaired the accurate recognition of non-happy eyes. This supports the categorical priming hypothesis. And, third, the smiling mouth still caused some (albeit limited) interference with the processing of facial information unrelated to expression (masculine/feminine appearance of the expresser). This is consistent with an overshadowing-inattentional blindness hypothesis. An alternative affective priming hypothesis is discussed.

This study aimed to identify personality profiles using dimensions of the five-factor model and examined whether resultant profiles were associated with emotion regulation processes. The participants included a normative sample of 383 (201 females and 182 males) Turkish university-attending emerging adults who were 18 to 25 years old. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was employed to identify distinct patterns of Big Five personality traits. The findings demonstrated that the 3-profile solution proved best-fitting: Resilient (higher openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness and lower neuroticism; N = 183 (97 females), 47.8%), overcontrolled (higher neuroticism and agreeableness, moderate conscientiousness, and lower openness and extraversion; N = 153 (80 females), 39.9%), and undercontrolled (higher neuroticism, extraversion, and openness and lower conscientiousness and agreeableness; N = 47 (24 females), 12.3%). The findings demonstrated that resilients, compared to overcontrollers and undercontrollers, were more likely to engage in cognitive reappraisal. On the other hand, overcontrollers tended to use the expressive suppression strategy more than resilients.

The causal relationships between attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and vascular risk factors remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the causal effects of ADHD on vascular risk factors and identify crucial mediators in these relationships. Utilizing instrumental variables from genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets, we applied two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the causal influences of ADHD on adiposity-related traits, blood pressure regulation, glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, lifestyle habits, chronic kidney disease, and systemic inflammation. Additionally, two-step MR was employed to evaluate the mediating effect of educational attainment (EA) in each newly established causal pair. Genetically determined ADHD was causally linked to increased body mass index (BMI, β = 0.054, p = 1.01E-08), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, β = 0.041, p = 1.65E-07), waist circumference (WC, β = 0.048, p = 5.78E-15), body fat percentage (BF%, β = 0.024, p = 7.19E-05), risk of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, OR = 1.104, p = 6.07E-07), and number of cigarettes smoked per day (β = 0.094, p = 3.99E-06), earlier smoking initiation (β = 0.115, p = 2.71E-12), and higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP, β = 0.054, p = 6.35E-14). Furthermore, EA was demonstrated to play a key mediating role in these causal relationships, with mediation proportions ranging from 41.67% to 11.30%. Our MR analyses supported the causal impacts of ADHD on several vascular risk factors, including BMI, WHR, WC, BF%, T2DM, early smoking initiation, cigarettes consumed per day, and CRP. Moreover, we recognized EA as a critical mediator underlying the established causal pathways. Overall, this study highlighted that individuals with ADHD were more likely to suffer from obesity, T2DM, poor lifestyle habits, and intense inflammation.

The article examines the impact of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on the level of enjoyment derived from physical activity and physical education performance among students at Mudanjiang Normal University, China. The study was conducted using a randomized controlled trial, including both a control and an experimental group, each consisting of 100 students. The three-month mindfulness program incorporated meditation, breathing exercises, and reflective practices, integrated into physical education classes. The level of satisfaction was assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), while academic performance was measured on a 100-point grading scale for physical education over one semester. Significant improvements in both enjoyment and academic performance were observed in the experimental group, with no changes in the control group. Data analysis using t-tests and Cohen's d effect size confirmed the statistical significance of the changes in the experimental group and the absence of significant changes in the control group. These findings support the effectiveness of integrating mindfulness training into physical education programs at universities. The mindfulness program not only reduced stress levels among students but also fostered a positive attitude toward physical activity and improved their semester grades. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term effects of such programs and their application in various educational settings.

This study explored a longitudinal dataset of 10,663 children (50% girls) to examine a set of psychological and socio-demographic factors that influenced children's cognitive ability (intelligence test scores) at the age of 7 years, using a large, nationally representative birth cohort. We set out to test a model based on the longitudinal nature of the data which was gathered at three points in time. Results of correlational analyses showed that parental social status indicators (parental education and family income), maternal psychological distress, parent-child relationship quality, maternal traits extraversion and emotional stability were all significantly associated with children's cognitive ability/intelligence. Structural equation modeling showed that parental social status had a relatively strong influence on children's cognitive ability (path coefficient = 0.49, p < 0.001). Further, parent-child relationship quality (path coefficient = 0.10, p < 0.001) and maternal trait emotional stability (path coefficient = 0.04, p < 0.05) had significant but very modest direct effects on the outcome variable, accounting for 28% of the variance. A significance of mediation test showed that parent-child relationship quality was both a predictor and a mediator (z = 7.16, p < 0.001), that the effect of maternal psychological distress on children's cognitive ability in part, mediated through parent-child relationship quality. The implications and limitations are discussed.

Although extensive research has examined immoral behavior, little is known about how the role of episodic simulation plays on immoral behavior. Two experiments adopted the text priming paradigm to verify two opposing theories-the imagination inflation hypothesis and the imagination inhibition hypothesis. To be specific, this study investigated whether episodic simulation increases or decreases participants' general willingness to immoral behavior, and further explored the mechanism and boundary conditions underlying the result. Experiment 1 revealed that simulating low immoral texts significantly increased self-reported intention to engage in such behavior, whereas no significant difference was observed in high immoral behavior. The result was mediated by increasing scene vividness and behavioral reasonableness. Experiment 2 replicated the result of Experiment 1 and further found that regardless of the immoral level, simulating immoral texts made participants more likely to commit actual immoral behavior (i.e., lying for financial gain). Experiment 2 also found people with high moral sensitivity and moral disengagement are more likely to be influenced by episodic simulation and behaved immorally. Overall, this study supported the imagination inflation hypothesis and found the moderating role of behavioral characteristics and moral traits. Furthermore, this study provides cross-cultural evidence supporting the imagination inflation hypothesis, extending previous findings beyond Western samples.

Teacher burnout - manifested through emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment remains a challenge affecting educational quality and teacher well-being. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an online content-focused coaching (CFC) program in reducing burnout among elementary school teachers. An experimental design was employed with 200 participants from Abu Dhabi, Al Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah, Ajman and Om Alquin, randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Over six months, the experimental group participated in a structured online CFC program, while the control group continued their usual activities. Burnout levels were measured at pretest and post-test using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Independent t-tests revealed significant reductions in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and a notable increase in personal accomplishment in the experimental group compared to the control group. These findings confirm the efficacy of content-focused coaching as an evidence-based strategy for supporting teachers' psychological well-being. The flexibility of the online format highlights its potential for scalable professional development interventions. This study provides practical implications for educational leadership, emphasizing the integration of digital coaching programs into teacher support systems to promote well-being, resilience, and instructional quality.

While the construct of self-deception has received ample theoretical and empirical attention, its virtuous counterpart-self-honesty-has been largely neglected. Yet, as argued here and elsewhere, the metacognitive practice of being honest with oneself may be among the most crucial concomitants of psychological growth and change. Consequently, drawing on theory and research from across several disciplines, this paper proposes a novel framework for understanding and measuring self-honesty as a core value. Using data from three separate studies that explore self-honesty via a newly developed self-report, implicit association test and an ecological momentary assessment measure, findings offer preliminary support for the construct of self-honesty as a distinct, psychometrically valid and reliable construct with relevance to multiple indices of psychological functioning. Pending further research, these findings have potentially far-reaching implications for our understanding and promotion of human virtue and flourishing.