Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1771935
Miranda Giacomin, Nicholas O. Rule
ABSTRACT People use facial information to infer others’ leadership potential across numerous domains; but what forms the basis of these judgements and how much do they matter? Here, we quantitatively reviewed the literature on perceptions of leaders from facial cues to better understand the association between physical appearance and leader outcomes. We used standard random-effects meta-analytic techniques to determine how appearance cues relate to leader perceptions and associated constructs. Appearance cues suggesting the presence of qualities often desired in leaders correlated with leader selection and success (M Z-r =.26, 95% CI [.21,.31]). Larger effect sizes emerged for popularity outcomes (i.e., those based on perceptions) than for performance outcomes (i.e., those based on external measures). These data help to explain how people envision leaders and their characteristics, providing potential insights to why they select and follow particular individuals over others.
{"title":"How static facial cues relate to real-world leaders’ success: a review and meta-analysis","authors":"Miranda Giacomin, Nicholas O. Rule","doi":"10.1080/10463283.2020.1771935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1771935","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT People use facial information to infer others’ leadership potential across numerous domains; but what forms the basis of these judgements and how much do they matter? Here, we quantitatively reviewed the literature on perceptions of leaders from facial cues to better understand the association between physical appearance and leader outcomes. We used standard random-effects meta-analytic techniques to determine how appearance cues relate to leader perceptions and associated constructs. Appearance cues suggesting the presence of qualities often desired in leaders correlated with leader selection and success (M Z-r =.26, 95% CI [.21,.31]). Larger effect sizes emerged for popularity outcomes (i.e., those based on perceptions) than for performance outcomes (i.e., those based on external measures). These data help to explain how people envision leaders and their characteristics, providing potential insights to why they select and follow particular individuals over others.","PeriodicalId":47582,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Social Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"120 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10463283.2020.1771935","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47746373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1798059
Chadly Stern
ABSTRACT Attitude and belief similarity have long stood as topics of inquiry for social psychology. Recent research suggests that there might be meaningful differences across people in the extent to which they perceive and actually share others’ attitudes and beliefs. I outline research examining the relationship between political ideology and the perception and reality of attitude similarity. Specifically, I review research documenting that (a) conservatives perceive greater ingroup similarity than do liberals, (b) conservatives overestimate and liberals underestimate ingroup similarity, (c) liberals and conservatives both underestimate similarity to outgroup members, and (d) liberals possess more actual ingroup similarity than do conservatives on a national level. Collectively, this review contributes to understanding how political ideology relates to (perceived) attitude similarity.
{"title":"Ideological differences in attitude and belief similarity: distinguishing perception and reality","authors":"Chadly Stern","doi":"10.1080/10463283.2020.1798059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1798059","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Attitude and belief similarity have long stood as topics of inquiry for social psychology. Recent research suggests that there might be meaningful differences across people in the extent to which they perceive and actually share others’ attitudes and beliefs. I outline research examining the relationship between political ideology and the perception and reality of attitude similarity. Specifically, I review research documenting that (a) conservatives perceive greater ingroup similarity than do liberals, (b) conservatives overestimate and liberals underestimate ingroup similarity, (c) liberals and conservatives both underestimate similarity to outgroup members, and (d) liberals possess more actual ingroup similarity than do conservatives on a national level. Collectively, this review contributes to understanding how political ideology relates to (perceived) attitude similarity.","PeriodicalId":47582,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Social Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"319 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10463283.2020.1798059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47299401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1798102
P. Briñol, R. Petty
ABSTRACT We review work from persuasion science relevant to reducing prejudiced attitudes. We begin by introducing the idea that the thoughts people generate – their number and valence – are critical for understanding when responding to persuasive attempts will result in egalitarian attitudes. A focus on thinking highlights the importance of understanding short and long-term attitude change in promoting diversity. How much people think is also consequential for spreading of initial change to more distal attitudes and generalization of change to other judgments. The second section describes a process of thought validation that emphasizes the importance of considering what people think and feel about their own thoughts. This meta-cognitive process is shown to make a difference in producing consequential changes in reducing prejudiced attitudes toward African Americans, immigrants, refugees, individuals with disabilities, and beyond. The conditions under which variables such as minority status and stigmatized sources affect elaboration and validation are also specified. The fourth section explores how these two processes are relevant for understanding explicit and implicit ambivalence and change in the domain of prejudiced attitudes. We highlight the utility of a process-oriented approach for designing future research and promoting more inclusive attitudes and actions.
{"title":"Changing prejudiced attitudes, promoting egalitarianism, and enhancing diversity through fundamental processes of persuasion","authors":"P. Briñol, R. Petty","doi":"10.1080/10463283.2020.1798102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1798102","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We review work from persuasion science relevant to reducing prejudiced attitudes. We begin by introducing the idea that the thoughts people generate – their number and valence – are critical for understanding when responding to persuasive attempts will result in egalitarian attitudes. A focus on thinking highlights the importance of understanding short and long-term attitude change in promoting diversity. How much people think is also consequential for spreading of initial change to more distal attitudes and generalization of change to other judgments. The second section describes a process of thought validation that emphasizes the importance of considering what people think and feel about their own thoughts. This meta-cognitive process is shown to make a difference in producing consequential changes in reducing prejudiced attitudes toward African Americans, immigrants, refugees, individuals with disabilities, and beyond. The conditions under which variables such as minority status and stigmatized sources affect elaboration and validation are also specified. The fourth section explores how these two processes are relevant for understanding explicit and implicit ambivalence and change in the domain of prejudiced attitudes. We highlight the utility of a process-oriented approach for designing future research and promoting more inclusive attitudes and actions.","PeriodicalId":47582,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Social Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"350 - 389"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10463283.2020.1798102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49624885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1796079
E. Impett, James J Kim, A. Muise
ABSTRACT Sex is a crucial factor that impacts the quality and stability of relationships, yet many couples report recurrent sexual issues – such as discrepancies in their desired sexual frequency or levels of sexual desire – that detract from their relationship quality. This article describes how applying the theory of communal motivation from relationship science to the sexual domain of relationships can shed light onto understanding how couples can maintain desire over time, remain satisfied in the face of conflicting sexual interests, and decline one another’s sexual advances in ways that protect their relationship. We integrate a decade of research on communal motivation, sexual rejection, and responses to sexual rejection to provide a better, and more holistic, understanding of how partners can successfully balance their sexual needs to ultimately reap the powerful rewards of a fulfiling sexual connection.
{"title":"A communal approach to sexual need responsiveness in romantic relationships","authors":"E. Impett, James J Kim, A. Muise","doi":"10.1080/10463283.2020.1796079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1796079","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sex is a crucial factor that impacts the quality and stability of relationships, yet many couples report recurrent sexual issues – such as discrepancies in their desired sexual frequency or levels of sexual desire – that detract from their relationship quality. This article describes how applying the theory of communal motivation from relationship science to the sexual domain of relationships can shed light onto understanding how couples can maintain desire over time, remain satisfied in the face of conflicting sexual interests, and decline one another’s sexual advances in ways that protect their relationship. We integrate a decade of research on communal motivation, sexual rejection, and responses to sexual rejection to provide a better, and more holistic, understanding of how partners can successfully balance their sexual needs to ultimately reap the powerful rewards of a fulfiling sexual connection.","PeriodicalId":47582,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Social Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"287 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10463283.2020.1796079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41336328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1796080
N. Haslam, Brodie C. Dakin, Fabian Fabiano, Melanie J. McGrath, J. Rhee, Ekaterina Vylomova, Morgan Weaving, Melissa A. Wheeler
ABSTRACT “Concept creep” is the gradual semantic expansion of harm-related concepts such as bullying, mental disorder, prejudice, and trauma. This review presents a synopsis of relevant theoretical advances and empirical research findings on the phenomenon. It addresses three fundamental questions. First, it clarifies the characterisation of concept creep by refining its theoretical and historical dimensions and presenting studies investigating the change in harm-related concepts using computational linguistics. Second, it examines factors that have caused concept creep, including cultural shifts in sensitivity to harm, societal changes in the prevalence of harm, and intentional meaning changes engineered for political ends. Third, the paper develops an account of the consequences of concept creep, including social conflict, political polarisation, speech restrictions, victim identities, and progressive social change. This extended analysis of concept creep helps to understand its mixed implications and sets a multi-pronged agenda for future research on the topic.
{"title":"Harm inflation: Making sense of concept creep","authors":"N. Haslam, Brodie C. Dakin, Fabian Fabiano, Melanie J. McGrath, J. Rhee, Ekaterina Vylomova, Morgan Weaving, Melissa A. Wheeler","doi":"10.1080/10463283.2020.1796080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1796080","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT “Concept creep” is the gradual semantic expansion of harm-related concepts such as bullying, mental disorder, prejudice, and trauma. This review presents a synopsis of relevant theoretical advances and empirical research findings on the phenomenon. It addresses three fundamental questions. First, it clarifies the characterisation of concept creep by refining its theoretical and historical dimensions and presenting studies investigating the change in harm-related concepts using computational linguistics. Second, it examines factors that have caused concept creep, including cultural shifts in sensitivity to harm, societal changes in the prevalence of harm, and intentional meaning changes engineered for political ends. Third, the paper develops an account of the consequences of concept creep, including social conflict, political polarisation, speech restrictions, victim identities, and progressive social change. This extended analysis of concept creep helps to understand its mixed implications and sets a multi-pronged agenda for future research on the topic.","PeriodicalId":47582,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Social Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"254 - 286"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10463283.2020.1796080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48563629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1778249
J. Krueger, P. Heck, A. Evans, T. Didonato
ABSTRACT Building on classic game theory, psychologists have explored the effects of social preferences and expectations on strategic behaviour. Ordinary social perceivers are sensitive to additional contextual factors not addressed by game theory and its recent psychological extensions. We review the results of a research programme exploring how observers judge “players” (i.e., individuals making strategic decisions in social dilemmas) on the dimensions of competence and morality. We explore social perception in several well-known dilemmas, including the prisoner’s dilemma, the volunteer’s dilemma, and the trust dilemma. We also introduce a novel self-presentational dilemma. In research conducted over a decade and a half, we have found that judgements of competence are sensitive to both players’ choices and the dilemma’s (expected and actual) outcomes. In contrast, judgements of morality respond strongly to players’ behaviour and little else. We discuss how these social-perceptual patterns might affect expectations, preferences, and strategic choices.
{"title":"Social game theory: Preferences, perceptions, and choices","authors":"J. Krueger, P. Heck, A. Evans, T. Didonato","doi":"10.1080/10463283.2020.1778249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1778249","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Building on classic game theory, psychologists have explored the effects of social preferences and expectations on strategic behaviour. Ordinary social perceivers are sensitive to additional contextual factors not addressed by game theory and its recent psychological extensions. We review the results of a research programme exploring how observers judge “players” (i.e., individuals making strategic decisions in social dilemmas) on the dimensions of competence and morality. We explore social perception in several well-known dilemmas, including the prisoner’s dilemma, the volunteer’s dilemma, and the trust dilemma. We also introduce a novel self-presentational dilemma. In research conducted over a decade and a half, we have found that judgements of competence are sensitive to both players’ choices and the dilemma’s (expected and actual) outcomes. In contrast, judgements of morality respond strongly to players’ behaviour and little else. We discuss how these social-perceptual patterns might affect expectations, preferences, and strategic choices.","PeriodicalId":47582,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Social Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":"222 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10463283.2020.1778249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49305847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-10DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2019.1699743
E. Walther, Katarina Blask, Georg Halbeisen, C. Frings
ABSTRACTAttitudes are at the core of many topical issues, and a meeting point for research and discussion. This pervasiveness is not surprising given an attitude’s utility in reducing the complexit...
{"title":"An action control perspective of evaluative conditioning","authors":"E. Walther, Katarina Blask, Georg Halbeisen, C. Frings","doi":"10.1080/10463283.2019.1699743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2019.1699743","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAttitudes are at the core of many topical issues, and a meeting point for research and discussion. This pervasiveness is not surprising given an attitude’s utility in reducing the complexit...","PeriodicalId":47582,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Social Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10463283.2019.1699743","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47616614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2019.1621128
G. Travaglino, D. Abrams
Criminal organisations have the ability to exert secret power – governance over the community and inhibition of opposition (omerta). Traditionally, omerta has been attributed to fear or passivity. ...
{"title":"How criminal organisations exert secret power over communities: An intracultural appropriation theory of cultural values and norms","authors":"G. Travaglino, D. Abrams","doi":"10.1080/10463283.2019.1621128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2019.1621128","url":null,"abstract":"Criminal organisations have the ability to exert secret power – governance over the community and inhibition of opposition (omerta). Traditionally, omerta has been attributed to fear or passivity. ...","PeriodicalId":47582,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Social Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10463283.2019.1621128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43166410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2019.1630098
C. Sedikides, T. Wildschut
Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for the past, is an ambivalent – albeit more positive than negative – emotion. Nostalgia is infused with sociality, as it refers to important figures from one’s pas...
{"title":"The sociality of personal and collective nostalgia","authors":"C. Sedikides, T. Wildschut","doi":"10.1080/10463283.2019.1630098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2019.1630098","url":null,"abstract":"Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for the past, is an ambivalent – albeit more positive than negative – emotion. Nostalgia is infused with sociality, as it refers to important figures from one’s pas...","PeriodicalId":47582,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Social Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10463283.2019.1630098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43613100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2019.1647507
K. Sassenberg, Annika Scholl
Self-regulation research has flourished for the last three decades. In social psychology and beyond, a number of motivational approaches have been developed and these have provided new insights abo...
{"title":"Linking regulatory focus and threat–challenge: transitions between and outcomes of four motivational states","authors":"K. Sassenberg, Annika Scholl","doi":"10.1080/10463283.2019.1647507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2019.1647507","url":null,"abstract":"Self-regulation research has flourished for the last three decades. In social psychology and beyond, a number of motivational approaches have been developed and these have provided new insights abo...","PeriodicalId":47582,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Social Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10463283.2019.1647507","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41828143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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