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Big data, big problems: Why scientists should refrain from using Google Trends 大数据,大问题:为什么科学家应该避免使用谷歌趋势
IF 1.7 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1177/00016993221151118
Alexandra Franzén
Google Trends has for over a decade been used by researchers in medicine and the social sciences who want to use information about internet searches to gain new data and insights concerning medical and social issues. A similar tool by the same company, Google Flu Trends, was abolished by Google in 2015 due to serious problems with accuracy; raising larger questions about the quality of the data provided, not only by Google, but by all platforms collecting big data. In this article, I use an unplanned experiment to test the reliability and replicability of Google Trends. The results strongly indicate that scientists in all fields should refrain from using the tool Google Trends when conducting research.
十多年来,医学和社会科学领域的研究人员一直在使用谷歌趋势,他们希望利用互联网搜索信息来获得有关医疗和社会问题的新数据和见解。同一家公司的类似工具谷歌流感趋势于2015年因准确性严重问题被谷歌废除;这不仅对谷歌,而且对所有收集大数据的平台提供的数据的质量提出了更大的质疑。在这篇文章中,我使用了一个计划外的实验来测试谷歌趋势的可靠性和可复制性。研究结果强烈表明,所有领域的科学家在进行研究时都应该避免使用谷歌趋势工具。
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引用次数: 3
Letter from the incoming editors 新任编辑的来信
IF 1.7 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-20 DOI: 10.1177/00016993221146750
M. Carleheden, Jonas Toubøl
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引用次数: 0
A downside to high aspirations: Immigrants’ (non-)success in tertiary education 志向远大的不利因素:移民在高等教育中的(非)成功
IF 1.7 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-17 DOI: 10.1177/00016993221148897
Daniel Klein, Martin Neugebauer
While many studies document the ambitious educational choices of immigrants across Europe, researchers have only recently begun to investigate the consequences of these ambitious choices. Our article extends this emerging literature by focusing on immigrants’ success throughout tertiary education in Germany. We argue that after the transition into tertiary education, immigrants lose their advantages over native students regarding higher aspirations while retaining or even increasing their disadvantages regarding academic achievements, which ultimately results in a higher risk of dropping out. Analyses based on data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) confirm our hypotheses. Net of socioeconomic background and prior academic achievements, immigrants enter tertiary education with similar aspirations as their native peers. At the same time, immigrants, especially those of Turkish origins, have lower grades and competency levels. Furthermore, immigrants continue to receive lower grades during tertiary education and have a considerably higher risk of dropping out. We conclude that immigrants’ high aspirations enable them to enroll in tertiary education at comparably low levels of academic achievement but ultimately increase the risk of academic failure. We discuss possible policy measures to improve the situation of immigrants.
尽管许多研究记录了欧洲各地移民雄心勃勃的教育选择,但研究人员最近才开始调查这些雄心勃勃的选择的后果。我们的文章通过关注移民在德国高等教育中的成功,扩展了这一新兴文献。我们认为,在向高等教育过渡后,移民在追求更高抱负方面失去了与本土学生相比的优势,同时在学术成就方面保留甚至增加了劣势,这最终导致了更高的辍学风险。基于德国国家教育小组研究(NEPS)数据的分析证实了我们的假设。除去社会经济背景和先前的学术成就,移民进入高等教育的愿望与他们的本土同龄人相似。与此同时,移民,尤其是土耳其裔移民的等级和能力水平较低。此外,移民在高等教育期间的成绩仍然较低,辍学的风险也高得多。我们得出的结论是,移民的远大抱负使他们能够以相对较低的学业成绩接受高等教育,但最终会增加学业失败的风险。我们讨论了改善移民状况的可能政策措施。
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引用次数: 2
Mindset as a potential link between family background and high-school achievement 心态是家庭背景和高中成绩之间的潜在联系
IF 1.7 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1177/00016993221145427
Elin Svensen
The link between students’ family background and their school achievement is well documented. The recent literature has also investigated how social and emotional skills and mindsets relate to educational outcomes. Here I examine how mindset—that is, whether students believe more in that intellectual abilities are fixed or capable of growth—is related to family background and school achievement in Norway. I find that students with higher-educated parents have lower levels of a fixed mindset on entering high school. I also estimate heterogeneity in this association using multilevel modeling. The predicted level of students’ fixed mindset is low for higher-performing middle-school students, irrespective of parents’ education. Furthermore, low middle-school performance predicts higher levels of a fixed mindset, particularly for students with lower-educated parents. A higher level of fixed mindset on entering high school is related to lower achievement after the first year. The results suggest that students’ belief in “natural talent” is a mechanism worthy of further investigation as it is more malleable than the mechanisms traditionally used to explain differences in academic performance according to family background.
学生的家庭背景和他们的学业成绩之间的联系是有据可查的。最近的文献还调查了社交和情感技能以及心态与教育结果的关系。在这里,我研究了心态——也就是说,学生们是否更相信智力是固定的或有能力成长——与挪威的家庭背景和学校成绩之间的关系。我发现父母受过高等教育的学生在进入高中时的固定心态水平较低。我还使用多级建模来估计这种关联的异质性。无论父母的教育程度如何,表现较好的中学生的固定心态预测水平都很低。此外,初中成绩低预示着更高水平的固定心态,尤其是对于父母教育程度较低的学生。进入高中时的固定心态越高,第一年后的成绩越低。研究结果表明,学生对“天赋”的信念是一种值得进一步研究的机制,因为它比传统上用于根据家庭背景解释学习成绩差异的机制更具可塑性。
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引用次数: 0
Researching high-skilled migrants between social stratification and methodological nationalism 社会分层与方法论民族主义之间的高技能移民研究
IF 1.7 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1177/00016993221145405
Gregor Schäfer
Methodological nationalism as a critique of container-based and nation-state-focused theory and empirical research is currently strongly anchored within migration studies, where it was initially developed. While this has led to extensive literature and critical engagement with methodological nationalism, and ways to circumvent the national trap in many (sub-)disciplines, it has not much penetrated theories of social stratification. This conceptual paper will address this gap by discussing the social positioning of high-skilled migrants in contemporary stratified societies. This exemplary discussion will bring together a critical perspective of methodological nationalism on class and milieu theory. It will also confront the critique of methodological nationalism with the question of the origin of social power and dominance, which are the foundation of stratification theories. This article will specifically draw on Pierre Bourdieu's concept of social space and its derivative. Emphasis will also be given to Michael Vester's development of social milieu to highlight blind spots according to the critique of methodological nationalism. This paper shows that these theories have not grasped high-skilled migration thoroughly. It also outlines that migrant theories and their critique of methodological nationalism inadequately address the source of symbolic hierarchy and the formation of social stratification. Thus, both theoretical strands would benefit from a deeper conversation with each other.
方法论民族主义作为对基于容器和以民族国家为中心的理论和实证研究的批判,目前在移民研究中得到了强有力的支撑,它最初是在移民研究中发展起来的。虽然这导致了广泛的文献和对方法论民族主义的批判性参与,以及在许多(子)学科中规避国家陷阱的方法,但它并没有深入到社会分层的理论中。这篇概念性论文将通过讨论高技能移民在当代分层社会中的社会定位来解决这一差距。这一示范性的讨论将汇集方法论民族主义对阶级和环境理论的批判视角。它也将面对方法民族主义的批判与社会权力和统治的起源问题,这是分层理论的基础。本文将具体借鉴皮埃尔·布迪厄的社会空间概念及其衍生概念。根据方法论民族主义的批判,强调迈克尔·韦斯特对社会环境的发展,以突出盲点。本文表明,这些理论并没有完全把握高技能移民。它还概述了移民理论及其对方法论民族主义的批判,不足以解决符号等级的来源和社会分层的形成。因此,两种理论都将受益于彼此之间更深入的对话。
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引用次数: 0
Effective subunits in ineffective systems: Simultaneous tight and loose coupling in higher education data use 无效系统中的有效子单元:高等教育数据使用中的同时紧耦合和松耦合
IF 1.7 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1177/00016993221145369
J. E. Trinidad, Assumpta Nina San Andres, Peter Louise Garnace, Stanley Guevarra
Higher education institutions are pressured to use data for university rankings, accreditation, decision making, and technical support of students and faculty. However, these organizations also experience barriers and resistance to such data-driven aspirations. Rather than simply focusing on the whole organization, this research attends to variations in organizational subunits and asks what processes help and hinder data use. It pays attention to the puzzle of how data use variation can lead to effective subunits just as data fragmentation contributes to ineffective systems. Although universities may create centralized coordinating bodies, the structural and cultural bases of loosely coupled university subunits may upset these efforts. Using the case of a university attempting to centralize its data systems, we employ in-depth interviews of senior and mid-level administrators to understand why technical changes happen within specific subunits even as only ceremonial changes happen for the larger organization. This suggests new insights for interrogating how loose and tight coupling can co-exist in the same organization.
高等教育机构被迫将数据用于大学排名、认证、决策以及学生和教职员工的技术支持。然而,这些组织在实现这种数据驱动的愿望方面也遇到了障碍和阻力。这项研究不是简单地关注整个组织,而是关注组织子单元的变化,并询问哪些过程有助于和阻碍数据的使用。它关注的是数据使用变化如何导致有效的子单元,就像数据碎片导致无效的系统一样。尽管大学可能会建立集中的协调机构,但松散耦合的大学子单元的结构和文化基础可能会破坏这些努力。以一所大学试图集中其数据系统为例,我们对高级和中级管理人员进行了深入访谈,以了解为什么在特定的子单元中会发生技术变化,而大型组织只会发生仪式性的变化。这为质疑松散耦合和紧密耦合如何在同一组织中共存提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
A need to be recognised: On the importance of shared semantics for young adults while not in education or employment 需要认识到:关于共享语义对年轻人的重要性,而不是在教育或就业中
IF 1.7 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-18 DOI: 10.1177/00016993221145350
V. Välimäki, Sanna Aaltonen, Päivi Honkatukia
Young adults who are not in education or work are often depicted as deviating from the norm of gainful employment that is still widely shared across the Nordic countries. While it has been argued that young adults feel that they are being blamed for their NEET situation, this article seeks to identify the variety of interpretations they have of their situation and what kind of explanations can be proposed for the differences. Theoretically, perspectives from Axel Honneth's recognition theory are combined with Thomas Scheff's sociological work on shame to discuss the variations in the sentiments of young adults. Based on this framework, the article illuminates how young adults use the shared semantics available within their immediate circles to enable them to feel worthy of recognition despite their depicted deviation from the norm of gainful employment. Additionally, the article contributes to sociological debates on Honneth's recognition theory – especially its ambiguous concept of shared semantics – by making sense of the role of communities and institutions as providers of shared semantics. The findings are based on an abductive analysis of 35 in-depth interviews with young Finnish adults aged 18–29 who have been or are currently outside of education or employment.
没有受过教育或工作的年轻人经常被描述为偏离了北欧国家普遍存在的有酬就业规范。虽然有人认为,年轻人觉得他们的NEET状况受到了指责,但本文试图确定他们对自己状况的各种解释,以及可以对这些差异提出什么样的解释。从理论上讲,Axel Honneth的认知理论与Thomas Scheff关于羞耻的社会学著作相结合,讨论了年轻人情感的变化。基于这一框架,文章阐述了年轻人如何使用他们直系亲属圈子中可用的共享语义,使他们感到值得认可,尽管他们偏离了有报酬工作的规范。此外,本文通过理解社区和机构作为共享语义提供者的作用,为Honneth的识别理论——尤其是其模糊的共享语义概念——的社会学辩论做出了贡献。这些发现是基于对芬兰18-29岁年轻人的35次深入访谈的诱拐分析得出的,这些年轻人曾经或目前没有受过教育或就业。
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引用次数: 1
Divorce among exogamous couples: The role of language convergence 异族通婚夫妇的离婚:语言趋同的作用
IF 1.7 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/00016993221129814
J. Saarela, Martin Kolk, Caroline Uggla
This is the first study to use longitudinal population register data to illustrate that marital stability may relate to the adoption of the spouse's language. The paper draws on theories of boundary shifting and boundary crossing to examine two main ancestral groups in Finland, Finnish speakers and Swedish speakers, between whom intermarriage is common. Administrative changes in how the question about language/ethnicity was registered between the censuses of 1975 and 1980 make it possible to distinguish between persons who are concordant or discordant on the main language used and ethnic affiliation. Using data on the entire married population, and adjusting for several individuals and couple characteristics, we estimate the couples’ divorce risk as a function of language convergence with Cox regressions. Discordance in terms of adopting the Finnish language used by the partner is associated with a higher divorce risk, as compared with couples who are exogamous in terms of both language use and ethnic affiliation. Adopting the Swedish language, on the other hand, is associated with a slightly reduced divorce risk. Thus, these data provide some evidence that marital stability may relate to language convergence.
这是第一个使用纵向人口登记数据来说明婚姻稳定可能与配偶语言的采用有关的研究。本文利用边界转移和边界跨越的理论来研究芬兰的两个主要祖先群体,芬兰语使用者和瑞典语使用者,他们之间的通婚是常见的。1975年至1980年人口普查期间关于语言/族裔问题的登记方式的行政变动,使人们能够区分在使用的主要语言和族裔归属方面意见一致或意见不一致的人。利用整个已婚人口的数据,并调整了几个个体和夫妇的特征,我们用Cox回归估计了夫妻离婚风险作为语言收敛的函数。在语言使用和种族关系方面,与异族通婚的夫妇相比,在采用伴侣使用的芬兰语方面的不一致与更高的离婚风险有关。另一方面,使用瑞典语与离婚风险略有降低有关。因此,这些数据提供了一些证据,证明婚姻稳定可能与语言趋同有关。
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引用次数: 1
Are women from man-older unions economically disadvantaged following separation? Sweden 1997–2015 从男性年龄较大的工会中分离出来的妇女在经济上处于不利地位吗?瑞典1997 - 2015
IF 1.7 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-04 DOI: 10.1177/00016993221136050
Caroline Uggla, Eleonora Mussino, S. Aradhya
Separation often leads to worse economic consequences for women than for men. However, little is known about how economic consequences of separation play out for different groups of women. Women who are younger than their male partner are generally assumed to have lesser agency, but evidence mostly comes from contexts with low gender equality. Here, we examine women's benefit recipiency as a function of the partner age gap of their dissolved union. Using register data from Sweden, we examine whether women from man-older unions suffer greater economic disadvantage after separation, and whether patterns differ for ancestral Swedes and women with migrant background. Results from logistic regression models suggest that, post-separation, the uptake of social and housing benefits increases for nearly all groups of women. However, these data do not show any consistent disadvantages of women from man-older unions. Among ancestral Swedes, patterns differed by benefit type, and among women of African/Middle Eastern origin, benefit recipiency increases were inversely U-shaped to the age gap. Social norms do not appear to explain economic costs of separation, but may explain why the risk of separation itself differed between ancestral Swedish women and women with migrant background.
分居通常会给女性带来比男性更严重的经济后果。然而,人们对分居对不同女性群体的经济影响知之甚少。通常认为,比男性伴侣年轻的女性能动性更弱,但证据大多来自性别不平等的环境。在这里,我们研究了女性的福利接收作为其解散联盟的伴侣年龄差距的函数。利用瑞典的登记数据,我们研究了男性年龄较大的婚姻中的女性在分离后是否会遭受更大的经济劣势,以及瑞典祖先和移民背景的女性的模式是否不同。逻辑回归模型的结果表明,离婚后,几乎所有妇女群体获得的社会和住房福利都有所增加。然而,这些数据并没有显示出在男性年龄较大的婚姻中女性始终处于不利地位。在瑞典祖先中,模式因福利类型而异,在非洲/中东血统的妇女中,福利领取的增加与年龄差距呈负u型关系。社会规范似乎不能解释分离的经济成本,但可以解释为什么瑞典血统妇女和移民背景妇女的分离风险本身不同。
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引用次数: 0
Sweden's ‘complicated’ relationship with genocide recognition 瑞典与承认种族灭绝的“复杂”关系
IF 1.7 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.1177/00016993221141587
Daniel Fittante
Scholars have unpacked the rhetorically nuanced ways political actors alter state narratives in resisting pressure to comply with international norms. But many of these rhetorical strategies apply in other contexts, where there exists sufficient norm ambiguity, too. For example, in response to Turkey's long-standing denialism, many governments have been asked to recognise the Armenian Genocide (or 1915 Genocide of Christians in the Ottoman Empire). But, because there exists no clear international norm about recognising genocides perpetuated by other states, even some of the most unlikely government officials adapt their rhetoric to resist recognition and pursue ulterior foreign policy objectives. Building on Dixon's rhetorical adaptation framework, this article argues that, between 1999 and 2021, Swedish political actors often adapted their rhetoric in ways similar to Turkish officials as a result of the normative ambiguity of states recognising the Armenian Genocide. In explaining why Sweden consistently resisted Genocide recognition efforts, this analysis focuses on its larger foreign policy commitments of spreading democracy in Turkey and managing the Syrian refugee crisis.
学者们揭示了政治行为者在抵制遵守国际规范的压力时改变国家叙事的微妙方式。但这些修辞策略中的许多都适用于其他语境,在这些语境中也存在足够的规范歧义。例如,为了回应土耳其长期以来的否认,许多政府被要求承认亚美尼亚种族灭绝(或1915年奥斯曼帝国对基督徒的种族灭绝)。但是,由于没有明确的国际规范来承认其他国家长期存在的种族灭绝行为,即使是一些最不可能的政府官员也会调整他们的言论,抵制承认,追求不可告人的外交政策目标。基于Dixon的修辞改编框架,本文认为,在1999年至2021年间,由于承认亚美尼亚种族灭绝的国家在规范上的模糊性,瑞典政治行为者经常以类似于土耳其官员的方式改编他们的修辞。在解释为什么瑞典一贯抵制承认种族灭绝的努力时,这一分析侧重于其在土耳其传播民主和管理叙利亚难民危机的更大外交政策承诺。
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引用次数: 0
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Acta Sociologica
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