Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2021.1980319
Markus Rittenbruch, M. Foth, Peta Mitchell, Rajjan Chitrakar, Bryce Christensen, C. Pettit
ABSTRACT Big data analytics in smart cities has given rise to the new interdisciplinary field of urban science, which uses data mining, visual analytics, modeling, and simulation to create novel planning support systems. One such system is RAISE (the Rapid Analytics Interactive Scenario Explorer) which assists urban planners and local government authorities with rapid analysis and visualization of land value uplift from proposed transport infrastructure. This paper’s contribution is twofold. We first introduce co-design as a method for developing a planning support tool such as RAISE and present findings from a series of co-design workshops that informed its development. Findings included the need for further transparency of the land valuation process and recommendation of a community feature that explains valuation outcomes to landowners. The resulting insights from the co-design process led to a series of emerging questions that the design of this type of planning support system raises: (a) the collaboration with local government partners and the need for what Huybrechts calls “institutioning;” (b) some of the ethical implications of use, and (c) the impact of moving from conventional to AI/machine learning-assisted modeling. We discuss these questions as part of our second contribution. The paper concludes by reflecting on the process of using the development of RAISE not just as a solution but as an opportunity to problematize new questions and identify future research opportunities that tackle these questions.
{"title":"Co-Designing Planning Support Systems in Urban Science: The Questions They Answer and the Questions They Raise","authors":"Markus Rittenbruch, M. Foth, Peta Mitchell, Rajjan Chitrakar, Bryce Christensen, C. Pettit","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2021.1980319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2021.1980319","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Big data analytics in smart cities has given rise to the new interdisciplinary field of urban science, which uses data mining, visual analytics, modeling, and simulation to create novel planning support systems. One such system is RAISE (the Rapid Analytics Interactive Scenario Explorer) which assists urban planners and local government authorities with rapid analysis and visualization of land value uplift from proposed transport infrastructure. This paper’s contribution is twofold. We first introduce co-design as a method for developing a planning support tool such as RAISE and present findings from a series of co-design workshops that informed its development. Findings included the need for further transparency of the land valuation process and recommendation of a community feature that explains valuation outcomes to landowners. The resulting insights from the co-design process led to a series of emerging questions that the design of this type of planning support system raises: (a) the collaboration with local government partners and the need for what Huybrechts calls “institutioning;” (b) some of the ethical implications of use, and (c) the impact of moving from conventional to AI/machine learning-assisted modeling. We discuss these questions as part of our second contribution. The paper concludes by reflecting on the process of using the development of RAISE not just as a solution but as an opportunity to problematize new questions and identify future research opportunities that tackle these questions.","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73859104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-11DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2021.1963647
Jiska Engelbert, A. Ersoy, Ellen van Bueren, L. van Zoonen
ABSTRACT There is a sharp contrast between the public value discourse that typifies smart city-making on the one hand and its democratic deficit on the other. In this article we explore this contrast in more detail and assess that the paradigm and practices of networked government, which dominates smart city making, positions citizens as “audiences” of smart city makers and civil servants as “shepherds” of their public values. In these positions, both citizens and civil servants participate in a wide array of smart city experiments and engagements. However, an active, autonomous agenda setting role by citizens or democratically legitimated advocacy of civil servants is rare and does not easily fit within the paradigm of networked government. We draw on the work of Dewey and Marres to envision such different roles and make them concrete by highlighting experiences of Dutch citizens and civil servants with urban data and technology. These show, first, that the desires and goals of citizens may differ markedly from those of the smart city, and—second—that civil servants struggle with legitimate ways to advocate for socially and economically balanced smart city solutions. We conclude, in the final section, that the smart city can only be developed further through representative democratic means of engagement, among which local elections that express the collective desires of citizens and frame the mandate of civil servants.
{"title":"Capitalizing on the “Public Turn”: New Possibilities for Citizens and Civil Servants in Smart City-Making","authors":"Jiska Engelbert, A. Ersoy, Ellen van Bueren, L. van Zoonen","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2021.1963647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2021.1963647","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There is a sharp contrast between the public value discourse that typifies smart city-making on the one hand and its democratic deficit on the other. In this article we explore this contrast in more detail and assess that the paradigm and practices of networked government, which dominates smart city making, positions citizens as “audiences” of smart city makers and civil servants as “shepherds” of their public values. In these positions, both citizens and civil servants participate in a wide array of smart city experiments and engagements. However, an active, autonomous agenda setting role by citizens or democratically legitimated advocacy of civil servants is rare and does not easily fit within the paradigm of networked government. We draw on the work of Dewey and Marres to envision such different roles and make them concrete by highlighting experiences of Dutch citizens and civil servants with urban data and technology. These show, first, that the desires and goals of citizens may differ markedly from those of the smart city, and—second—that civil servants struggle with legitimate ways to advocate for socially and economically balanced smart city solutions. We conclude, in the final section, that the smart city can only be developed further through representative democratic means of engagement, among which local elections that express the collective desires of citizens and frame the mandate of civil servants.","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79332243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2021.1985318
E. Kassens-Noor, Mark Wilson, Tan Yigitcanlar
New transportation or mobility technologies have the power to disrupt the social, economic, and political landscape, exemplified by the introduction of the automobile over a century ago (Brown et al., 2009). The resultant and accumulated impacts had significantly changed how and where people lived, worked and gathered. As cities shape, and are shaped by, prevailing transportation options, the arrival of autonomous vehicles suggests a new era of mobility and therefore new influences on urban society and form. To date, most of the research on autonomous vehicles has addressed the engineering challenges of vehicle design, while the social implications have been largely ignored (Yurtsever et al., 2020). Often, the new mobility technologies are launched before the social context has been analyzed and implications understood (Butler et al., 2020a; Kassens-Noor et al. 2020). This special issue of the Journal of Urban Technology presents current research on these new autonomous driving technologies and how they interact with urban society. Currently, autonomous vehicles fit Schrodinger’s thought experiment by being both positive and negative depending on the observer’s perspective (Moore, 2015). Advantages include safety, potential for reduced travel, access for young, old, and those with disabilities, and parking spaces returned for more productive use (Butler et al., 2020b). In contrast, disadvantages may include increased travel, marginalization and exclusion if not all areas are served equally, and a preoccupation with vehicles as the core mode instead of a broad definition encompassing walking to autonomous vehicles (Yigitcanlar et al., 2019). The outcome of the use of autonomous vehicles depends on people and policy, and how individuals and institutions react to the opportunities autonomous vehicles provide (Kassens-Noor et al., 2021). Cities with similar characteristics may well result in different urban landscapes depending on their autonomous vehicle policies. Our call for papers was broad in scope and has resulted in nine articles that present several themes emergent in the current literature. The sections of this issue represent the language and literature of autonomous vehicles, lessons from pilot programs in the United States and Europe, and the policy response and implications of new forms of mobility.
新的交通或移动技术具有颠覆社会、经济和政治格局的力量，一个多世纪前汽车的引入就是一个例子(Brown et al.， 2009)。由此产生的累积影响极大地改变了人们生活、工作和聚集的方式和地点。随着城市塑造和被主流交通选择塑造，自动驾驶汽车的到来预示着一个新的移动时代，因此对城市社会和形式产生了新的影响。迄今为止，大多数关于自动驾驶汽车的研究都解决了车辆设计的工程挑战，而其社会影响在很大程度上被忽视了(Yurtsever等人，2020)。通常，在分析社会背景和理解影响之前，新的移动技术就已经推出了(Butler等人，2020a;Kassens-Noor et al. 2020)。本期《城市技术杂志》特刊介绍了这些新的自动驾驶技术的最新研究，以及它们如何与城市社会相互作用。目前，自动驾驶汽车符合薛定谔的思想实验，根据观察者的观点，它既有积极的一面，也有消极的一面(Moore, 2015)。其优势包括安全性、减少出行的可能性、为年轻人、老年人和残疾人提供便利，以及将停车位用于更高效的用途(Butler等人，2020b)。相比之下，缺点可能包括增加旅行，边缘化和排斥，如果不是所有地区都得到平等的服务，以及将车辆作为核心模式的关注，而不是包括步行到自动驾驶汽车的广泛定义(yigitcanar等人，2019)。使用自动驾驶汽车的结果取决于人和政策，以及个人和机构如何应对自动驾驶汽车提供的机会(Kassens-Noor et al.， 2021)。具有相似特征的城市，根据各自的自动驾驶汽车政策，很可能会形成不同的城市景观。我们对论文的要求范围很广，已经产生了九篇文章，这些文章提出了当前文献中出现的几个主题。这期杂志的部分内容代表了自动驾驶汽车的语言和文学，美国和欧洲试点项目的经验教训，以及新形式的移动出行的政策反应和影响。
{"title":"Where Are Autonomous Vehicles Taking Us?","authors":"E. Kassens-Noor, Mark Wilson, Tan Yigitcanlar","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2021.1985318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2021.1985318","url":null,"abstract":"New transportation or mobility technologies have the power to disrupt the social, economic, and political landscape, exemplified by the introduction of the automobile over a century ago (Brown et al., 2009). The resultant and accumulated impacts had significantly changed how and where people lived, worked and gathered. As cities shape, and are shaped by, prevailing transportation options, the arrival of autonomous vehicles suggests a new era of mobility and therefore new influences on urban society and form. To date, most of the research on autonomous vehicles has addressed the engineering challenges of vehicle design, while the social implications have been largely ignored (Yurtsever et al., 2020). Often, the new mobility technologies are launched before the social context has been analyzed and implications understood (Butler et al., 2020a; Kassens-Noor et al. 2020). This special issue of the Journal of Urban Technology presents current research on these new autonomous driving technologies and how they interact with urban society. Currently, autonomous vehicles fit Schrodinger’s thought experiment by being both positive and negative depending on the observer’s perspective (Moore, 2015). Advantages include safety, potential for reduced travel, access for young, old, and those with disabilities, and parking spaces returned for more productive use (Butler et al., 2020b). In contrast, disadvantages may include increased travel, marginalization and exclusion if not all areas are served equally, and a preoccupation with vehicles as the core mode instead of a broad definition encompassing walking to autonomous vehicles (Yigitcanlar et al., 2019). The outcome of the use of autonomous vehicles depends on people and policy, and how individuals and institutions react to the opportunities autonomous vehicles provide (Kassens-Noor et al., 2021). Cities with similar characteristics may well result in different urban landscapes depending on their autonomous vehicle policies. Our call for papers was broad in scope and has resulted in nine articles that present several themes emergent in the current literature. The sections of this issue represent the language and literature of autonomous vehicles, lessons from pilot programs in the United States and Europe, and the policy response and implications of new forms of mobility.","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73816223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2021.1962695
Bo Wang, B. Loo, Gengzhi Huang
ABSTRACT Although a large body of research has advanced our understanding of the definition, characteristics, and domains of smart cities at a high level of abstraction, relatively little attention has been given to varying smart city practices. This study analyses the contents and progress of 2,080 smart city pilot projects across 136 sampled smart cities in China since 2013. While the central government has set a unified framework for guiding smart city practices, both the experiences and progress vary substantially at the local level. Among the smart city domains, pilot projects related to smart government have been the most common but those on smart living and smart people have not received as much attention. The findings confirm that smart city development is a process. A period of 1.5–2 years is typically required for pilot projects to demonstrate actual progress. Smart cities at the county/township level have progressed better in infrastructure but have lagged in the institutional and people dimensions. Those implemented in Eastern China have also advanced more noticeably than those in Central and Western China.
{"title":"Becoming Smarter through Smart City Pilot Projects: Experiences and Lessons from China since 2013","authors":"Bo Wang, B. Loo, Gengzhi Huang","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2021.1962695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2021.1962695","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although a large body of research has advanced our understanding of the definition, characteristics, and domains of smart cities at a high level of abstraction, relatively little attention has been given to varying smart city practices. This study analyses the contents and progress of 2,080 smart city pilot projects across 136 sampled smart cities in China since 2013. While the central government has set a unified framework for guiding smart city practices, both the experiences and progress vary substantially at the local level. Among the smart city domains, pilot projects related to smart government have been the most common but those on smart living and smart people have not received as much attention. The findings confirm that smart city development is a process. A period of 1.5–2 years is typically required for pilot projects to demonstrate actual progress. Smart cities at the county/township level have progressed better in infrastructure but have lagged in the institutional and people dimensions. Those implemented in Eastern China have also advanced more noticeably than those in Central and Western China.","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75337970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2021.1959784
C. I. Gutierrez
ABSTRACT Relatively inexpensive vehicles and public policies that favored a vehicle-centric infrastructure facilitated the movement of families from the confines of urban centers to the periphery of cities in the twentieth century. This phenomenon became known as the first wave of urban sprawl. Its negative effects inspired local policymakers to develop a playbook to fight it, including measures such as zoning and pricing mechanisms directed at commuters, developers, and real estate owners. The advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in the twenty-first century promises to benefit society in many ways, including reducing congestion and improving access to transportation. Alternatively, this technology may also instigate a new sprawl that jeopardizes the most important source of local government revenue, property taxes. Using scenario development, this article explores the consequences of a future where residents are willing to trade their AV-generated time savings for homes outside of their local government’s jurisdiction, depriving these entities of valuable property tax revenue. It examines how the US policy playbook developed to curtail the first generation of urban sprawl fares in limiting the revenue repercussions of a theoretic AV-induced sprawl.
{"title":"A New Wave of Urban Sprawl: Influence of Autonomous Vehicles on the Policy Toolkit and Property Tax Revenue of Local Governments","authors":"C. I. Gutierrez","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2021.1959784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2021.1959784","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Relatively inexpensive vehicles and public policies that favored a vehicle-centric infrastructure facilitated the movement of families from the confines of urban centers to the periphery of cities in the twentieth century. This phenomenon became known as the first wave of urban sprawl. Its negative effects inspired local policymakers to develop a playbook to fight it, including measures such as zoning and pricing mechanisms directed at commuters, developers, and real estate owners. The advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in the twenty-first century promises to benefit society in many ways, including reducing congestion and improving access to transportation. Alternatively, this technology may also instigate a new sprawl that jeopardizes the most important source of local government revenue, property taxes. Using scenario development, this article explores the consequences of a future where residents are willing to trade their AV-generated time savings for homes outside of their local government’s jurisdiction, depriving these entities of valuable property tax revenue. It examines how the US policy playbook developed to curtail the first generation of urban sprawl fares in limiting the revenue repercussions of a theoretic AV-induced sprawl.","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72372652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2021.1950501
Élyse Comeau, M. Sweet, L. Birnbaum
ABSTRACT Travel behavior responses to automated vehicles (AVs) could undermine broader transportation policy objectives. This study presents focus group findings on Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) residents’ interest and expected behavioral responses to AVs. Five key consumer response themes are identified: safety and ethics concerns; lack of trust; diverse AV use intentions; agreement on a role for public sector involvement; and disagreement over regulation strategies. Findings indicate that utilitarian behavioral models resonate but that psychosocial explanations, such as “control,” “trust,” and “compatibility” play a stronger role—underscoring the importance for policymakers considering the social processes of new technology adoption.
{"title":"Shifting Gears for the Automated Vehicle: Findings from Focus Groups in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area","authors":"Élyse Comeau, M. Sweet, L. Birnbaum","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2021.1950501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2021.1950501","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Travel behavior responses to automated vehicles (AVs) could undermine broader transportation policy objectives. This study presents focus group findings on Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) residents’ interest and expected behavioral responses to AVs. Five key consumer response themes are identified: safety and ethics concerns; lack of trust; diverse AV use intentions; agreement on a role for public sector involvement; and disagreement over regulation strategies. Findings indicate that utilitarian behavioral models resonate but that psychosocial explanations, such as “control,” “trust,” and “compatibility” play a stronger role—underscoring the importance for policymakers considering the social processes of new technology adoption.","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75505061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2021.1950104
Peter T. Dunn
ABSTRACT The prevailing discourse on autonomous vehicles (AVs) has not yet developed a sophisticated conceptualization of autonomy and has given insufficient attention to the autonomy of people. In response, this article shifts our attention away from the AV’s autonomy and towards that of its user. Autonomy is conceived here as the socially and materially situated capacity of an individual to identify and act on one’s own values and desires, a capacity that is desirable for collective political life. This definition is drawn selectively from a survey of thought illustrating the richness of this concept. I then examine how studies of transportation have already made use of certain themes of autonomy in understanding mobility practices beyond dominant utilitarian models. This sets up an examination of AVs, where the existing literature tends to use a narrow conceptualization of autonomy. I then briefly examine two examples of unsettled questions in AV development, discretionary user controls and shared ride systems, in light of autonomy. The goal of this article is both to show how autonomy can be productive in understanding mobility practices, and to argue for personal autonomy as a normative value worth pursuing in the technical, political, and social development of automated mobility systems.
{"title":"Autonomous People: Identity, Agency, and Automated Driving","authors":"Peter T. Dunn","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2021.1950104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2021.1950104","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The prevailing discourse on autonomous vehicles (AVs) has not yet developed a sophisticated conceptualization of autonomy and has given insufficient attention to the autonomy of people. In response, this article shifts our attention away from the AV’s autonomy and towards that of its user. Autonomy is conceived here as the socially and materially situated capacity of an individual to identify and act on one’s own values and desires, a capacity that is desirable for collective political life. This definition is drawn selectively from a survey of thought illustrating the richness of this concept. I then examine how studies of transportation have already made use of certain themes of autonomy in understanding mobility practices beyond dominant utilitarian models. This sets up an examination of AVs, where the existing literature tends to use a narrow conceptualization of autonomy. I then briefly examine two examples of unsettled questions in AV development, discretionary user controls and shared ride systems, in light of autonomy. The goal of this article is both to show how autonomy can be productive in understanding mobility practices, and to argue for personal autonomy as a normative value worth pursuing in the technical, political, and social development of automated mobility systems.","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86685497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2021.1944751
Devon McAslan, Max Gabriele, T. Miller
ABSTRACT Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are rapidly emerging in United States cities, leaving urban and regional planning institutions unsure how to plan and develop policies. This paper analyzes how regional transportation plans (RTPs) developed by metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) are approaching the risks and opportunities presented by AVs. Among 52 MPOs, a majority only mention key issues and emphasize high levels of uncertainty. Twelve MPOs develop policies on infrastructure, safety, partnerships, data-sharing, and multimodal transportation. Despite a positive trend, many recently adopted RTPs do not incorporate AVs. To plan for uncertain mobility futures, MPOs must develop more flexible approaches to long-term infrastructure investment.
{"title":"Planning and Policy Directions for Autonomous Vehicles in Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) in the United States","authors":"Devon McAslan, Max Gabriele, T. Miller","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2021.1944751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2021.1944751","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are rapidly emerging in United States cities, leaving urban and regional planning institutions unsure how to plan and develop policies. This paper analyzes how regional transportation plans (RTPs) developed by metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) are approaching the risks and opportunities presented by AVs. Among 52 MPOs, a majority only mention key issues and emphasize high levels of uncertainty. Twelve MPOs develop policies on infrastructure, safety, partnerships, data-sharing, and multimodal transportation. Despite a positive trend, many recently adopted RTPs do not incorporate AVs. To plan for uncertain mobility futures, MPOs must develop more flexible approaches to long-term infrastructure investment.","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85848647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2021.1939626
Miren Gutiérrez, Marina Landa
ABSTRACT The level of open data re-utilization was still low 10 years after the launch of the Basque Government’s open data platform, when, unexpectedly, the COVID-19 pandemic struck. Suddenly, charts and infographics—fed on open data—were lingua franca; not only experts but also ordinary citizens were demanding understandable data to make decisions. The motto during the confinement was “let’s flatten the curve.” This article relies on participant observation of a three-day workshop, interviews with experts and open data re-users (N=15), and an analysis of urban projects that rely on open data (N=78). Data collection was conducted before the first wave and after the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, from November 27, 2019, to February 17, 2021, allowing researchers to make comparisons. We find that citizens are pushing for actionable open data; that is, data embedding the attributes that make them useful and usable. This includes integrating data literacy and citizens’ inputs and forming interdisciplinary teams of people inside and outside the government. This article proposes a definition for actionable data, which can be scalable to other realities.
{"title":"From Available to Actionable Data: An Exploration of Expert and Re-users Views of Open Data","authors":"Miren Gutiérrez, Marina Landa","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2021.1939626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2021.1939626","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The level of open data re-utilization was still low 10 years after the launch of the Basque Government’s open data platform, when, unexpectedly, the COVID-19 pandemic struck. Suddenly, charts and infographics—fed on open data—were lingua franca; not only experts but also ordinary citizens were demanding understandable data to make decisions. The motto during the confinement was “let’s flatten the curve.” This article relies on participant observation of a three-day workshop, interviews with experts and open data re-users (N=15), and an analysis of urban projects that rely on open data (N=78). Data collection was conducted before the first wave and after the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, from November 27, 2019, to February 17, 2021, allowing researchers to make comparisons. We find that citizens are pushing for actionable open data; that is, data embedding the attributes that make them useful and usable. This includes integrating data literacy and citizens’ inputs and forming interdisciplinary teams of people inside and outside the government. This article proposes a definition for actionable data, which can be scalable to other realities.","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77640815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2021.1930837
Pablo Martí, Leticia Serrano-Estrada, Almudena Nolasco-Cirugeda, Jesús López Baeza
ABSTRACT This study revisits the debate surrounding the definition of neighborhood boundaries by addressing the disconnect between the city’s Administrative Neighborhoods and its functional organization. A method is proposed for dividing the city into more meaningful units through the spatial distribution of urban activities by retrieving data from Google Places. The dataset was pre-processed and spatially divided into Functional Clusters. A comparison between functional and administrative subdivisions of the city was undertaken, from which three overall conclusions could be drawn. First, a function-based city partition allows economically active urban areas to become the neighborhood’s center, thereby creating a polynuclear neighborhood structure that would potentially encourage greater cross-movement of people throughout the city. Second, the specialization of activities becomes more evident in Functional Clusters than in Administrative Neighborhoods. Third, access to up-to-date data makes possible a timely diagnosis of the quantity and diversity of urban activities—i.e., economic activities, services, and facilities—through Google Places data. The value of this contribution is to inform urban decision-making and policies in order to better balance the provision of a neighborhood’s economic activity.
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