Pub Date : 2023-05-30DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2023.2194844
Sandra Breux, Jérémy Diaz, Hugo Loiseau
ABSTRACTEarly smart city projects tended to be technology-driven, conceiving of the citizen as a data provider. New citizen-centered projects have emerged that challenge the role of the individual in these second-generation smart cities. While some works describe the political role that individuals play in these cities, they only indirectly address the place of technology in determining the participation of the individual in these projects. In this article, we draw on the work done on another technical system—cyberspace—to address the relationship between individuals and technology in the smart city and its consequences. Adapting a typology initially developed for cyberspace and using examples of the City of Montréal, we identify three potential categories of the individual’s role within the smart city: (1) Active role (involved individual), (2) Passive role (synchronized individual), and (3) Victim (disadvantaged individual). We show that the individual is a misinformed figure, despite attempts to focus smart development on citizens. Moreover, we posit that the individual cannot have a real political role as long as the political vision of the city does not precede the technical dimension.KEYWORDS: smart cityindividual’s rolecyberspace Notes1 Our goal is not to criticize the Montreal experience or its genealogy but rather to use this experience as an illustration and springboard for our reflection. Furthermore, our analysis of Montreal stops after the Smart City Challenge is awarded in Citation2019. Starting in 2019, a new step—funded by the award of the Smart City Challenge—has begun: Montréal en commun, a program structured around three components (mobilities, food, and data) involving a large community of actors, most of which are NPOs or university laboratories.2 When we refer to a document in French, we write Montréal in its French form. When we refer to Montreal in the English text, we write Montreal in English.Additional informationNotes on contributorsSandra BreuxSandra Breux is a professor at the Institut National de Recherche Scientifique, Centre Urbanisation Culture et Société, Montréal, Québec, H2X 1E3, Canada.Jérémy DiazJérémy Diaz was previously a PhD student at the Université du Québec à Montréal, Département d’Études Urbaines et Touristiques, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada.Hugo LoiseauHugo Loiseau is Professeur titulaire, École de politique appliquée, Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.
早期的智慧城市项目往往是技术驱动的，将市民视为数据提供者。新的以公民为中心的项目已经出现，挑战了个人在这些第二代智慧城市中的作用。虽然有些作品描述了个人在这些城市中扮演的政治角色，但它们只是间接地解决了技术在决定个人参与这些项目中的地位。在本文中，我们借鉴了在另一个技术系统——网络空间上所做的工作，以解决智慧城市中个人与技术之间的关系及其后果。采用最初为网络空间开发的类型学，并以montracimal市为例，我们确定了智慧城市中个人角色的三种潜在类别:(1)主动角色(参与个人)，(2)被动角色(同步个人)，(3)受害者(弱势个人)。我们表明，尽管试图将智慧发展的重点放在公民身上，但个人是一个被误导的人物。此外，我们认为，只要城市的政治愿景没有先于技术层面，个人就不可能发挥真正的政治作用。注1我们的目的不是批评蒙特利尔的经验或其谱系，而是利用这一经验作为我们反思的例证和跳板。此外，我们对蒙特利尔的分析在Citation2019颁发智慧城市挑战赛之后就停止了。从2019年开始，由智慧城市挑战赛(Smart City challenge)奖项资助的一个新步骤已经开始:montrsamal en commons，这是一个围绕三个组成部分(移动性、食物和数据)构建的项目，涉及大量参与者，其中大多数是非营利组织或大学实验室当我们用法语提到一份文件时，我们用法文的montracimal。当我们在英语文本中提到蒙特利尔时，我们用英语写蒙特利尔。作者简介:sandra Breux，加拿大H2X 1E3，城市化、文化和社会中心国家科学研究所教授。贾姆·贾姆·迪亚兹以前是加拿大蒙特利尔大学的一名博士生，他曾就读于加拿大蒙特利尔大学。雨果·卢瓦索，加拿大舍布鲁克大学人文科学与文学学院，舍布鲁克，舍姆萨，j1k2r1，加拿大。
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Pub Date : 2023-05-27DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2023.2218178
R. Hanley
In this open issue of the Journal of Urban Technology, we have a diverse collection of articles dealing with both familiar (technology transfer, online neighborhood networks) and unfamiliar (using blockchain technology to protect the Intellectual Property rights of street artists) issues. In the first of these articles, “Uncertainty in Market-Mediated Technology Transfer and Geographical Diffusion: Evidence from Chinese Technology Flow,” Dongho Han and Ilwon Seo attempt to tackle market-mediated technology transfer within and across geographies drawing upon patent licensing records in China. The data set they use allows them to capture the importance of geography in licensing relationships—an important new insight. Their discussion leads them into teasing out the implications for public actors within innovations systems (such as those outlined in the Triple Helix model); investigating the policy implications of purchasers/providers preferring differing spatial scales; and displaying how geographic proximity is revealed as a means of risk aversion. The authors see three advantages of using patent licensing data in a Chinese context to track region-to-region technology flows. First, patent licensing data “indicate the flow of technology with economic value geared toward innovative outcomes.” Second, the licensing data set portrays “region-to-region technology flows.” And third, a licensing contract “reflects an organization’s strategic decisions.” The analysis of these data allowed the authors to conclude that “despite the presence of market mechanisms, geographical proximity still plays an important role in the diffusion of knowledge, similar to that of pure knowledge spillover.” However, they noted that in the regions of China that they studied, Han and Seo found that “geographical agglomeration is an essential, but not a sufficient condition” to trigger economic growth. While not studied as much as seems warranted, noise pollution and how to ameliorate it are important issues in city planning. In their article, “Stakeholders Engagement in Noise Action Planning Mediated by OGITO: An Open Geo-Spatial Interactive TOol,” Rosa Aguilar, Johannes Flacke, Daniel Simon, and Karin Pfeffer describe the development of a digital tool that facilitates stakeholder engagement and public discourse in the context of noise action planning. The focus of the article is on how maptables can be used in collaborative spatial planning. The researchers used collaboration to develop a tool that was able to allow stakeholders to identify specific locations and populations that were exposed to higher levels of noise with the goal of planning abatement strategies. Because of the pandemic, the stakeholders participated sometimes remotely in these sessions and sometimes in person. The success of the remote sessions will be used in the future to involve members of the affected communities who can only participate remotely. The goal of the study written by Jonas De Meulenaere, C
{"title":"From the Editor","authors":"R. Hanley","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2023.2218178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2023.2218178","url":null,"abstract":"In this open issue of the Journal of Urban Technology, we have a diverse collection of articles dealing with both familiar (technology transfer, online neighborhood networks) and unfamiliar (using blockchain technology to protect the Intellectual Property rights of street artists) issues. In the first of these articles, “Uncertainty in Market-Mediated Technology Transfer and Geographical Diffusion: Evidence from Chinese Technology Flow,” Dongho Han and Ilwon Seo attempt to tackle market-mediated technology transfer within and across geographies drawing upon patent licensing records in China. The data set they use allows them to capture the importance of geography in licensing relationships—an important new insight. Their discussion leads them into teasing out the implications for public actors within innovations systems (such as those outlined in the Triple Helix model); investigating the policy implications of purchasers/providers preferring differing spatial scales; and displaying how geographic proximity is revealed as a means of risk aversion. The authors see three advantages of using patent licensing data in a Chinese context to track region-to-region technology flows. First, patent licensing data “indicate the flow of technology with economic value geared toward innovative outcomes.” Second, the licensing data set portrays “region-to-region technology flows.” And third, a licensing contract “reflects an organization’s strategic decisions.” The analysis of these data allowed the authors to conclude that “despite the presence of market mechanisms, geographical proximity still plays an important role in the diffusion of knowledge, similar to that of pure knowledge spillover.” However, they noted that in the regions of China that they studied, Han and Seo found that “geographical agglomeration is an essential, but not a sufficient condition” to trigger economic growth. While not studied as much as seems warranted, noise pollution and how to ameliorate it are important issues in city planning. In their article, “Stakeholders Engagement in Noise Action Planning Mediated by OGITO: An Open Geo-Spatial Interactive TOol,” Rosa Aguilar, Johannes Flacke, Daniel Simon, and Karin Pfeffer describe the development of a digital tool that facilitates stakeholder engagement and public discourse in the context of noise action planning. The focus of the article is on how maptables can be used in collaborative spatial planning. The researchers used collaboration to develop a tool that was able to allow stakeholders to identify specific locations and populations that were exposed to higher levels of noise with the goal of planning abatement strategies. Because of the pandemic, the stakeholders participated sometimes remotely in these sessions and sometimes in person. The success of the remote sessions will be used in the future to involve members of the affected communities who can only participate remotely. The goal of the study written by Jonas De Meulenaere, C","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77817901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2023.2190705
Rosa Aguilar, J. Flacke, Daniel Simon, K. Pfeffer
ABSTRACT Noise action planning (NAP) requires collaboration among stakeholders, given the harmful health effects of noise and the subjectivity of how individuals perceive noise. Maptables can be used to mediate in such a collaborative spatial planning process. However, open software applications specifically designed for those devices are still limited or mismatched with user needs. This study presents the co-design and development process of an Open Geo-Spatial Interactive Tool (OGITO-noise) intended for maptables users. We explore to what extent such a tool can be usable and useful in supporting collaborative NAP in practice. Our methods combine agile software development and human-centered design (HCD) in a hybrid fashion, namely remote co-design meetings and face-to-face testing, to develop an open application that our intended users found useful. Those methods were utilized during a pandemic but can also be used when dealing with geographic or resource limitations.
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Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2023.2199602
C. Giusti
{"title":"Gray to Green Communities: A Call to Action on the Housing and Climate Crises","authors":"C. Giusti","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2023.2199602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2023.2199602","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89925065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2023.2199606
G. Urey
overall conclusion of the book is that housing is a human right, and providing for it by following the Green Communities Criteria is the best way to avert catastrophic global warming while advancing racial, economic, and environmental justice. The book presents many varied examples of affordable green housing projects, resulting in a useful book for policymakers as well as for practitioners. The projects described are executed by a variety of local and national organizations, all with different financing methods, and all are interesting, creative, and pioneering. It may seem a shortcoming that there is not a specific chapter on financing—a key ingredient for the success or failures of any housing investment. However, the financing of the projects is explained in great detail as each is described in the book. It is indeed clever how financing is addressed, without making finance the only focus of the book. The argument throughout the book is well documented, persuasive, and ignites enthusiasm in the reader about the possibilities ahead. Overall, this is a must-read book for policymakers, practitioners, activists, and the general public interested in addressing both homelessness and affordable housing, while focusing on solving the climate crisis and envisioning a sustainable green future.
{"title":"Downtime on the Microgrid: Architecture, Electricity, and Smart City Islands","authors":"G. Urey","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2023.2199606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2023.2199606","url":null,"abstract":"overall conclusion of the book is that housing is a human right, and providing for it by following the Green Communities Criteria is the best way to avert catastrophic global warming while advancing racial, economic, and environmental justice. The book presents many varied examples of affordable green housing projects, resulting in a useful book for policymakers as well as for practitioners. The projects described are executed by a variety of local and national organizations, all with different financing methods, and all are interesting, creative, and pioneering. It may seem a shortcoming that there is not a specific chapter on financing—a key ingredient for the success or failures of any housing investment. However, the financing of the projects is explained in great detail as each is described in the book. It is indeed clever how financing is addressed, without making finance the only focus of the book. The argument throughout the book is well documented, persuasive, and ignites enthusiasm in the reader about the possibilities ahead. Overall, this is a must-read book for policymakers, practitioners, activists, and the general public interested in addressing both homelessness and affordable housing, while focusing on solving the climate crisis and envisioning a sustainable green future.","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74406942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-30DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2023.2177954
K. Kourtit, P. Nijkamp, John Osth, Umut Turk
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Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2023.2180983
Eynat Mendelson-Shwartz, Ofir Shwartz, Nir Mualam
ABSTRACT Street art has flourished around the world, gaining international recognition and commercial success. Consequently, controversies over their misuse have escalated, and artists have begun to pursue legal protection of their intellectual property (IP) rights. But asserting these rights is still quite difficult, creating a state of uncertainty and risk to both artists and interested parties. In this article, we introduce Street-Art-NFT-System (SA-NFT), a dynamic street art ledger that enables artists to assert their IP rights and communicate with other interested parties, while maintaining their anonymity. Additionally, SA-NFT can create a new documentation method that will open new avenues for studying a city's ever-changing urban facades.
街头艺术在世界各地蓬勃发展，获得了国际认可和商业成功。因此，关于滥用的争议不断升级，艺术家们开始寻求法律保护他们的知识产权(IP)。但维护这些权利仍然相当困难，这给艺术家和相关方都带来了不确定性和风险。在本文中，我们介绍了street - art - nft系统(SA-NFT)，这是一个动态的街头艺术分类账，使艺术家能够维护自己的知识产权，并与其他相关方进行交流，同时保持他们的匿名性。此外，SA-NFT可以创建一种新的记录方法，为研究城市不断变化的城市立面开辟新的途径。
{"title":"Protecting Street Art Rights Using an NFT-Based System","authors":"Eynat Mendelson-Shwartz, Ofir Shwartz, Nir Mualam","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2023.2180983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2023.2180983","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Street art has flourished around the world, gaining international recognition and commercial success. Consequently, controversies over their misuse have escalated, and artists have begun to pursue legal protection of their intellectual property (IP) rights. But asserting these rights is still quite difficult, creating a state of uncertainty and risk to both artists and interested parties. In this article, we introduce Street-Art-NFT-System (SA-NFT), a dynamic street art ledger that enables artists to assert their IP rights and communicate with other interested parties, while maintaining their anonymity. Additionally, SA-NFT can create a new documentation method that will open new avenues for studying a city's ever-changing urban facades.","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73080843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-15DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2023.2172301
Éric Verdeil, Sylvy Jaglin
ABSTRACT This issue addresses the hybridization of urban electricity configurations in cities of the Global South. The hybridization process is shaped by the interplay of two infrastructural trends that transform cities, the patchy and limited extension of the conventional grid and the widespread socio-technical heterogeneity that recent research has highlighted. The case studies presented in the issue vary according to two main criteria. First, they straddle a wide variety of urban settlements, from city-center and relatively wealthy districts to poor areas and urbanizing peripheries. They also take into consideration various stages in the development of the grid and their uneven levels of service, between dynamic deployment pushed by state techno-politics and situations of regress or even collapse, forcing users to adapt. Two cross-cutting results emerge. First, the widespread and ever extending heterogeneity does not eliminate the grid but transforms it through various material and institutional interfaces and intermediations aiming at securing energy supply and operations. Second, the process makes way for an increased presence of private actors. These trends leave a twofold question unanswered. How and with which policies and tools to govern the hybridized energy configurations in order to promote energy justice and to enable clean energy transitions?
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Pub Date : 2023-02-24DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2023.2172305
Marie–Hélène Zérah, Saradamani Das
ABSTRACT India is facing two major transitions. In 2040, its energy demand will double while 800 million Indians will live in cities by 2050. Situated at this intersection, this article contributes to the field of urban energy research by looking at Solar Rooftop Systems (SRS) in a district located in the extended periphery of Delhi. Using a multi-pronged qualitative methodology in a corridor made of villages and small towns, we argue that public policies are framed applying a rigid territorial grid opposing urban and rural, ignoring the motivations of both residential and professional users, which are not bounded by the rural/urban binary. This disjunction explains that renewable energy does not lead to a new imagination of urban and energy systems. These two fields remain disconnected while solar energy fuels consumption and the city expansion in its peripheries. Finally, the observed variegated urban energy landscapes (UEL) embody a land and energy intensive form of urban growth.
{"title":"Solar Rooftop Systems and the Urban Transition: Shall the Twain Ever Meet? Interrogations from Rewari, India","authors":"Marie–Hélène Zérah, Saradamani Das","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2023.2172305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2023.2172305","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT India is facing two major transitions. In 2040, its energy demand will double while 800 million Indians will live in cities by 2050. Situated at this intersection, this article contributes to the field of urban energy research by looking at Solar Rooftop Systems (SRS) in a district located in the extended periphery of Delhi. Using a multi-pronged qualitative methodology in a corridor made of villages and small towns, we argue that public policies are framed applying a rigid territorial grid opposing urban and rural, ignoring the motivations of both residential and professional users, which are not bounded by the rural/urban binary. This disjunction explains that renewable energy does not lead to a new imagination of urban and energy systems. These two fields remain disconnected while solar energy fuels consumption and the city expansion in its peripheries. Finally, the observed variegated urban energy landscapes (UEL) embody a land and energy intensive form of urban growth.","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88759423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-09DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2022.2160607
Dongho Han, Ilwon Seo
ABSTRACT While a significant body of research has emphasized the contribution of knowledge spillover to the economic growth of a region, the distinction between knowledge types has not received the attention it deserves. Market-mediated technology transfer, compared with pure knowledge spillover, is mediated by market mechanisms that stimulate chances to identify potential partners, alleviating the spatial restraints between them. This research explores the mutual uncertainties of licensor and licensee in transferring market-mediated technology and seeks to capture the geographic incidence at prefecture-levels across China. It also tests whether the intensity of market competition imposes constraints on the licensor’s decision concerning technology transfer. The results corroborate that geographical distance still serves as a heavy toll between licensor and licensee. However, spatial proximity does not always support technology diffusion in cases where the licensors are associated with the dissipation effect among the proximate partners. The results challenge the common notion in the literature that an agglomeration effect is associated with knowledge spillover, reflecting the dynamic nature of market-oriented knowledge transfer. The contribution of this work will broaden understanding of the relationship between international/local technology diffusion and regional innovative capacity.
{"title":"Uncertainty in Market-Mediated Technology Transfer and Geographical Diffusion: Evidence from Chinese Technology Flow","authors":"Dongho Han, Ilwon Seo","doi":"10.1080/10630732.2022.2160607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2022.2160607","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While a significant body of research has emphasized the contribution of knowledge spillover to the economic growth of a region, the distinction between knowledge types has not received the attention it deserves. Market-mediated technology transfer, compared with pure knowledge spillover, is mediated by market mechanisms that stimulate chances to identify potential partners, alleviating the spatial restraints between them. This research explores the mutual uncertainties of licensor and licensee in transferring market-mediated technology and seeks to capture the geographic incidence at prefecture-levels across China. It also tests whether the intensity of market competition imposes constraints on the licensor’s decision concerning technology transfer. The results corroborate that geographical distance still serves as a heavy toll between licensor and licensee. However, spatial proximity does not always support technology diffusion in cases where the licensors are associated with the dissipation effect among the proximate partners. The results challenge the common notion in the literature that an agglomeration effect is associated with knowledge spillover, reflecting the dynamic nature of market-oriented knowledge transfer. The contribution of this work will broaden understanding of the relationship between international/local technology diffusion and regional innovative capacity.","PeriodicalId":47593,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85716897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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