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Place formulations and the incongruity procedure: On police officers’ practices for assembling appearances of wrongdoing 位置公式和不协调程序:论警察收集不当行为表象的做法
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1177/14614456231156516
André Buscariolli
‘Place’ is central to police work. Not only does the law prescribe proper uses of public spaces, but officers learn how to infer suspicion from people’s conduct and appearances at particular places. This article uses conversation analysis to examine how officers formulate place to render suspicious behavior accountably visible in their interactions with the public. Data come from recordings of police encounters in two American West Coast cities – the first dataset constitutes dashcam videos, and the second, videos recorded during ride-alongs. Findings suggest that officers use place formulations to (1) indicate violations in legally prescribed uses of space, (2) highlight incongruent elements in civilians’ conduct (e.g. proximity to incriminating objects), serving as a basis for inferring concealed wrongdoing, and (3) cast civilians’ presence in particular geographical areas as ‘out-of-place’. As place formulations do things in the interaction (i.e. accusing, questioning, accounting), the meaning officers ascribe to place is contingent upon ongoing courses of action.
“场所”是警察工作的核心。法律不仅规定了公共空间的正确使用,而且官员们还学会了如何从人们在特定地方的行为和外表中推断出怀疑。本文使用对话分析来研究官员如何制定场所,使可疑行为在与公众的互动中负责任地可见。数据来自美国西海岸两个城市的警察遭遇记录——第一个数据集是行车记录仪视频,第二个是骑行过程中记录的视频。调查结果表明,官员使用地点表述是为了(1)表明在法律规定的空间使用中存在违规行为,(2)突出平民行为中的不协调因素(例如接近入罪物体),以此作为推断隐藏不法行为的依据,以及(3)将平民在特定地理区域的存在视为“不合时宜”。由于地点公式在互动中起作用(即指控、质询、会计),官员对地点的定义取决于正在进行的行动。
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引用次数: 0
Three decades of the framing perspective on social movements: Changing trends and continuities 社会运动框架视角的三十年:变化趋势和连续性
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1177/14614456231165826
Oriol Barranco, Lluís Parcerisa
This article reviews the development of the framing perspective on social movements since its emergence over three decades ago. The review led to three conclusions. During this period, the impact of the perspective has increased, its conceptual development has continued, and the types of the studies have shown major changes and continuities. For example, the initial predominance of descriptive and static studies has changed with the development of a significant number of explanatory studies on both framing and frame transformations, as well as on the consequences of their characteristics for the social movement. However, studies on frame structure or the emotions they evoke are still rare.
这篇文章回顾了社会运动框架观点自三十多年前出现以来的发展。审查得出了三个结论。在此期间,该观点的影响有所增加,其概念继续发展,研究的类型也显示出重大变化和连续性。例如,随着大量关于框架和框架转换的解释性研究的发展,以及它们的特征对社会运动的影响,最初的描述性和静态研究的优势已经发生了变化。然而,关于框架结构及其引发的情感的研究仍然很少。
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引用次数: 0
Critical discourse studies eleven years on in China (from 2011 to 2021): A critical review 中国批评话语研究11年(2011 - 2021):批判性回顾
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.1177/14614456231158519
Jiayu Wang, Guangyu Jin
Since critical discourse analysis (CDA) was introduced to China in 1990s, it has developed into an influential and thriving field. This article reviews the development of CDA in China from 2011 to 2021, during which CDA had thrived to be a productive field in terms of the in-depth theoretical and methodological explorations and the overwhelming majority of empirical studies which considerably expanded its scope to a much wider range of discourses. It also came to involve a broader array of disciplines including corpus linguistics, cognitive linguistics, multimodality, translation studies, and eco-linguistics. It can be found that while keeping pace with the international CDA studies, Chinese scholars consistently gear CDA to China’s social, political, and cultural contexts and strive to use CDA to deliberate on and solve social problems in contemporary Chinese society. This brief review endeavors to communicate with the international academia regarding the latest developments of CDA in China.
批评性话语分析(CDA)自上世纪90年代传入中国以来,已经发展成为一个具有影响力和蓬勃发展的领域。本文回顾了2011年至2021年批评性话语分析在中国的发展,在此期间,批评性话语分析在深入的理论和方法探索以及绝大多数实证研究方面蓬勃发展,成为一个富有成效的领域,大大扩大了其范围到更广泛的话语范围。它还涉及更广泛的学科,包括语料库语言学、认知语言学、多模态、翻译研究和生态语言学。可以发现,中国学者在与国际批评性话语分析研究同步的同时,始终将批评性话语分析与中国的社会、政治和文化语境相结合,力求用批评性话语分析来思考和解决当代中国社会的社会问题。本综述旨在与国际学术界就中国批评性话语分析的最新发展进行交流。
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引用次数: 0
Argumentative strategies to evade state apologies: The Turkish example 逃避国家道歉的辩论策略:土耳其的例子
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.1177/14614456231163423
Y. Demir, J. Schaafsma
Countries are often reluctant to publicly recognize and express regret for past wrongdoings despite urgent pressures or calls to do so, and in the past decades there have been numerous examples of states that have issued statements that evade an admission of wrongdoing or apology. Evading an apology requires politicians in authority to make argumentative maneuvers to steer the discourse to their own advantage. But what do such maneuvers look like? This paper sets out to address this question by drawing on a Turkish example and by analyzing President Erdoğan’s message of condolences addressed to the Armenian community in 2014, when he was the Prime Minister of Turkey. We utilized the pragma-dialectical notion of ‘strategic maneuvering’ in uncovering how he exploited the topical potential, addressed the audience expectations, and chose from available presentational means to defend the standpoint that ‘Turkey should not be blamed for the events of 1915’. Our analysis suggests that even when political authorities evade an apology, they may still try to observe dialectically reasonable and rhetorically effective argumentation. The message we analyzed shows how this can be done by pairing evasive language about past atrocities with expressions of empathy with the victims and by highlighting the importance of dialogue, mutual tolerance, and compromise in establishing a common future.
尽管面临紧急压力或呼吁,但各国往往不愿公开承认过去的错误并对其表示遗憾。在过去几十年中,有许多国家发表声明逃避承认错误或道歉。逃避道歉需要有权威的政客们进行辩论,以引导话语对自己有利。但这样的演习看起来是什么样子的呢?本文以土耳其为例,分析埃尔多安总统在2014年担任土耳其总理期间向亚美尼亚社区发出的慰问信,以此解决这一问题。我们运用了“战略机动”的实用主义辩证概念,揭示了他如何利用主题潜力,满足观众的期望,并从现有的表现手段中选择,来捍卫“1915年事件不应归咎于土耳其”的观点。我们的分析表明,即使政治当局回避道歉,他们仍然可能试图观察辩证合理和修辞有效的论证。我们分析的信息表明,如何通过将对过去暴行的回避语言与对受害者的同情相结合,并强调对话、相互宽容和妥协对建立共同未来的重要性,来做到这一点。
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引用次数: 0
Neither speaker nor recipient: The middle-distance look of unaddressed participants 既不是说话者,也不是接受者:没有说话的参与者的中间距离
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.1177/14614456231157074
Einav Argaman
This article studies the middle-distance look of ratified unaddressed participants and the way in which it is sequentially organized in relation to the discursive conducts of current speaker. An analysis of naturally occurring video recorded discourse reveals that ratified unaddressed participants constitute themselves as non-recipients by employing middle-distance look. The article formulates a list of observations (missing in the literature) regarding the middle-distance look of ratified unaddressed participants. It raises questions which may generate knowledge on (a) the connection between middle-distance look and discursive ambiguity, (b) types of middle-distance look, (c) middle distance look as related to seating arrangements and group size.
本文研究了认可的未称呼参与者的中距离注视以及它与当前说话人的话语行为的顺序组织方式。对自然发生的录像话语的分析表明,被认可的未称呼参与者通过使用中距离观看将自己构成非接受者。这篇文章列出了一些观察结果(在文献中缺少),这些观察结果是关于被批准的未地址参与者的中距离表情的。它提出了一些问题,这些问题可能会产生以下方面的知识:(a)中距离注视与话语模糊性之间的联系,(b)中距离注视的类型,(c)中距离注视与座位安排和群体规模有关。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction 介绍
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.1177/14614456231163419
M. Kienpointner
This special issue represents some of the recent developments within argumentation studies. The following overview provides some historical context for the five papers which constitute this special issue. The Aristotelian roots of modern argumentation studies are briefly presented, as well as some further developments within Greek and Roman rhetoric. Furthermore, the most important developments in argumentation studies during the last few decades are sketched. Several modern approaches to argumentation theory are introduced, among them Perelman/Olbrechts-Tyteca’s New Rhetoric, Toulmin’s model of argumentation, formal dialectics, fallacy theory, informal logic, the Argumentum Model and Pragma-Dialectics. Finally, the thematic focus of the five papers is described.
这期特刊代表了论证研究的一些最新进展。以下概述为构成本特刊的五篇论文提供了一些历史背景。简要介绍了现代论证研究的亚里士多德根源,以及希腊和罗马修辞学的一些进一步发展。此外,还概述了近几十年来论证研究的最重要发展。介绍了论证理论的几种现代方法,其中包括Perelman/Olbrechts-Tyteca的《新修辞学》、Toulmin的论证模型、形式辩证法、谬误理论、非正式逻辑、论证模型和语用辩证法。最后,介绍了五篇论文的主题重点。
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引用次数: 0
A functional diversity of argumentative styles 辩论风格的功能多样性
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.1177/14614456231163096
Frans H. van Eemeren, B. Garssen
In dealing with the different ways in which argumentative styles manifest themselves in various communicative practices from several communicative domains, van Eemeren and Garssen start from a definition of argumentative style that is connected with the pragma-dialectical notion of strategic maneuvering. Depending on the argumentative moves that are made, the dialectical routes that are followed, and the strategic considerations that are brought to bear, they make a general distinction between detached and engaged argumentative styles. In this article, they report on recent research in which it is examined to what extent the argumentative styles that are prototypically used in different institutional macro-contexts from the political, the diplomatic, the juridical, the faciliatory, the academic and the medical domain belong to these two categories. In the analyses they discuss, the authors combine specialized and domain-specific background knowledge with pragma-dialectical insight into the properties of argumentative discourse that determine the argumentative style.
范埃默伦和加森从几个交际领域探讨了议论文风格在各种交际实践中的不同表现方式,他们从一个与实用主义辩证战略策略概念相联系的议论文风格定义入手。根据所做的辩论动作、所遵循的辩证路线和所产生的战略考虑,他们对超然和投入的辩论风格进行了一般性的区分。在这篇文章中,他们报告了最近的研究,在这些研究中,从政治、外交、司法、通俗、学术和医学领域的不同制度宏观背景下典型使用的议论文风格在多大程度上属于这两类。在他们讨论的分析中,作者将专门的、特定领域的背景知识与语用辩证的见解相结合,深入探讨了决定议论文风格的议论文的性质。
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引用次数: 0
What’s in a frame, what’s in a name? 画框里有什么,名字里有什么?
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.1177/14614456231154732
H. Johnston
This report reviews the development and organization of social movement research, the place frame analysis in the field, and its weak relationship with cognitive-linguistic approaches to frames and scripts. It considers the differences between frames and ideologies – the latter being a key social movement concept. It then presents a practical methodology to chart the content of frame schemas, with an emphasis on fealty to the original documents and their fine-grained, linguistically informed analysis. Close attention to empirical texts, sampled at different points in time or in response to hinge events, ideally provide the empirical basis for inferences made about frame content and can be useful in comparatively tracing changes in strategic framing. Strategic framing is the marketing or ‘spin’ sense of the term, capturing the adjustment of messages or their presentation to increase acceptability and/or persuasiveness. The frequency of this phenomenon and a focus on strategy has disengaged framing from its original cognitive-linguistic grounding. It will likely remain that that way for reasons less concerned with rules of evidence and analytical logic and more about the pragmatics of publication and the discursive organization of academic fields.
本报告回顾了社会运动研究的发展和组织,该领域的位置框架分析,以及它与框架和脚本的认知语言学方法之间的薄弱关系。它考虑了框架和意识形态之间的差异——后者是一个关键的社会运动概念。然后,它提出了一种绘制框架模式内容的实用方法,重点是对原始文档的忠诚及其细粒度的、基于语言的分析。密切关注在不同时间点采样或响应关键事件的实证文本,理想地为对框架内容的推断提供经验基础,并可用于比较追踪战略框架的变化。战略框架是该术语的营销或“旋转”意义,捕捉信息或其呈现的调整,以提高可接受性和/或说服力。这种现象的频繁出现和对策略的关注使框架脱离了其最初的认知语言学基础。由于不太关心证据规则和分析逻辑,而更多地关心出版的语用学和学术领域的话语组织,这种情况可能会继续下去。
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引用次数: 1
Multimodal engagement strategies in science dissemination: A case study of TED talks and YouTube science videos 科学传播中的多模式参与策略——以TED演讲和YouTube科学视频为例
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-03-18 DOI: 10.1177/14614456231161755
Edgar Bernad-Mechó, Julia Valeiras‐Jurado
The growing interest on science dissemination offers new opportunities to communicate science openly to various audiences, but also brings on the challenge of adapting to an audience that does not share the same academic background. This adaptation has been referred to as recontextualization. In the case of the formats that concern this study, that is, TEDx Talks and YouTube science dissemination videos, their multimodal nature suggests that recontextualization, and therefore engagement as a crucial aspect of this process, is likely to go way beyond purely linguistic aspects. The aim of this study is to unveil how engagement strategies in two science dissemination formats (a face to face talk and an online video) are realized through complex multimodal ensembles, and to highlight differences across them. In order to fulfill this aim, two talks by the same presenter and dealing with similar content were selected for analysis: a TEDx talk and a YouTube science dissemination video from the channel PBS Space Time. The recordings were annotated using the software Multimodal Video Analysis. The annotation included engagement strategies; embodied modes, that is, modes carried out using the body; and, in the case of the YouTube video, filmic modes, that is, modes triggered by the editing process of the recorded video. Our results show that the role of both embodied and filmic modes is paramount in the realization of engagement strategies. Our findings also bring to the fore significant differences in the ways in which the two distinct audiences are engaged, concerning the frequency and use of both semiotic modes and engagement strategies.
对科学传播日益增长的兴趣为向不同的受众公开传播科学提供了新的机会,但也带来了适应不具有相同学术背景的受众的挑战。这种适应被称为重新语境化。就本研究涉及的格式而言,即TEDx演讲和YouTube科学传播视频,它们的多模态性质表明,重新语境化,因此参与作为这一过程的关键方面,可能远远超出纯粹的语言方面。本研究的目的是揭示两种科学传播形式(面对面谈话和在线视频)的参与策略是如何通过复杂的多模态集成实现的,并突出它们之间的差异。为了实现这一目标,我们选择了同一演讲者的两个演讲进行分析,内容相似:一个是TEDx演讲,另一个是来自PBS Space Time频道的YouTube科学传播视频。使用软件Multimodal Video Analysis对录音进行注释。注释包括参与策略;具身模式,即利用身体进行的模式;在YouTube视频中,影片模式,即由录制视频的编辑过程触发的模式。我们的研究结果表明,在参与策略的实现中,体现模式和电影模式的作用都是至关重要的。我们的研究结果还突出了两种不同受众参与方式的显著差异,涉及符号学模式和参与策略的频率和使用。
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引用次数: 1
Rethinking frame analysis ‘from the margins’: A decolonial-intersectional epistemology to studying immigrants’ rights claims “从边缘”重新思考框架分析:一种研究移民权利主张的非殖民交叉认识论
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1177/14614456231155087
T. Cappiali
In this article, I explain how I use frame analysis in my research on immigrants’ rights claims in receiving society. My theoretical approach relies on two core aspects. First, I use a decolonial-intersectional epistemology to conceptualize my methodology and conduct my empirical research. This approach allows to bring into focus the analysis of ideology and power dynamics to understand how immigrants are constructed by different political actors and how immigrant activists respond. Second, I adopt an actor-oriented approach and combine ethnographic research with frame analysis to make sense of how pro-immigrant actors and immigrants themselves frame their approach to migration and the ways in which they translate their framing into specific strategies to integrate immigrants in society and promote their rights. As an example, I discuss how I have applied the theoretical approach to my research on immigrant activism in Italy. Beyond my work, this article emphasizes that a decolonial-intersectional approach can improve current research on frame analysis of rights claims of marginalized groups, by addressing how these groups expose and challenge structures of oppression in their own terms.
在这篇文章中,我解释了我如何使用框架分析来研究移民在接收社会中的权利诉求。我的理论方法依赖于两个核心方面。首先,我使用非殖民交叉认识论来概念化我的方法论并进行实证研究。这种方法可以集中对意识形态和权力动态的分析,以了解移民是如何由不同的政治行动者构建的,以及移民活动家如何回应。其次,我采用了以行为者为导向的方法,并将人种学研究与框架分析相结合,以了解亲移民行为者和移民自己是如何构建他们的移民方法的,以及他们如何将他们的框架转化为具体的策略,以使移民融入社会并促进他们的权利。作为一个例子,我讨论了我如何将理论方法应用到我对意大利移民行动主义的研究中。除了我的工作之外,本文还强调,通过解决这些群体如何以自己的方式暴露和挑战压迫结构,非殖民化交叉方法可以改善当前对边缘化群体权利要求框架分析的研究。
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引用次数: 0
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Discourse Studies
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