This research examines the experiences and viewpoints of young female entrepreneurs in Pakistan who use Amazon as a platform to run their businesses. This study aims to gain insights into the challenges and opportunities these women face in the context of e-commerce in a developing market. The researcher carried out a qualitative research approach, to conduct interviews with ten young female entrepreneurs who use Amazon as their business running platform. Through the lens of Uses and Gratification theory and thematic analysis, this study proposes that online earning platforms and digital media serve as tools for the empowerment of women. This research argues that e-commerce platforms like Amazon have the potential to revolutionize the business landscape for young women entrepreneurs in developing markets such as Pakistan. Addressing the challenges faced by these entrepreneurs can lead to greater gender equality and economic empowerment for women in the country. The findings of this research revealed several challenges that these entrepreneurs face, such as issues related to payment methods, logistics, and cultural barriers. Nevertheless, the study also highlights the advantages of using Amazon, including the potential to reach a broader customer base, increase sales, enhance the visibility of their businesses, and most importantly the sense of empowerment and financial independence. Moreover, it also brought valuable insights into how the potential of e-commerce platforms is driving gender equality and economic development.
{"title":"Perspectives of Young Women Entrepreneurs Towards Amazon in Pakistan: An Extension of E-Commerce in a Developing Market","authors":"Sumera Batool, Laiba Hussain, Aaima Batool","doi":"10.61506/01.00268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00268","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines the experiences and viewpoints of young female entrepreneurs in Pakistan who use Amazon as a platform to run their businesses. This study aims to gain insights into the challenges and opportunities these women face in the context of e-commerce in a developing market. The researcher carried out a qualitative research approach, to conduct interviews with ten young female entrepreneurs who use Amazon as their business running platform. Through the lens of Uses and Gratification theory and thematic analysis, this study proposes that online earning platforms and digital media serve as tools for the empowerment of women. This research argues that e-commerce platforms like Amazon have the potential to revolutionize the business landscape for young women entrepreneurs in developing markets such as Pakistan. Addressing the challenges faced by these entrepreneurs can lead to greater gender equality and economic empowerment for women in the country. The findings of this research revealed several challenges that these entrepreneurs face, such as issues related to payment methods, logistics, and cultural barriers. Nevertheless, the study also highlights the advantages of using Amazon, including the potential to reach a broader customer base, increase sales, enhance the visibility of their businesses, and most importantly the sense of empowerment and financial independence. Moreover, it also brought valuable insights into how the potential of e-commerce platforms is driving gender equality and economic development.","PeriodicalId":476119,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE)","volume":"9 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141110044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Navid Iqbal, Akhtar Mahmood, Muhammad Saeed Ahmad, Rimsha Shahid, Mahnoor Khan, Usman Ali, Afzal Ahmad
The study examined the effect of the presence of female directors in the board and other board characteristics like board size, independence of directors, CEO duality, and meetings attended by directors. The Panel data analysis is used by taking a sample of 21 Pakistani banks and 52 Chinese banks. The results of this study reveal that some board features like board size and independence of directors have a significant effect on banks’ performance both in Pakistan and China. But other board variables like CEO duality and female director presence have insignificant impact on the performance of Pakistani and Chinese banks. These results are consistent with earlier studies.
{"title":"Why Female Presence on Boards is Often Ignored in Firms? Empirical Evidence from Emerging Economies","authors":"Muhammad Navid Iqbal, Akhtar Mahmood, Muhammad Saeed Ahmad, Rimsha Shahid, Mahnoor Khan, Usman Ali, Afzal Ahmad","doi":"10.61506/01.00264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00264","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined the effect of the presence of female directors in the board and other board characteristics like board size, independence of directors, CEO duality, and meetings attended by directors. The Panel data analysis is used by taking a sample of 21 Pakistani banks and 52 Chinese banks. The results of this study reveal that some board features like board size and independence of directors have a significant effect on banks’ performance both in Pakistan and China. But other board variables like CEO duality and female director presence have insignificant impact on the performance of Pakistani and Chinese banks. These results are consistent with earlier studies.","PeriodicalId":476119,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE)","volume":"53 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141118350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asra Jabbar, Iftikha Ahmad, A. Sultan, Javed Iqbal
Financial deepening and trade openness are among one of the important drivers of economic growth. Liberalized financial sector promote investors and this boosts up production activities in any economy. On the other side, both exporters and importers together promote trading activities and this encourages quantity of output in any economy. Based on this intuition, this study is structured to inquire the effects of financial development and trade openness on economic growth for Luxembourg economy. This research uses ARDL bounds test for an annual data series from 1980 to 2020 and empirical results suggests that trade openness and financial development have significant and appreciating impact on economic growth. The results further confirm that capital stock has significant and increasing impact on economic growth. Among all these three drivers, trade is the strongest driver that boosts economic growth. Lastly, labor force is witnessed as irrelevant driver for the selected economy. These results are supported by all the diagnostic tests. In order to give boost to economic activities in Luxembourg, trade openness, financial development and capital accumulation should be regulated in such a way that they may remain production friendly in selected country.
{"title":"The Impact of Financial Development and Trade Openness on Economic Growth: Time Series Evidence from Luxembourg","authors":"Asra Jabbar, Iftikha Ahmad, A. Sultan, Javed Iqbal","doi":"10.61506/01.00262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00262","url":null,"abstract":"Financial deepening and trade openness are among one of the important drivers of economic growth. Liberalized financial sector promote investors and this boosts up production activities in any economy. On the other side, both exporters and importers together promote trading activities and this encourages quantity of output in any economy. Based on this intuition, this study is structured to inquire the effects of financial development and trade openness on economic growth for Luxembourg economy. This research uses ARDL bounds test for an annual data series from 1980 to 2020 and empirical results suggests that trade openness and financial development have significant and appreciating impact on economic growth. The results further confirm that capital stock has significant and increasing impact on economic growth. Among all these three drivers, trade is the strongest driver that boosts economic growth. Lastly, labor force is witnessed as irrelevant driver for the selected economy. These results are supported by all the diagnostic tests. In order to give boost to economic activities in Luxembourg, trade openness, financial development and capital accumulation should be regulated in such a way that they may remain production friendly in selected country.","PeriodicalId":476119,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE)","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141128017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Providing the vital roles of nurses in defining the sustainability of the healthcare system, nursing performance is recognized to be significant in providing quality care of patients. However, job performance reported in Pakistani public hospitals over the past few years has been deteriorated. There have been numerous researches about factors that affect job performance like HRM practices, spirituality at work and employee engagement. So, in this regard, leadership desires to change the behavior to engage the nurses in improving performance. The current study examines the direct effect of HRM practices and spirituality at work on job performance and on the employee engagement. The indirect mediating effect of employee engagement is examined on the associations and the moderating effect of change leadership between employee engagement and job performance is also examined. Purposive sampling was used to collect the data. There were 390 practical data from fifteen public hospitals in Pakistan were applied for further data analysis. The software PLS-SEM was applied to measure the structural model. Further the bootstrapping supported on the effect of inner life and employee participation and career development on employee engagement and on job performance is significant. In addition, the study found the partial mediating effect of employee engagement between inner life and career development on job performance is significant. The moderating effect of change leadership between employee engagement and job performance is also significant. The empirical implication showed that HRM practices and spirituality at work confines the negative effect of shortage of nurses and also increasing nursing job performance of nurses and providing better working atmosphere. However, there is no need to any intervention from the top management to modify the nursing behaviors. Future research could increase on the scope of the study.
{"title":"The Effect of Workplace Spirituality and HRM Practices on Job Performancethe Mediating and Moderating Approach","authors":"Arif Massood, Ghazanfar Ali","doi":"10.61506/01.00203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00203","url":null,"abstract":"Providing the vital roles of nurses in defining the sustainability of the healthcare system, nursing performance is recognized to be significant in providing quality care of patients. However, job performance reported in Pakistani public hospitals over the past few years has been deteriorated. There have been numerous researches about factors that affect job performance like HRM practices, spirituality at work and employee engagement. So, in this regard, leadership desires to change the behavior to engage the nurses in improving performance. The current study examines the direct effect of HRM practices and spirituality at work on job performance and on the employee engagement. The indirect mediating effect of employee engagement is examined on the associations and the moderating effect of change leadership between employee engagement and job performance is also examined. Purposive sampling was used to collect the data. There were 390 practical data from fifteen public hospitals in Pakistan were applied for further data analysis. The software PLS-SEM was applied to measure the structural model. Further the bootstrapping supported on the effect of inner life and employee participation and career development on employee engagement and on job performance is significant. In addition, the study found the partial mediating effect of employee engagement between inner life and career development on job performance is significant. The moderating effect of change leadership between employee engagement and job performance is also significant. The empirical implication showed that HRM practices and spirituality at work confines the negative effect of shortage of nurses and also increasing nursing job performance of nurses and providing better working atmosphere. However, there is no need to any intervention from the top management to modify the nursing behaviors. Future research could increase on the scope of the study.","PeriodicalId":476119,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE)","volume":"140 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140740672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nimra Shahzadi, Rashid Minas Wattoo, Muhammad Bilal Ahmad
Brain-based learning is claimed to make foreign language communication easier because learning a foreign language is complex. The objective of the study is to explore secondary school teachers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of brain-based learning strategies for English learning in the classroom. The research design was carefully crafted to gather quantitative data through a survey method, utilizing Likert scales to gauge respondents' levels of agreement with statements related to the research objectives. Researchers selected population responders using essential random sampling. The survey sampled 300 teachers. The study found that brain-based learning methodologies and concepts help students learn other languages naturally. Teachers reported that students never felt confident when speaking in English class, felt unconscious about speaking in front of other students, and got nervous when they did not understand every word their teacher was saying. However, the class environment made them feel comfortable. Brain-based learning provides a natural and suitable atmosphere for foreign/second language acquisition. Hence, the study may propose it for English classrooms at different levels.
{"title":"Strategies in the Classroom for English Learning: Investigating the Effectiveness of Brain-Based Learning at Secondary School Level","authors":"Nimra Shahzadi, Rashid Minas Wattoo, Muhammad Bilal Ahmad","doi":"10.61506/01.00174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00174","url":null,"abstract":"Brain-based learning is claimed to make foreign language communication easier because learning a foreign language is complex. The objective of the study is to explore secondary school teachers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of brain-based learning strategies for English learning in the classroom. The research design was carefully crafted to gather quantitative data through a survey method, utilizing Likert scales to gauge respondents' levels of agreement with statements related to the research objectives. Researchers selected population responders using essential random sampling. The survey sampled 300 teachers. The study found that brain-based learning methodologies and concepts help students learn other languages naturally. Teachers reported that students never felt confident when speaking in English class, felt unconscious about speaking in front of other students, and got nervous when they did not understand every word their teacher was saying. However, the class environment made them feel comfortable. Brain-based learning provides a natural and suitable atmosphere for foreign/second language acquisition. Hence, the study may propose it for English classrooms at different levels.","PeriodicalId":476119,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE)","volume":"114 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140250503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Idrees, Muhammad Saleem Qazi
Cryptocurrencies have become a preferred mode of terror financing. it is imperative to analyze the role of cryptocurrencies in empowering terrorist organizations especially in developing states. It takes on a more serious form in developing countries like Pakistan, which is fighting a battle against terrorism for the last few decades. Now digital financing has become an undeniable reality of the modern world, it is essential to devise a comprehensive strategy for breaking the nexus between terrorism and cryptocurrencies. This article intends to explore the answers to the questions that why cryptocurrencies are becoming a preferred mode for terror financing. It argues that the anonymity, decentralization and operational ease of cryptocurrencies make them a preferred medium for terrorist organizations. Therefore, enhancing institutional capacity by training human resources and making dedicated efforts at the national level will prove to be instrumental in delinking terrorism and cryptocurrencies. Moreover, close collaboration between international watchdogs and national institutions is essential in mitigating the threat of the use of cryptocurrencies for terrorism.
{"title":"Digital Currency Financing Terrorists in Pakistan. The Way Forward","authors":"Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Idrees, Muhammad Saleem Qazi","doi":"10.61506/01.00176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00176","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptocurrencies have become a preferred mode of terror financing. it is imperative to analyze the role of cryptocurrencies in empowering terrorist organizations especially in developing states. It takes on a more serious form in developing countries like Pakistan, which is fighting a battle against terrorism for the last few decades. Now digital financing has become an undeniable reality of the modern world, it is essential to devise a comprehensive strategy for breaking the nexus between terrorism and cryptocurrencies. This article intends to explore the answers to the questions that why cryptocurrencies are becoming a preferred mode for terror financing. It argues that the anonymity, decentralization and operational ease of cryptocurrencies make them a preferred medium for terrorist organizations. Therefore, enhancing institutional capacity by training human resources and making dedicated efforts at the national level will prove to be instrumental in delinking terrorism and cryptocurrencies. Moreover, close collaboration between international watchdogs and national institutions is essential in mitigating the threat of the use of cryptocurrencies for terrorism.","PeriodicalId":476119,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE)","volume":"257 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140249516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of Human resource policies and practices on the job satisfaction. Because these are the guidelines that Human resource manager of the organizations adopts in managing its people. In this study a total of 384 Questionnaires were distributed among different participants in Karachi and 172 were received with a response rate of 51.67%. To collect the required information closed-ended questionnaire was used and were divided into three part; initially questionnaire identify the demographic factors of the respondents, then highlight the Likert scale options 1 being strongly disagreed and 5 strongly agree. In findings of the research we conclude that HR policies and practices have greater impact on job satisfaction. Findings revealed a positive relationship among independent and dependent variable and job satisfaction suggest how efficient and effective employees could be when they are highly satisfied on the job. Therefore, organizations need to apply these tested variable in their policies in order to make employees satisfy on their jobs.
{"title":"HR policies and its impact on job satisfaction among employees in FMCGs in Karachi, Pakistan","authors":"Rabia Asghar, Zoya Farooq Bhamani Ali, Ayman Taj, Ruby Usman, Asadullah Lakho","doi":"10.61506/01.00160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00160","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of Human resource policies and practices on the job satisfaction. Because these are the guidelines that Human resource manager of the organizations adopts in managing its people. In this study a total of 384 Questionnaires were distributed among different participants in Karachi and 172 were received with a response rate of 51.67%. To collect the required information closed-ended questionnaire was used and were divided into three part; initially questionnaire identify the demographic factors of the respondents, then highlight the Likert scale options 1 being strongly disagreed and 5 strongly agree. In findings of the research we conclude that HR policies and practices have greater impact on job satisfaction. Findings revealed a positive relationship among independent and dependent variable and job satisfaction suggest how efficient and effective employees could be when they are highly satisfied on the job. Therefore, organizations need to apply these tested variable in their policies in order to make employees satisfy on their jobs.","PeriodicalId":476119,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE)","volume":"55 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140260912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims to empirically investigate the portfolio risk associated with crypto assets. In other words, we want to investigate whether the inclusion of crypto assets in a portfolio can minimize the portfolio risk or not, because it is argued that there is a lower degree of correlation between crypto assets and traditional assets. In order to achieve our research objectives, we employ the Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) by using five different asset classes. The first two variables are taken from the crypto assets, Bitcoin and Ethereum, and the remaining three variables for Gold, Crude Oil and VIX (Chicago Board Options Exchange's (CBOE) volatility index). Our research strategy will be based on an analysis for unit root, optimal lag selection, coefficient matrix, checking VAR stability, the Granger causality test, and impulse response function (IRF). Our findings suggest that none of the indicators of traditional assets drive and explain Bitcoin. We also found that only Bitcoin is significantly related to Ethereum. while none of the other variables are statistically useful to explain the variation in the Ethereum. Based on these findings it can be recommended that the inclusion of crypto assets into a portfolio reduces risk because none of the indicators of crypto assets are significantly related to the indicators of traditional assets.
{"title":"Impact of Crypto Assets as Risk Diversifiers: A VAR-based Analysis of Portfolio Risk Reduction","authors":"Muhammad Nadeem, Arfan Shahzad, Yasmin Anwar","doi":"10.61506/01.00173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00173","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to empirically investigate the portfolio risk associated with crypto assets. In other words, we want to investigate whether the inclusion of crypto assets in a portfolio can minimize the portfolio risk or not, because it is argued that there is a lower degree of correlation between crypto assets and traditional assets. In order to achieve our research objectives, we employ the Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) by using five different asset classes. The first two variables are taken from the crypto assets, Bitcoin and Ethereum, and the remaining three variables for Gold, Crude Oil and VIX (Chicago Board Options Exchange's (CBOE) volatility index). Our research strategy will be based on an analysis for unit root, optimal lag selection, coefficient matrix, checking VAR stability, the Granger causality test, and impulse response function (IRF). Our findings suggest that none of the indicators of traditional assets drive and explain Bitcoin. We also found that only Bitcoin is significantly related to Ethereum. while none of the other variables are statistically useful to explain the variation in the Ethereum. Based on these findings it can be recommended that the inclusion of crypto assets into a portfolio reduces risk because none of the indicators of crypto assets are significantly related to the indicators of traditional assets.","PeriodicalId":476119,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE)","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140260993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study employs a comprehensive and evidence-oriented analysis of public initiatives of financial benefits and economic empowerment of women with reference to their impact on violence against women (VAW) in the context of Pakistan. Microdata of survey on Economic and Social Wellbeing of Women in Punjab has been analyzed to underscore the aforementioned impact on women aged 15 to 64 years, both married and unmarried. Logit Probit models have been applied for arriving at empirical findings regarding impact of government financial benefits, marital status, household economic wealth status, education, gender of the household head, family size (number of children), area of residence, age, age square and female empowerment through providing them with employment on violence against women. Findings suggest that public initiatives of providing financial benefits to women for the purpose of enhancing their empowerment have empirical evidence with regard to mitigating violence against women in Pakistan. Public policy interventions for initiation of more research for provision of target based financial benefits to the women who are actually trapped in abusive relationships and social milieus are required to be prioritized in Pakistan. In addition to these research support initiatives, the government should link its budgetary allocations to the female entrepreneurship development and stipulate the departments with achievement of given targets for receiving further allocations. The results further suggest that effective planning and meticulous execution of government financial benefits programs designed especially for women play an established role in aggregation of uplifting their financially empowered status as well as decreasing their physical, emotional and sexual exploitation.
{"title":"The Impact of Financial Inclusion on the Association between Government Cash Transfers and Violence Against Women","authors":"Sadia Naseem Naik, Aribah Aslam","doi":"10.61506/01.00183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00183","url":null,"abstract":"This study employs a comprehensive and evidence-oriented analysis of public initiatives of financial benefits and economic empowerment of women with reference to their impact on violence against women (VAW) in the context of Pakistan. Microdata of survey on Economic and Social Wellbeing of Women in Punjab has been analyzed to underscore the aforementioned impact on women aged 15 to 64 years, both married and unmarried. Logit Probit models have been applied for arriving at empirical findings regarding impact of government financial benefits, marital status, household economic wealth status, education, gender of the household head, family size (number of children), area of residence, age, age square and female empowerment through providing them with employment on violence against women. Findings suggest that public initiatives of providing financial benefits to women for the purpose of enhancing their empowerment have empirical evidence with regard to mitigating violence against women in Pakistan. Public policy interventions for initiation of more research for provision of target based financial benefits to the women who are actually trapped in abusive relationships and social milieus are required to be prioritized in Pakistan. In addition to these research support initiatives, the government should link its budgetary allocations to the female entrepreneurship development and stipulate the departments with achievement of given targets for receiving further allocations. The results further suggest that effective planning and meticulous execution of government financial benefits programs designed especially for women play an established role in aggregation of uplifting their financially empowered status as well as decreasing their physical, emotional and sexual exploitation.","PeriodicalId":476119,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE)","volume":"26 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140261098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The objective of the paper is to explore the factors that tend to affect the debt-equity choice of securities companies in Pakistan. Data on the variables used in the study was extracted from income statements and balance sheets of various securities companies registered with the SECP over a period of 14 years from 2008 to 2021. Panel data analysis is based on the use of econometric techniques (fixed effects and random effects models) for estimation of results. Results of the study demonstrate that securities companies prefer to finance their assets with equity which denotes 72.15% of their total assets. In contrast, the total liabilities designate 27.85% of their assets. Profitability appears to be positively related to total and long-term debt ratios. The firm size is positive while tangibility is inversely associated with total and short-term debt ratios. Liquidity is negatively linked to all proxies of capital structure while the firm efficiency appears to have a positive connection with the short-term debt ratio. Results of the study are consistent with the predictions of trade-off and pecking order models. The empirical outcomes of the research offer some useful policy implications for regulatory authorities, managers and shareholders of the Securities Companies in Pakistan.
{"title":"Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from Securities Companies","authors":"Tahmeena Bibi, Muhammad Hanif Akhtar","doi":"10.61506/01.00169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00169","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000The objective of the paper is to explore the factors that tend to affect the debt-equity choice of securities companies in Pakistan. Data on the variables used in the study was extracted from income statements and balance sheets of various securities companies registered with the SECP over a period of 14 years from 2008 to 2021. Panel data analysis is based on the use of econometric techniques (fixed effects and random effects models) for estimation of results. Results of the study demonstrate that securities companies prefer to finance their assets with equity which denotes 72.15% of their total assets. In contrast, the total liabilities designate 27.85% of their assets. Profitability appears to be positively related to total and long-term debt ratios. The firm size is positive while tangibility is inversely associated with total and short-term debt ratios. Liquidity is negatively linked to all proxies of capital structure while the firm efficiency appears to have a positive connection with the short-term debt ratio. Results of the study are consistent with the predictions of trade-off and pecking order models. The empirical outcomes of the research offer some useful policy implications for regulatory authorities, managers and shareholders of the Securities Companies in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":476119,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE)","volume":"70 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140261272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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