Journal of Experimental Criminology最新文献_第5页

Dealing with guns: investigating the spatial attraction of gun dealers on localized gun violence 与枪支打交道：调查枪支经销商对局部枪支暴力的空间吸引力

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-025-09666-9

Elizabeth Griffiths, Jie Xu, Sandy Xie, Richard Stansfield, Daniel Semenza

Objectives

Test the spatial relationship between the locations of federally licensed firearms dealers (FFLs) and gun violence using shuttered FFLs as a counterfactual.

Methods

Using a quasi-experimental design, we evaluate the proximity of gun violence to (a) dealers and (b) the spatial footprints of former dealers. The locations of violence incidents between 2019 and 2021 in Los Angeles, CA, Dallas, TX, and Philadelphia, PA are analyzed against dealer locations using street Network Cross K methods.

Results

There is a robust attractive effect of dealers on gun violence within 3000 feet in two of the three cities, largely driven by the effect of dealers on violence in disadvantaged areas. The locations of former gun dealers did not uniformly fail to attract gun violence, however, as would be expected if FFLs were causally associated with the distribution of gun violence in cities.

Conclusions

The findings on the spatial attraction of gun violence to the locations of former gun dealers are heterogeneous across sites, leading to mixed support for a causal spatial association between gun dealers and gun violence. Limitations of using former dealers as the counterfactual include defining former dealers and the small numbers of former dealers in cities.

目标以关闭的联邦特许枪支经销商（FFL）为反事实，检验联邦特许枪支经销商（FFL）所在地与枪支暴力之间的空间关系。方法采用准实验设计，评估枪支暴力与（a）经销商和（b）前经销商的空间足迹之间的接近程度。结果在这三个城市中，有两个城市的经销商对3000英尺范围内的枪支暴力事件具有强大的吸引力，这主要是由于经销商对贫困地区暴力事件的影响。然而，前枪支经销商所在地并不像人们所预期的那样完全不能吸引枪支暴力，如果前枪支经销商与城市中的枪支暴力分布有因果关系的话。结论不同地点的前枪支经销商所在地对枪支暴力的空间吸引力不同，导致对枪支经销商与枪支暴力之间因果空间关联的支持不一。使用前枪支经销商作为反事实的局限性包括前经销商的定义和城市中前经销商的数量较少。

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引用次数: 0

Do direct and courtesy prison stigma hinder support for a startup business? A vignette experiment 直接和礼貌的监狱耻辱会阻碍对初创企业的支持吗？小插曲实验

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-025-09664-x

Audrey Hickert, Luzi Shi, Olivia Shaw, Shi Yan

Objectives

Test whether support for a small business is lower when started by prisoners or mothers of prisoners compared to local residents or people who identify as LGBTQ.

Methods

We conducted a vignette experiment using a hypothetical social media post for a new business followed by closed- and open-ended questions using a national YouGov sample (N = 1300).

Results

Support for the business is lower when founded by mothers of prisoners than former prisoners (or “local residents”), but lowest when founded by people who identify as LGBTQ. Open-ended responses suggest a lack of awareness of collateral consequences for families of people in prison. Explanations consistent with courtesy stigma were also present.

Conclusions

Given the public’s growing awareness of the benefits of successful reintegration and their willingness to support second chances, more education on the collateral harms of mass incarceration on families could assist with reinvestment in these communities.

目的：与当地居民或LGBTQ人群相比，由囚犯或囚犯的母亲创办的小企业是否得到更低的支持。方法我们在YouGov的全国样本（N = 1300）中进行了一个小实验，使用假设的新业务社交媒体帖子，然后使用封闭式和开放式问题。结果：由囚犯母亲创办的企业的支持率低于前囚犯（或“当地居民”），而由LGBTQ人群创办的企业的支持率最低。开放式答复表明，缺乏对囚犯家属附带后果的认识。与礼貌污名一致的解释也存在。鉴于公众越来越意识到成功重新融入社会的好处，并且他们愿意支持第二次机会，更多关于大规模监禁对家庭的附带伤害的教育可以帮助这些社区的再投资。

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引用次数: 0

“You keep me hanging on”: Evidence from the Columbia door hanger experiment “你让我坚持下去”：来自哥伦比亚大学门挂实验的证据

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2025-02-12 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-025-09662-z

Hunter M. Boehme, Brandon Tregle, Cory Schnell

Objectives

To investigate whether police deployment of door hangers providing crime prevention tips to recently victimized households and nearby households reduces property crime in treated areas.

Methods

A randomized field experiment was implemented by randomly assigning the intervention across six neighborhoods in Columbia, SC. The test period lasted 184 days, and the intervention effect was analyzed across burglary, theft, and motor vehicle theft crime types.

Results

T-tests and negative binomial regression models indicated significant decreases across all property crimes and thefts in treated areas. However, there were decreases in burglaries and motor vehicle theft which were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

We provide experimental evidence on a light-footprint, super-cocooning police intervention targeting property crime. During a staffing crisis, and since Americans are more likely to experience property crime victimization compared to violent crime, police agencies should consider cost-effective and easy-to-implement strategies such as door hanger intervention to reduce property crime.

目的调查警方部署门牌，向最近受害家庭及附近家庭提供预防犯罪提示，是否能减少受害地区的财产犯罪。方法采用随机现场实验方法，在哥伦比亚市6个社区随机分配干预措施，测试期184 d，分析入室盗窃、盗窃和机动车盗窃犯罪类型的干预效果。结果测试和负二项回归模型表明，在处理地区，所有财产犯罪和盗窃都显著减少。然而，入室行窃和机动车盗窃案有所减少，这在统计上并不显著。结论为轻足迹、超级茧状警务干预打击财产犯罪提供了实验证据。在人员危机期间，由于与暴力犯罪相比，美国人更容易遭受财产犯罪的伤害，警察机构应该考虑成本效益高且易于实施的策略，如门挂干预，以减少财产犯罪。

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引用次数: 0

Safe consumption sites and crime: A staggered synthetic control evaluation of Toronto’s expanding safe consumption site network 安全消费场所和犯罪：多伦多扩大安全消费场所网络的交错综合控制评价

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-025-09663-y

Ainsley Frederick, Nathan T. Connealy, Timothy Cubitt

Objectives

This study analyzes the potential criminogenic effect of safe consumption sites (SCSs) in one of the most longstanding and expansive operational networks across Toronto, Canada. The analyses are positioned to test for changes in crime levels and both immediate and spatial effects for total, property, and violent crime events resulting from SCS implementation.

Methods

Staggered synthetic control methods were used to measure changes in crime levels pre- and post-SCS implementation. The method is flexible to variation in treatment locations and timing, allows for aggregate and phase-specific effects to be calculated, and is a robust quasi-experimental method for measuring change at microlevel units of analysis. Following the analysis measuring changes in crime levels, the spatial distribution of crime events was also assessed pre- and post-implementation to determine if the spatial patterning of crime events changed following SCS openings.

Results

The analyses indicated that crime did not significantly change following SCS implementation in the aggregate across the entire network. However, some phase-specific effects for individual SCSs demonstrated some notable changes in crime levels and directional heterogeneity, and the spatial distributions showed some meaningful changes in the spatial patterning of violent (further) and property (closer) crime events around SCSs after implementation.

Conclusion

The study adds important nuance to the discussion around harm reduction approaches like safe consumption sites and their relationship to crime. We found that crime levels were generally unchanged following SCS implementation, but that crime may be situationally impacted based on the crime type, location, and operational capacities of each unique SCS opened.

本研究分析了安全消费场所（SCSs）在加拿大多伦多最长期和最广泛的运营网络中的潜在犯罪效应。这些分析旨在测试犯罪水平的变化，以及由于实施SCS而导致的总体、财产和暴力犯罪事件的直接和空间影响。方法采用交错综合对照法测量scs实施前后犯罪水平的变化。该方法可以灵活地适应处理位置和时间的变化，允许计算总体和阶段特定效应，并且是一种强大的准实验方法，用于测量微观分析单位的变化。在测量犯罪水平变化的分析之后，犯罪事件的空间分布也被评估了实施前后，以确定犯罪事件的空间模式是否在SCS开放后发生变化。结果分析表明，在整个网络中实施SCS后，犯罪总体上没有显著变化。然而，社会保障体系实施后，个体社会保障体系的犯罪水平和方向异质性发生了显著变化，社会保障体系周边暴力犯罪（距离较远）和财产犯罪（距离较近）的空间格局发生了显著变化。结论：该研究为安全消费场所及其与犯罪的关系等减少危害方法的讨论提供了重要的细微差别。我们发现，在实施SCS后，犯罪水平总体上没有变化，但犯罪可能会受到不同情况的影响，这取决于每个独特SCS的犯罪类型、地点和运作能力。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of pre-release treatment with injectable naltrexone on criminal justice and substance use outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled trial 注射纳曲酮预释放治疗对刑事司法和物质使用结果的影响：来自一项随机对照试验的结果

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-025-09661-0

C. Clare Strange, Jordan M. Hyatt, Chase Montagnet, Kathleen Powell, Daniel D. Langleben

Objectives

Evaluate the impact of extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) on postrelease criminal justice contact and substance use among individuals with opioid use disorder in correctional settings.

Methods

A randomized waitlist-controlled trial was conducted. The treatment group (n = 47) received XR-NTX shortly before release, and the comparison group (n = 47) was put on a waitlist for treatment at six months post-release. Outcomes were measured at 3 and 6 months post-release and included new arrests, parole revocations, reincarceration, and positive drug tests. Data were analyzed using t-tests and Kaplan–Meier survival estimates.

Results

At 3 months post-release, the treatment group had marginally fewer parole revocations. At 6 months, there were no significant differences in criminal justice or substance use outcomes, though the treatment group had fewer positive drug tests and a longer time to first positive drug test.

Conclusions

There is limited evidence that XR-NTX reduces poor criminal justice and substance use outcomes.

目的评价缓释纳曲酮（XR-NTX）对惩教机构中阿片类药物使用障碍个体释放后刑事司法接触和物质使用的影响。方法采用随机等待对照试验。治疗组（n = 47）在释放前不久接受XR-NTX治疗，对照组（n = 47）在释放后6个月等待治疗。在释放后3个月和6个月测量结果，包括新的逮捕、假释撤销、再监禁和药物测试阳性。数据分析采用t检验和Kaplan-Meier生存估计。结果释放3个月后，治疗组的假释撤销率略低于对照组。6个月时，在刑事司法或药物使用结果方面没有显着差异，尽管治疗组的药物检测阳性较少，并且首次药物检测阳性的时间较长。结论：有限的证据表明XR-NTX可以减少不良的刑事司法和药物使用结果。

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引用次数: 0

Framing the harms of wrongful convictions: how different narratives shape public opinion 构建错误定罪的危害：不同的叙述如何塑造公众舆论

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2025-01-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-025-09660-1

Sishi Wu, Robert J. Norris

Objectives

This research examines whether highlighting different harms of wrongful convictions has differential effects on public attitudes.

Methods

We use an online survey-experiment with 970 respondents recruited through CloudResearch’s MTurk Toolkit. Respondents were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: (1) no-information control group, (2) wrongful conviction narrative, (3) wrongful conviction narrative + exoneree harm, (4) wrongful conviction narrative + original crime victim harm, and (5) wrongful conviction narrative + actual offender harm. We then assessed respondents’ victimization concerns and policy preferences.

Results

Highlighting different harms of wrongful convictions generally did not affect victimization concerns and had little effect on policy preferences. However, narratives about the exoneree’s suffering and public safety concerns consistently increased public support for exoneree compensation. We also found slight ideological differences in responses.

Conclusions

The findings support the notion that the consequences of wrongful convictions for public opinion are nuanced, dynamic, and multifaceted.

目的探讨强调不同的错误定罪危害是否会对公众态度产生不同的影响。方法我们通过CloudResearch的MTurk Toolkit对970名受访者进行了在线调查实验。受访者被随机分配到以下五种情况：(1)无信息对照组，(2)错判叙事，(3)错判叙事+无罪伤害，(4)错判叙事+原罪受害者伤害，(5)错判叙事+实际罪犯伤害。然后，我们评估了受访者的受害担忧和政策偏好。结果强调错判的不同危害一般不影响受害关注，对政策偏好影响不大。然而，关于无罪释放者的苦难和公共安全问题的叙述不断增加公众对无罪释放者赔偿的支持。我们还发现，人们的反应存在轻微的意识形态差异。研究结果支持这样一种观点，即错误的判决对公众舆论的影响是微妙的、动态的和多方面的。

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引用次数: 0

Now you see it, now you don’t: social systematic observation of physical disorder using Google Street View 现在你看到了，现在你看不到：使用谷歌街景对身体障碍的社会系统观察

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09655-4

Lisa M. Pierotte, Lauren Porter, Alaina De Biasi

Objectives

Dilapidated or neglected aspects of the built environment — such as abandoned houses or litter — are recognized across disciplines as harmful to community wellbeing and safety. Researchers utilize a variety of tools to observe these items, with Google Street View (GSV) being among the most recent advances. While GSV allows researchers to virtually visit locations without the time, cost, and resources required to go in-person, the validity and reliability of these observations may raise concerns.

Methods

In this study, we examine inter-method and inter-coder reliability for 22 items consistent with established indicators of physical disorder and guardianship. We compare physical disorder observations across 5 researchers who coded 30 streets in Baltimore City, both in-person and using GSV.

Results

Using the intra-class correlation coefficient, we find higher reliability across coders and methods for items that are less transitory (e.g., boarded up windows). In addition, consistency issues between GSV and in-person methods were prevalent and largely pointed to validity issues in GSV. Specifically, many items that were observed in person were “missed” in GSV.

Conclusions

While our findings indicate a preference for the validity and reliability of in-person observation, they do not serve as a final verdict on the utility of GSV.

目标建筑环境中破旧或被忽视的方面--如废弃房屋或垃圾--被各学科公认为对社区福祉和安全有害。研究人员利用各种工具来观察这些物品，其中谷歌街景（GSV）是最新的进展之一。虽然谷歌街景可以让研究人员虚拟访问这些地点，而无需花费时间、成本和资源亲自前往，但这些观察结果的有效性和可靠性可能会引起关注。方法在本研究中，我们检查了与身体失调和监护权既定指标一致的 22 个项目的方法间和编码者间可靠性。我们比较了 5 位研究人员对巴尔的摩市 30 条街道的物理失调观察结果，他们既有亲自观察的，也有使用 GSV 进行观察的。结果使用类内相关系数，我们发现不同编码者和方法之间对较少短暂性的项目（如被木板封住的窗户）的可靠性较高。此外，GSV 和面对面方法之间普遍存在一致性问题，这在很大程度上说明了 GSV 的有效性问题。结论虽然我们的研究结果表明，我们更倾向于采用当面观察的有效性和可靠性，但这并不能作为对 GSV 实用性的最终定论。

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引用次数: 0

An experimental study on the effect of prosecutorial Brady violations on confidence in exonerating individuals wrongfully convicted of murder 关于检察官违反布雷迪规定对被误判为谋杀罪的人免罪信心的影响的实验研究

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09658-1

John C. Navarro, Michael A. Hansen

Objectives

While several contributing factors can lead to wrongful convictions, it is unclear whether the public perceives these methods of exonerating convicted murderers differently.

Methods

We distributed an online survey to a nationally representative sample of 1193 individuals. After reading a prompt about the increased attention and production of digital media on wrongful convictions and exonerations, respondents were randomized into two conditions to evaluate their confidence in the exoneration of a convicted murderer across four contributing factors. The experimental condition contained the addition of prosecutorial misconduct in withholding evidence.

Results

Public confidence in wrongful conviction exonerations varied across the four contributing factors, with DNA evidence consistently held in the highest regard. Confidence then followed a descending order, beginning with police-induced forced confessions, false testimonies, and eyewitness statements, with all three showing increased confidence ratings when prosecutorial misconduct was involved.

Conclusions

The public distinguishes between contributing factors in murder exonerations. DNA is the most trusted evidence for murder exonerations regardless of misconduct, while confidence in the other contributing factors to exonerate murderers significantly increases when prosecutorial misconduct is present.

虽然有几个因素可能导致错误的定罪，但尚不清楚公众是否对这些为已定罪的杀人犯开脱的方法有不同的看法。方法我们对全国1193名具有代表性的个人进行了在线调查。在阅读了一篇关于数字媒体对错误定罪和无罪释放的关注和制作的提示后，受访者被随机分为两种情况，以评估他们对被定罪的杀人犯无罪释放的信心。实验条件包含了检察官隐瞒证据的不当行为。结果公众对错判无罪的信心在四个因素中有所不同，DNA证据一直是最受重视的。人们的信心依次递减，首先是警察逼供，其次是虚假证词，最后是目击证人陈述。当涉及到检方的不当行为时，这三者的信心指数都有所上升。结论：公众区分了谋杀无罪的促成因素。无论是否存在不当行为，DNA都是证明谋杀无罪的最可信的证据，而当检察官存在不当行为时，人们对其他有助于证明谋杀无罪的因素的信心大大增加。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond conventional metrics: the elusive impact of the Pilares program on crime in Mexico City 超越传统指标：皮拉雷斯计划对墨西哥城犯罪的难以捉摸的影响

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09656-3

Carlos Vilalta, Oscar Sanchez-Siordia, Pablo Lopez-Ramirez, Gustavo Fondevila

Objectives

The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of the Pilares community program on crime rates and crime harm in Mexico City during the period from 2019 to 2023.

Methods

Employing a staggered difference-in-differences methodology, we examined the effects of the Pilares program on three crime metrics—Crime Rate (CR), Crime Harm per Resident (CHIP), and Crime Harm per Victim (CHIV)—within 10-block and 20-block areas surrounding the Pilares centers.

Results

The analysis did not detect statistically significant changes in the CR, CHIP, or CHIV that could be attributed to the Pilares program. Unexpectedly, a slight increase in the CR was observed in 2023 within the 20-block areas surrounding the program sites.

Conclusions

The results of our analysis suggest that the Pilares program did not impact crime rates or related harm within the evaluated timeframe. This finding underscores the complexities involved in assessing community-based interventions in high-crime vulnerable areas.

本研究的目的是评估皮拉雷斯社区计划在2019年至2023年期间对墨西哥城犯罪率和犯罪危害的影响。方法采用交错差中差方法，我们在皮拉雷斯中心周围的10个街区和20个街区范围内检查了皮拉雷斯项目对三个犯罪指标的影响——犯罪率（CR）、每位居民的犯罪伤害（CHIP）和每位受害者的犯罪伤害（CHIV）。结果分析未发现可归因于Pilares计划的CR、CHIP或CHIV的统计学显著变化。出乎意料的是，在2023年，在项目场地周围的20个街区区域内，观察到CR略有增加。结论：我们的分析结果表明，在评估的时间框架内，皮拉雷斯计划没有影响犯罪率或相关危害。这一发现强调了在高犯罪率脆弱地区评估社区干预措施的复杂性。

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引用次数: 0

Analyzing the impacts of race, addiction, drug type, and criminal record on public support for criminalized and medicalized sentencing approaches toward illegal drug use 分析种族、成瘾、药物类型和犯罪记录对公众支持对非法药物使用的刑事化和医疗化量刑方法的影响

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09657-2

Carolina R. Caliman, Colleen M. Berryessa

Objectives

This study examines how a defendant’s addiction, prior criminal record, race, and drug type impact public support for criminalized and medicalized sentencing approaches to illegal drug use, as well as how such support may be moderated by participants’ levels of essentialist thinking.

Methods

This study is a fully-crossed, randomized experiment with a lay public sample (N = 1208).

Results

Public support for medicalized approaches to sentencing was significantly higher for oxycodone and heroin. Support for criminalized approaches was significantly higher for crack and cocaine, and when the defendant was Hispanic, Black, or had a violent criminal record. Essentialist thinking generally predicted increased support for criminalized approaches, but increased support for medicalized approaches when addiction was known.

Conclusions

This research highlights the role of different factors in shaping public support for drug sentencing approaches, as well as suggests that public attitudes about drugs are deeply intertwined with societal narratives about race, addiction, and criminality.

目的：本研究探讨被告的成瘾、前科、种族和药物类型如何影响公众对非法药物使用的刑事化和医疗化量刑方法的支持，以及这种支持如何被参与者的本质主义思维水平所调节。方法采用全交叉随机实验，随机抽样1208例。结果羟考酮和海洛因药物化量刑的支持率明显高于其他药物。对于快克和可卡因，当被告是西班牙裔、黑人或有暴力犯罪记录时，对犯罪化方法的支持明显更高。本质主义思维通常预测对犯罪化方法的支持会增加，但当已知成瘾时，对医疗化方法的支持会增加。本研究强调了不同因素在影响公众对毒品量刑方法的支持方面的作用，并表明公众对毒品的态度与种族、成瘾和犯罪的社会叙事深深交织在一起。

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引用次数: 0