Journal of Experimental Criminology最新文献_第2页

How October 7, 2023, changed fear and exposure to hate among Jewish members of universities: a research note 2023 年 10 月 7 日如何改变了大学中犹太裔成员的恐惧和受仇恨影响的程度：研究说明

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09638-5

Mateus R. Santos, Dikla Yogev

Objectives

Estimate the impact of October 7^th on fear, antagonism, and harassment towards Jewish members of universities.

Methods

The study is based on a survey experiment conducted with 201 Jewish individuals at universities in Northern America and Europe. Respondents were asked about their exposure to hate, and about their comfort level conducting several activities. However, we randomly manipulated whether each respondent was asked about the weeks before October 7^th, the weeks thereafter, or about recent weeks. Because of random assignment, estimates are conservative and are less sensitive to bias.

Results

We found high levels of hate prior to October 7^th, which were exacerbated significantly afterwards. Most respondents no longer feel comfortable expressing their culture or conducting several daily activities.

Conclusions

Respondents are being harmed for their identity and because of a conflict which is outside of their control. They also believe their host institutions have been ineffective in addressing their safety concerns.

目标估计 10 月 7 日对大学中犹太人的恐惧、敌意和骚扰的影响。方法本研究基于一项调查实验，对象是北美和欧洲大学中的 201 名犹太人。受访者被问及他们接触仇恨的情况，以及他们在进行几项活动时的舒适程度。不过，我们随机操纵了每位受访者被问及的是 10 月 7 日之前的几周、之后的几周还是最近的几周。结果我们发现，10 月 7 日之前的仇恨程度很高，而 10 月 7 日之后则明显加剧。大多数受访者在表达自己的文化或进行一些日常活动时不再感到自在。他们还认为东道机构没有有效解决他们的安全问题。

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引用次数: 0

A bird’s eye view of crime: assessing the effectiveness of mobile watchtowers on vehicle-related thefts 鸟瞰犯罪：评估流动瞭望塔对与车辆有关的盗窃的有效性

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09637-6

James D. Kelsay, Ian A. Silver, Jaya B. Davis, Brook Rollins

Objective

Recent reports suggest that thefts of vehicles and thefts from vehicles have increased significantly over the last several years. Some police agencies have turned to mobile surveillance watchtowers to address this problem. This study examines the effectiveness of these mobile watchtowers at reducing vehicle-related thefts in Arlington, Texas.

Methods

An interrupted time series analysis is used to determine whether the use of mobile watchtowers reduces the frequency of vehicle-related thefts.

Results

The watchtowers are associated with a small, but significant, decrease in vehicle-related thefts. However, this effect appears to decay over time.

Conclusion

Mobile watchtowers may be a viable method for addressing vehicle-related thefts.

目标最近的报告表明，在过去几年里，车辆盗窃和车内盗窃案件大幅增加。一些警察机构转而采用移动监控瞭望塔来解决这一问题。本研究探讨了这些移动式监视塔在减少得克萨斯州阿灵顿市与车辆有关的盗窃案方面的效果。方法采用间断时间序列分析法来确定移动式监视塔的使用是否降低了与车辆有关的盗窃案的发生频率。结论移动式瞭望塔可能是解决车辆相关盗窃问题的一种可行方法。

引用次数: 0

An economic evaluation of a police–mental health co-response program: data from a pragmatic randomized controlled trial 警察与心理健康共同应对计划的经济评估：来自实用随机对照试验的数据

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09635-8

Meret Hofer, Thanh Lu, Katie Bailey, Arnie Aldridge, Eric Grommon, Evan Lowder, Bradley Ray

Background

Alternative responses to behavioral health emergencies are increasingly common interventions to address the overrepresentation of people with mental illness in the criminal legal and health systems. We compared costs associated with receiving a crisis response from police-as-usual versus a police-mental health co-response team that occurred as part of a randomized controlled trial.

Methods

Eligible 911 calls-for-service were randomized to receive a police-as-usual or a co-response. Next, we record-linked randomized events to emergency medical services, jail, outpatient services, and emergency department data to assess outcomes. We calculated per-person costs of service utilization following the randomized event from a public-sector perspective.

Results

Our analysis revealed no cost-savings from the co-response. Persons who received a co-response team response had greater 12-month post-randomized incident costs associated with outpatient behavioral health encounters and emergency department visits.

Conclusions

Rigorous evaluations and cost analyses are important for determining whether alternative police response interventions achieve community goals.

背景针对行为健康突发事件的替代应对措施越来越常见，以解决刑事法律和医疗系统中精神疾病患者比例过高的问题。我们比较了在随机对照试验中，警方照常应对危机与警方与精神健康共同应对团队共同应对危机的相关成本。方法将符合条件的 911 服务呼叫随机分配给警方照常应对或共同应对。接下来，我们将随机事件与紧急医疗服务、监狱、门诊服务和急诊科数据进行记录关联，以评估结果。我们从公共部门的角度计算了随机事件发生后使用服务的人均成本。接受共同响应团队响应的人员在随机事件发生后 12 个月内与门诊行为健康就诊和急诊就诊相关的成本更高。结论严格的评估和成本分析对于确定替代性警察响应干预措施是否能实现社区目标非常重要。

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引用次数: 0

Co-response and homelessness: the SEPTA transit police SAVE experiment 共同响应和无家可归者：SEPTA 公交警察 SAVE 实验

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09634-9

Jerry H. Ratcliffe, Hayley Wight

Objectives

We test the benefit of adding an outreach specialist to a dedicated police team tasked with helping the vulnerable community in the transit system move to treatment or shelter.

Methods

For a year, officer shifts were randomized to determine when they were accompanied by an outreach specialist. One hundred and fifty-eight in-depth treatment conversations regarding treatment or shelter with 165 vulnerable people were assessed for whether they were subsequently transported to a suitable facility.

Results

Likelihood of an individual in a treatment conversation with a specialist and a police officer being transported to a facility was 29% greater than the likelihood for an individual talking with only a police officer; however, this finding was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

With the outcome of getting vulnerable people (mainly people experiencing homelessness) to accept transportation to a shelter or treatment facility, the co-responder model did not significantly outperform the effect of specially trained police officers working independently of the outreach specialist.

目标我们测试了在负责帮助公交系统中的弱势人群前往治疗或庇护所的专职警察队伍中增加一名外展专家的益处。方法在一年的时间里，随机安排警察轮班，以确定他们何时有外展专家陪同。与 165 名弱势人群进行了 158 次关于治疗或庇护所的深入治疗交谈，并对他们随后是否被送往合适的设施进行了评估。结果与只与一名警官交谈的人相比，与一名专家和一名警官进行治疗交谈的人被送往设施的可能性要高出 29%；但这一结果在统计学上并不显著。结论对于让弱势人群（主要是无家可归者）接受被送往庇护所或治疗机构这一结果，共同应对模式的效果并没有明显优于受过专门训练的警察独立于外联专家开展工作的效果。

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引用次数: 0

What is rape? Elements of rape and application of the criminal label 什么是强奸？强奸的要素和刑事标签的应用

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09633-w

Megan Bears Augustyn, Gillian M. Pinchevsky, Nan Li

Objectives

Test how incident-level factors affect perceptions of rape.

Methods

An experimental vignette design was embedded in an online survey administered to a national sample of adults (N = 1205) to examine how type of penetration, location of penetration, type of resistance, and victim intoxication affect perceptions of criminal incidents of sexual violence. Multivariate logistic regression models examined the relationship between incident-related factors and (1) the belief that the scenario was a crime, (2) the belief it was an act of rape, and (3) whether “rape” is the preferred term to label the scenario and net of individual attitudinal and demographic variables.

Results

Scenarios involving tonic immobility (i.e., victim was unable to speak or move) were less likely to be perceived as a crime compared to those where the victim was asleep, verbally resisted, and physically resisted. Additionally, scenarios involving oral penetration (compared to vaginal penetration) were less likely to be labeled “rape” or have “rape” as the preferred term to label the incident, and penetration by fingers or an object was less likely to be labeled “rape” or to have “rape” as the preferred label compared to penetration with a penis. Finally, tonic immobility reduced the likelihood participants labeled the act “rape” or preferred the label “rape” compared to scenarios where the victim was asleep, physically resisted, and verbally resisted. Whether or not the victim was intoxicated did not appear to influence the outcomes under study.

Conclusions

Public opinions regarding “rape” do not align with the current federal definition; educational efforts are needed to provide a comprehensive understanding of sexual violence.

方法在对全国成人样本（N = 1205）进行的在线调查中嵌入了实验性的小插图设计，以研究插入类型、插入位置、反抗类型和受害者中毒程度如何影响对性暴力犯罪事件的认知。多变量逻辑回归模型考察了事件相关因素与以下三者之间的关系：（1）是否认为该场景是犯罪；（2）是否认为该场景是强奸行为；（3）"强奸 "是否是标记该场景的首选术语，以及个人态度和人口统计学变量的净值。结果与受害者熟睡、口头反抗和身体反抗的场景相比，涉及强直性不动（即受害者无法说话或移动）的场景被视为犯罪的可能性较低。此外，与阴茎插入相比，口交（与阴道插入相比）场景被贴上 "强奸 "标签或以 "强奸 "作为事件标签的可能性较低；与阴茎插入相比，手指或物体插入被贴上 "强奸 "标签或以 "强奸 "作为标签的可能性较低。最后，与受害者睡着、身体反抗和言语反抗的情景相比，强直性不动降低了参与者将该行为贴上 "强奸 "标签或将 "强奸 "作为首选标签的可能性。结论公众对 "强奸 "的看法与现行的联邦定义并不一致；需要开展教育工作以提供对性暴力的全面理解。

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引用次数: 0

Private security for curbing unwanted sexual behaviours in train stations: a place-based randomised controlled trial 私人保安遏制火车站内不受欢迎的性行为：基于场所的随机对照试验

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09632-x

Barak Ariel, John Langton, Kerry Peters, Kim Webster, Noy Assaraf

Background

Unwanted sexual behaviours (USB) are widespread within mass transit networks worldwide. The present study examines the effectiveness of a place-based approach to tackle USB: repeated visits by capable guardians to prevent victimisation in train stations with a greater propensity for incidence of USB.

Methods

Pretest-posttest between groups randomised controlled trial on the effect of an intervention administered by a non-police security team at a prominent train operating company in England and Wales. Eligible hotspot stations (n = 51) were randomly assigned to two conditions: enhanced security measures, encompassing heightened presence of security staff, proactive interaction with possible victims, and pre-emptive efforts to prevent USB, and business-as-usual conditions. Negative binomial regression models estimate the treatment effect in terms of USB, violence, and all other incidents in the treatment compared to the control arms.

Findings

The implementation of heightened security measures led to significant reductions in reported incidents of USB at treatment stations compared to control stations. The intervention has also led to significant decreases in reported violent incidents but has had no significant effect on other reported incidents.

Conclusions

Security personnel have the potential to serve as efficient guardians in train stations, effectively reducing the risk of USB and violence. The findings highlight the efficacy of place-based interventions as measures against USB. However, the intervention comes with a significant opportunity cost as the security teams had limited capacity to deal with other crime types. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

背景不受欢迎的性行为（USB）在世界各地的公共交通网络中普遍存在。本研究探讨了一种基于地点的方法对解决 USB 问题的有效性：在 USB 发生率较高的火车站，由有能力的监护人反复访问以防止受害。符合条件的热点车站（n = 51）被随机分配到两种条件下：加强安保措施（包括提高安保人员的存在感、与可能的受害者积极互动、预防 USB 的先发制人的努力）和一切照旧的条件。负二项回归模型估算了治疗组与对照组在 USB、暴力和所有其他事件方面的治疗效果。结果与对照组相比，加强安保措施的实施使治疗站报告的 USB 事件显著减少。结论保安人员有可能成为火车站的有效监护人，有效降低 USB 和暴力事件的风险。研究结果凸显了以场所为基础的干预措施在应对 USB 方面的功效。然而，由于安保团队处理其他类型犯罪的能力有限，因此干预措施需要付出巨大的机会成本。本文讨论了未来研究和实践的意义。

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引用次数: 0

How exposure to natural landscapes can decrease the tendency toward delinquent behavior: the role of delay discounting 接触自然景观如何减少犯罪行为倾向：延迟贴现的作用

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09631-y

Yevvon Yi-Chi Chang, Wen Cheng, Wen-Bin Chiou

Objectives

We conducted two experiments to test the possibility that exposure to natural (versus urban) landscapes is associated with a lower tendency to perform delinquent acts.

Methods

Participants were randomly assigned to either the nature or urban exposure condition in both experiments. A discounting measure was then administered. The likelihood of cheating in a matrix task (Experiment 1) and the tendency toward delinquent choices (Experiment 2) served as the dependent measures.

Results

Participants in the nature exposure condition were less likely to cheat in a matrix task (Experiment 1), and less inclined to make delinquent choices (Experiment 2), compared with participants in the urban exposure condition. The discounting tendency mediated the link between exposure to nature and the inclination to engage in delinquent behavior.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that exposure to urban landscapes is more closely associated with delinquent behavior than previously thought.

我们进行了两项实验，以检验接触自然景观（相对于城市景观）是否会降低犯罪倾向。然后进行折现测量。结果与城市暴露条件下的参与者相比，自然暴露条件下的参与者在矩阵任务中作弊的可能性较低（实验 1），作出违法选择的倾向较低（实验 2）。结论我们的研究结果表明，暴露于城市景观与犯罪行为之间的关系比以前认为的更为密切。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the impact of safe consumption sites on neighborhood crime in New York City: a synthetic control approach 评估安全消费场所对纽约市社区犯罪的影响：合成控制方法

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09630-z

John J. Hall, Jerry H. Ratcliffe

Objectives

The study analyzes the impact of supervised consumption sites (SCSs) on local crime in New York City (NYC), examining both violent and property crimes.

Methods

We use a count-based synthetic control approach to compare police administrative crime data before and after SCS establishment in two NYC neighborhoods. This quasi-experimental design was used to infer the causal effects of SCSs on neighborhood crime, using an evaluation framework across a range of local spatial bandwidths.

Results

We found a significant 167% increase in property crimes within 1000 feet of the Washington Heights SCS after it opened as an SCS. We did not see changes in violence or property crimes near the East Harlem site. These findings suggest a differential impact of SCSs on neighborhood crime, possibly moderated by local factors.

Conclusion

This research contributes to our understanding of how SCSs impact neighborhoods, suggesting that their effect on neighborhood crime is not uniform and may be dependent on local context. It underscores the need for further research to understand the interaction between public health interventions and local crime trends.

目标本研究分析了监督消费场所（SCS）对纽约市（NYC）当地犯罪的影响，包括暴力犯罪和财产犯罪。方法我们采用基于计数的合成控制方法，比较了纽约市两个社区在监督消费场所设立前后的警方行政犯罪数据。结果我们发现，在华盛顿高地的 SCS 启用后，其 1000 英尺范围内的财产犯罪率大幅上升了 167%。在东哈莱姆区附近，我们没有发现暴力或财产犯罪的变化。这些研究结果表明，"沙中线 "对邻里犯罪的影响各不相同，可能受到当地因素的影响。它强调了进一步研究的必要性，以了解公共卫生干预措施与当地犯罪趋势之间的相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of a youth-focused problem-oriented policing initiative on crime: findings from a randomized controlled trial in three cities 以青年为重点、以问题为导向的警务举措对犯罪的影响：三个城市的随机对照试验结果

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09629-6

Bruce G. Taylor, Weiwei Liu, Shalima Zalsha, Jackie Sheridan-Johnson, George Sabol, Clifton R. Lacy

Objectives

This study tests whether Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) in hot spots of crime reduces property and violent crime in three cities, comparing POP versus control hot spots. We also examined low-levels versus high-levels of POP versus control on crime separately for pre-, during- and post-intervention.

Methods

This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial of POP replicated in three communities over one year using Poisson and negative binomial regression models.

Results

We did not find any significant intervention effect on violent crimes post intervention in any of the three sites but observed some unintended iatrogenic/negative effect of lowlevel treatment on property crimes in two sites.

Conclusions

Due to difficulties experienced in implementing POP, we caution against concluding POP does not work. Instead, low level POP implementation during the era of post COVID-19 and anti-policing sentiment post the George Floyd murder may not be effective in reducing property and violent crime.

目标本研究比较了在三个城市的犯罪热点地区开展以问题为导向的警务活动（POP）与对照热点地区的情况，检验了在犯罪热点地区开展以问题为导向的警务活动是否会减少财产犯罪和暴力犯罪。我们还分别对干预前、干预期间和干预后的低水平和高水平 POP 与对照组的犯罪情况进行了研究。方法本文采用泊松和负二项回归模型，报告了在三个社区复制的为期一年的 POP 随机对照试验。结果我们在三个地点均未发现干预后对暴力犯罪有任何明显的干预效果，但在两个地点观察到低水平治疗对财产犯罪产生了一些意外的先天性/负面影响。相反，在后 COVID-19 时代和乔治-弗洛伊德谋杀案后的反治安情绪时代实施低水平的民意调查可能无法有效减少财产犯罪和暴力犯罪。

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引用次数: 0

Behind the yellow sticker: paradoxical effects of a visual warning of body-worn cameras on the use of police force 黄色贴纸的背后：随身摄像头的视觉警告对使用警力的矛盾影响

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09627-8

Noy Assaraf, Alejandro Mouro, Donald M. Papy, Noel Castillo, Barak Ariel

Objectives

Research on police body-worn cameras (BWCs) draws attention to the need for suspects to be aware of the devices for them to exert a deterrent, “civilising effect”, which can manifest as a reduction in the use of force in police-public interactions. This awareness can be manipulated audibly, visually, or both, yet no trials exist to test a visual stimulus that increases awareness of BWCs relative to BWCs without this function. In this field experiment, we test the effect of a visual warning of BWCs on use-of-force incidence.

Methods

A six-month cluster-randomised controlled trial involving spatiotemporal police units was conducted in Miami Beach, USA. The units were randomly assigned to the experimental group, which included officers who wore BWCs featuring multiple yellow stickers and “VIDEO & AUDIO” logo (used as a visual warning). Officers in the control group were equipped with BWCs without yellow stickers. Neither group was required to announce the presence of the BWCs, thus isolating the visual warning from the audial warning. Poisson regression models estimate the treatment effect, with confirmatory subgroup analyses based on the proactive versus reactive interactions.

Results

Statistically significant differences in the use of force by officers, but in the contrary direction: higher rate of use of force due to equipping officers with BWCs with yellow stickers relative to BWCs without the yellow stickers. Relative change analysis indicates that yellow stickers cause an increase in the rate of use of force in incidents involving proactive policing, with a less pronounced increase in reactive policing.

Conclusion

Without contextualising their use to citizens, raising awareness of the presence of BWCs can aggravate police-public encounters.

目的有关警用随身照相机（BWCs）的研究提醒人们注意，需要让犯罪嫌疑人意识到这些设备，它们才能发挥威慑和 "文明效应"，从而在警民互动中减少使用武力。这种意识可以通过声音、视觉或两种方式进行操控，但目前还没有试验来测试相对于无此功能的 BWC 而言，通过视觉刺激来提高对 BWC 的意识。在本现场实验中，我们测试了BWCs视觉警告对使用武力事件的影响。方法在美国迈阿密海滩进行了一项为期六个月的分组随机对照试验，涉及时空警察单位。这些单位被随机分配到实验组，其中包括佩戴带有多个黄色贴纸和 "VIDEO & AUDIO "标识（用作视觉警告）的 BWCs 的警官。对照组的警官则配备了没有黄色贴纸的 BWC。两组人员都无需宣布 BWCs 的存在，从而将视觉警告与声音警告区分开来。泊松回归模型估算了处理效果，并根据主动与被动的交互作用进行了确认性分组分析。结果在统计上，警员使用武力的情况存在显著差异，但方向相反：相对于没有黄色贴纸的 BWC，配备了黄色贴纸的 BWC 的警员使用武力的比例更高。相对变化分析表明，黄色贴纸会导致主动警务事件中的武力使用率上升，而被动警务事件中的武力使用率上升则不太明显。

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引用次数: 0