Pub Date : 2024-12-14DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09659-0
Shawn L. Hill, Laure Brimbal, Edward R. Maguire, Eve Stephens
Objectives
Many police agencies now find it difficult to recruit and retain officers. To learn more about these issues, we used a factorial survey experiment to test whether recruitment materials inspired by the intergroup communication literature are more effective than standard police recruitment materials.
Methods
We showed vignettes to a sample of 378 communication students. Within the vignettes, we varied how a policewoman described her career and her life. We then measured the extent to which the treatment conditions influenced participants’ general attitudes toward police and specific attitudes toward working in policing.
Results
The treatment did not have significant effects on the two general attitudinal outcomes, but did have significant effects on respondents’ interest in working in policing.
Conclusions
Incorporating principles from the study of intergroup communication can help police agencies attract a larger and more potentially diverse pool of candidates.
{"title":"Police recruitment through an intergroup communication lens: a randomized experiment","authors":"Shawn L. Hill, Laure Brimbal, Edward R. Maguire, Eve Stephens","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09659-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09659-0","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>Many police agencies now find it difficult to recruit and retain officers. To learn more about these issues, we used a factorial survey experiment to test whether recruitment materials inspired by the intergroup communication literature are more effective than standard police recruitment materials.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We showed vignettes to a sample of 378 communication students. Within the vignettes, we varied how a policewoman described her career and her life. We then measured the extent to which the treatment conditions influenced participants’ general attitudes toward police and specific attitudes toward working in policing.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The treatment did not have significant effects on the two general attitudinal outcomes, but did have significant effects on respondents’ interest in working in policing.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Incorporating principles from the study of intergroup communication can help police agencies attract a larger and more potentially diverse pool of candidates.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-10DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09653-6
Mark Stemmler, Kerstin Geißelsöder, Maren Weiss, Mavi Hornegger, Johann Endres
Objectives
The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of medication-assisted treatment after release from prison. We compared prisoners receiving medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) to prisoners receiving no MOUD, on a number of outcome variables. Self-reported drug use was confirmed with laboratory tests.
Methods
A sample of 247 prisoners in German prisons completed the European Addiction Severity Index shortly before release. Subjects were contacted again at 1, 3–6, and 12 months after release for telephone interviews.
Results
Compared to no-MOUD subjects, MOUD subjects reported fewer illegal opioids and significantly fewer non-prescribed substitution medications. MOUD participants showed high treatment continuity through 12 months. Benefits of MOUD peaked at 3–6 months; effects were reduced at 12 months. Convergent validity of the self-report measure of drug use with laboratory drug screenings was satisfactorily high (~ 71% convergence).
Conclusions
For long-term sustainability of MOUD effects, additional psychosocial interventions are recommended.
{"title":"Long-term effects of medication-assisted treatment in opioid using offenders in German prisoners—treatment outcomes in prison and after release","authors":"Mark Stemmler, Kerstin Geißelsöder, Maren Weiss, Mavi Hornegger, Johann Endres","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09653-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09653-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of medication-assisted treatment after release from prison. We compared prisoners receiving medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) to prisoners receiving no MOUD, on a number of outcome variables. Self-reported drug use was confirmed with laboratory tests.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A sample of 247 prisoners in German prisons completed the European Addiction Severity Index shortly before release. Subjects were contacted again at 1, 3–6, and 12 months after release for telephone interviews.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Compared to no-MOUD subjects, MOUD subjects reported fewer illegal opioids and significantly fewer non-prescribed substitution medications. MOUD participants showed high treatment continuity through 12 months. Benefits of MOUD peaked at 3–6 months; effects were reduced at 12 months. Convergent validity of the self-report measure of drug use with laboratory drug screenings was satisfactorily high (~ 71% convergence).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>For long-term sustainability of MOUD effects, additional psychosocial interventions are recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142796873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-05DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09650-9
Nancy La Vigne
Objective
This paper introduces the Titanium Law of Evaluation, emphasizing the importance of implementation fidelity and local contextual adaptation in program evaluations within criminology.
Method
Through an examination of the past and current conversations in criminology around the role of randomized controlled trials, the paper highlights the critical but often overlooked aspect of deliberate implementation, as defined by adherence to fidelity and adaptation to local context, in understanding program effectiveness.
Result
The case studies of the Honest Opportunity Probation with Enforcement (HOPE) and the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) illustrate the importance of measuring implementation fidelity, making mid-course corrections, and adapting programs to local contexts to foster desired outcomes.
Conclusion
The Titanium Law advocates for a nuanced understanding of implementation processes, promoting collaborative evaluations that consider both fidelity and local context—both key components of implementation science. Recommendations include integrating these principles into criminology curricula and fostering partnerships between researchers and practitioners to improve evaluation outcomes.
{"title":"The Titanium Law of Evaluation: Increasing the impact and replicability of safety and justice interventions through deliberate implementation and adaptation","authors":"Nancy La Vigne","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09650-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09650-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>This paper introduces the Titanium Law of Evaluation, emphasizing the importance of implementation fidelity and local contextual adaptation in program evaluations within criminology.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>Through an examination of the past and current conversations in criminology around the role of randomized controlled trials, the paper highlights the critical but often overlooked aspect of deliberate implementation, as defined by adherence to fidelity and adaptation to local context, in understanding program effectiveness.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Result</h3><p>The case studies of the Honest Opportunity Probation with Enforcement (HOPE) and the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) illustrate the importance of measuring implementation fidelity, making mid-course corrections, and adapting programs to local contexts to foster desired outcomes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The Titanium Law advocates for a nuanced understanding of implementation processes, promoting collaborative evaluations that consider both fidelity and local context—both key components of implementation science. Recommendations include integrating these principles into criminology curricula and fostering partnerships between researchers and practitioners to improve evaluation outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"199 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-03DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09651-8
Heather Hensman Kettrey, Noah Samuel Reynolds
Objectives
Restorative justice (RJ) is a victim-centered approach to addressing injustice, providing those harmed with empowerment and restitution. Yet, the application of RJ to sexual assault (SA) or domestic violence (DV) cases is rare and contentious.
Method
In a broad systematic review yielding 12,461 candidate reports, we identified four eligible studies relayed through five reports (N = 692 participants).
Results
Findings from a meta-analysis of 12 effects reported across four studies indicated a small but significant and favorable effect on offender recidivism (g = 0.26, 95% CI [0.09, 0.43]), which became non-significant when limiting the sample to randomized control trials. Although RJ is designed to be victim-centered, no eligible studies reported quantitative victim well-being outcomes.
Conclusions
Results identified potentially favorable effects of RJ in SA/DV cases; thus, implementation appears to be acceptable. However, before widespread rollout is recommended, more research is needed, especially as RJ affects victims of SA/DV.
{"title":"Is restorative justice appropriate for sexual assault and domestic violence? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the “empirical vacuum”","authors":"Heather Hensman Kettrey, Noah Samuel Reynolds","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09651-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09651-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>Restorative justice (RJ) is a victim-centered approach to addressing injustice, providing those harmed with empowerment and restitution. Yet, the application of RJ to sexual assault (SA) or domestic violence (DV) cases is rare and contentious.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>In a broad systematic review yielding 12,461 candidate reports, we identified four eligible studies relayed through five reports (<i>N</i> = 692 participants).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Findings from a meta-analysis of 12 effects reported across four studies indicated a small but significant and favorable effect on offender recidivism (<i>g</i> = 0.26, 95% CI [0.09, 0.43]), which became non-significant when limiting the sample to randomized control trials. Although RJ is designed to be victim-centered, no eligible studies reported quantitative victim well-being outcomes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Results identified potentially favorable effects of RJ in SA/DV cases; thus, implementation appears to be acceptable. However, before widespread rollout is recommended, more research is needed, especially as RJ affects victims of SA/DV.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"261 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142763419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09649-2
Kevin L. Nunes, Cassidy E. Hatton, Anna T. Pham
Objectives
We examined the inferences authors of articles published in violence journals draw from studies about the relationship between attitudes and violent offending.
Methods
Participants (N = 120, 58.3% women) were randomly assigned to one of 12 hypothetical studies, which varied on research design and whether the results were intuitive or counterintuitive.
Results
Participants rarely incorrectly stated that the study demonstrated causation or prediction when not warranted by the research design. However, some participants failed to acknowledge plausible alternate interpretations (e.g., third variable) and selected causal implications that were not warranted by the study’s research design. This was often more so the case when the studies’ results were intuitive than when they were counterintuitive.
Conclusions
Though we did find some evidence of overstepping, our findings suggest that researchers may not overstep the evidence as much as suggested by previous studies.
{"title":"Researchers’ interpretations of evidence about the association between violent attitudes and offending from different research designs","authors":"Kevin L. Nunes, Cassidy E. Hatton, Anna T. Pham","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09649-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09649-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>We examined the inferences authors of articles published in violence journals draw from studies about the relationship between attitudes and violent offending.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Participants (<i>N</i> = 120, 58.3% women) were randomly assigned to one of 12 hypothetical studies, which varied on research design and whether the results were intuitive or counterintuitive.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Participants rarely incorrectly stated that the study demonstrated causation or prediction when not warranted by the research design. However, some participants failed to acknowledge plausible alternate interpretations (e.g., third variable) and selected causal implications that were not warranted by the study’s research design. This was often more so the case when the studies’ results were intuitive than when they were counterintuitive.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Though we did find some evidence of overstepping, our findings suggest that researchers may not overstep the evidence as much as suggested by previous studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09648-3
Liliana Ribeiro, Inês Sousa Guedes, Carla Sofia Cardoso
Objective
This study aims to explore susceptibility to phishing emails by analysing the visual patterns of individuals.
Method
A quasi-experimental study was developed, using 28 emails (13 phishing; 13 legitimate; 2 control) which were subdivided into two groups (G1; G2) and presented to the participants who looked at a set of 15 emails. The sample consisted of 70 participants.
Results
Phishing emails showed significantly higher average fixation times and total fixations in the sender’s area compared to legitimate emails. However, no significant correlations were found between fixation time, total number of fixations in various areas of the email, and the accuracy of email identification (both general and phishing).
Conclusion
This pioneering study within the Portuguese context lays the foundation for future research on analysing and accurately detecting different types of emails, including differentiating between them. It also supports the development of targeted training to improve the recognition of various emails cues.
{"title":"Eyes on phishing emails: an eye-tracking study","authors":"Liliana Ribeiro, Inês Sousa Guedes, Carla Sofia Cardoso","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09648-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09648-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>This study aims to explore susceptibility to phishing emails by analysing the visual patterns of individuals.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>A quasi-experimental study was developed, using 28 emails (13 phishing; 13 legitimate; 2 control) which were subdivided into two groups (G1; G2) and presented to the participants who looked at a set of 15 emails. The sample consisted of 70 participants.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Phishing emails showed significantly higher average fixation times and total fixations in the sender’s area compared to legitimate emails. However, no significant correlations were found between fixation time, total number of fixations in various areas of the email, and the accuracy of email identification (both general and phishing).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>This pioneering study within the Portuguese context lays the foundation for future research on analysing and accurately detecting different types of emails, including differentiating between them<i>. </i>It also supports the development of targeted training to improve the recognition of various emails cues<i>.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142599295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09646-5
Christopher M. Campbell, Ryan M. Labrecque, Alicia d. McKay
Objectives
This systematic review examined the reporting practices of propensity score modeling (PSM) in criminology and criminal justice studies.
Methods
There were 229 articles (with 527 individual sets of PSM analyses) published between 2000 and 2022 in the top 19 ranked criminology and criminal justice journals that were identified for study inclusion. These articles were systematically coded to assess the presence of key PSM reporting elements, including covariates, estimation methods, balancing strategy, matching type, sample size, balance assessment, sensitivity analysis, and post-PSM analyses.
Results
The use of PSM has increased dramatically over the last two decades. Study findings suggest that while there are many areas where the discipline has improved reporting over the last 22 years, there are still others that are sorely lacking. Our review reveals that only 28.9% of studies reported the propensity score technique used, 21.8% did not report pre- or post-PSM sample information, and 26.6% of all studies examined either did not report a balance assessment or reported using only one assessment which were largely null hypothesis significance testing.
Conclusions
Our findings provide a baseline assessment of PSM reporting and provide some guidance for conducting, reviewing, and publishing PSM research in criminology and criminal justice journals.
{"title":"Higher expectations: a systematic review of reporting the science of propensity score modeling in criminal justice studies","authors":"Christopher M. Campbell, Ryan M. Labrecque, Alicia d. McKay","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09646-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09646-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>This systematic review examined the reporting practices of propensity score modeling (PSM) in criminology and criminal justice studies.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>There were 229 articles (with 527 individual sets of PSM analyses) published between 2000 and 2022 in the top 19 ranked criminology and criminal justice journals that were identified for study inclusion. These articles were systematically coded to assess the presence of key PSM reporting elements, including covariates, estimation methods, balancing strategy, matching type, sample size, balance assessment, sensitivity analysis, and post-PSM analyses.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The use of PSM has increased dramatically over the last two decades. Study findings suggest that while there are many areas where the discipline has improved reporting over the last 22 years, there are still others that are sorely lacking. Our review reveals that only 28.9% of studies reported the propensity score technique used, 21.8% did not report pre- or post-PSM sample information, and 26.6% of all studies examined either did not report a balance assessment or reported using only one assessment which were largely null hypothesis significance testing.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings provide a baseline assessment of PSM reporting and provide some guidance for conducting, reviewing, and publishing PSM research in criminology and criminal justice journals.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142598024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09647-4
Gordon Abner, Yi Wang, Eloy Oliveira
Objective
The objective of this study is to conduct the first peer-reviewed meta-analysis of the predictors of job satisfaction among law enforcement. We draw upon self-determination theory (SDT) to guide our selection of six antecedents to include in our analysis.
Methods
We utilize Schmidt and Hunter’s (2015) meta-analytic methods of correcting correlations individually for artifacts. We also employ meta-analytic sub-group comparison methods as part of a moderator analysis.
Results
The results in order from the smallest to the largest effect size are cynicism towards the public ρ = -.34, job autonomy ρ = .41, supervisor support ρ = .43, co-worker support ρ = .53, opportunities for professional development ρ = .58, and training ρ = .59. Regarding the subgroup analyses, the effect sizes for supervisor support were significantly weaker in individualistic countries than in collectivistic countries, and the effect size for autonomy was significantly stronger in individualistic countries than in collectivistic countries.
Conclusions
Our findings support the utility of SDT in explaining job satisfaction among law enforcement. While SDT has broad applications, the relative impact of each dimension of SDT on job satisfaction varies meaningfully across cultures.
{"title":"Unpacking job satisfaction among law enforcement through self-determination theory: a meta-analytic approach","authors":"Gordon Abner, Yi Wang, Eloy Oliveira","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09647-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09647-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>The objective of this study is to conduct the first peer-reviewed meta-analysis of the predictors of job satisfaction among law enforcement. We draw upon self-determination theory (SDT) to guide our selection of six antecedents to include in our analysis.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We utilize Schmidt and Hunter’s (2015) meta-analytic methods of correcting correlations individually for artifacts. We also employ meta-analytic sub-group comparison methods as part of a moderator analysis.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The results in order from the smallest to the largest effect size are cynicism towards the public ρ = -.34, job autonomy ρ = .41, supervisor support ρ = .43, co-worker support ρ = .53, opportunities for professional development ρ = .58, and training ρ = .59. Regarding the subgroup analyses, the effect sizes for supervisor support were significantly weaker in individualistic countries than in collectivistic countries, and the effect size for autonomy was significantly stronger in individualistic countries than in collectivistic countries.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings support the utility of SDT in explaining job satisfaction among law enforcement. While SDT has broad applications, the relative impact of each dimension of SDT on job satisfaction varies meaningfully across cultures.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09643-8
Lee R. J. Hughes, Jacob G. Sorbello, Kurt Piron, Corey Allen, Timothy Piatkowski, Grant J. Devilly
Background
We sought to determine whether various ion scanner devices could provide a practical alternative in field-based research, where affordable and accessible drug screening is needed for comprehensive and ongoing investigation.
Methods
In Study 1, off-site sample analysis proved inconclusive, rendering Protocols A and B impractical for ongoing drug screening. Conversely, Study 2’s on-site, real-time analysis (Protocol C) emerged as a more effective method. The Itemizer3, particularly in Protocol C, excelled in discerning drug users. Comparing admitted drug use rates in both studies, the mere presence of an objective measure, confirmational or not, likely facilitated more truthful participant responses, highlighting the efficacy of real-time, on-site drug screening using IMS/ITMS technologies.
Findings
All samples analyzed off-site in Study 1 were found to be inconclusive. As such, Protocols A and B were not feasible for on-going drug screening and monitoring. Conversely, the results of Study 2 Protocol C demonstrated that harvesting samples directly off participants on-site and analyzing these in-real time to be a more efficacious method. Our findings in Protocol C also show that the Itemizer3 was better at identifying those who did not use drugs from those who did. Looking at the incidence rates of admitted drug use in Studies 1 and 2, we find that simply having an objective measure present (irrespective of whether it is confirmational or not) likely resulted in us obtaining more truthful responses from participants about their use of drugs.
Conclusions
Our results underscore IMS/ITMS practicality for on-site NED drug screening.
背景我们试图确定各种离子扫描仪是否能为现场研究提供一种实用的替代方法，因为现场研究需要经济实惠、方便使用的药物筛查来进行全面和持续的调查。方法在研究 1 中，非现场样本分析被证明是不确定的，因此方案 A 和 B 对于持续的药物筛查是不切实际的。相反，研究 2 的现场实时分析（方案 C）则是一种更有效的方法。Itemizer3，尤其是在 C 方案中，在识别吸毒者方面表现出色。比较这两项研究中被承认的吸毒率，无论是否确证，只要有客观的测量方法，就有可能促进被试做出更真实的回答，这凸显了使用 IMS/ITMS 技术进行实时现场毒品筛查的功效。因此，方案 A 和 B 不适合用于持续的药物筛查和监测。相反，研究 2 方案 C 的结果表明，直接从参与者身上采集现场样本并进行实时分析是一种更有效的方法。我们在 C 方案中的研究结果还表明，Itemizer3 能更好地从吸毒者中识别出未吸毒者。从研究 1 和研究 2 中承认的吸毒发生率来看，我们发现，只要有一个客观的测量方法（无论其是否具有确认性），我们就能从参与者那里获得更真实的吸毒情况。
{"title":"Examining the use of drug screening technologies in night-time entertainment districts","authors":"Lee R. J. Hughes, Jacob G. Sorbello, Kurt Piron, Corey Allen, Timothy Piatkowski, Grant J. Devilly","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09643-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09643-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>We sought to determine whether various ion scanner devices could provide a practical alternative in field-based research, where affordable and accessible drug screening is needed for comprehensive and ongoing investigation.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>In Study 1, off-site sample analysis proved inconclusive, rendering Protocols A and B impractical for ongoing drug screening. Conversely, Study 2’s on-site, real-time analysis (Protocol C) emerged as a more effective method. The Itemizer3, particularly in Protocol C, excelled in discerning drug users. Comparing admitted drug use rates in both studies, the mere presence of an objective measure, confirmational or not, likely facilitated more truthful participant responses, highlighting the efficacy of real-time, on-site drug screening using IMS/ITMS technologies.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Findings</h3><p>All samples analyzed off-site in Study 1 were found to be inconclusive. As such, Protocols A and B were not feasible for on-going drug screening and monitoring. Conversely, the results of Study 2 Protocol C demonstrated that harvesting samples directly off participants on-site and analyzing these in-real time to be a more efficacious method. Our findings in Protocol C also show that the Itemizer3 was better at identifying those who did not use drugs from those who did. Looking at the incidence rates of admitted drug use in Studies 1 and 2, we find that simply having an objective measure present (irrespective of whether it is confirmational or not) likely resulted in us obtaining more truthful responses from participants about their use of drugs.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Our results underscore IMS/ITMS practicality for on-site NED drug screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142562056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09645-6
Jean-Louis van Gelder, Timothy C. Barnum, Shaina Herman, Peter Wozniak
Objective
This Research Note describes the MAXLab Aggression and Bystander Intervention Scenario Set (MAXLab_ABISS) and provides empirical examples of its applicability. We describe the scenarios, elaborate on the production process, provide technical specifications, and explain how materials can be obtained.
Method
This modular stimulus set, which is currently available in the English, German and Dutch language, includes 360° videos for studying decision-making in interpersonal violence. It offers researchers a complimentary method to collect data on emotions, perceptions, and reactions to violent situations using immersive technology.
Results
Analysis from two samples (n = 101 and n = 55) show the immersive scenarios of the stimulus set are effective at evoking targeted emotional experiences at the moment of a crime decision.
Conclusion
MAXLab_ABISS is a safe and effective tool for studying decision making in real-life, emotion-laden criminogenic settings. We offer insights for how researchers can further use the materials to study decision making related to crime and violence.
{"title":"The MAXLab aggression and bystander intervention scenario set (MAXLab_ABISS): A modular scenario set for studying decision making in situations of interpersonal violence in virtual reality","authors":"Jean-Louis van Gelder, Timothy C. Barnum, Shaina Herman, Peter Wozniak","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09645-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09645-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>This Research Note describes the MAXLab Aggression and Bystander Intervention Scenario Set (MAXLab_ABISS) and provides empirical examples of its applicability. We describe the scenarios, elaborate on the production process, provide technical specifications, and explain how materials can be obtained.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>This modular stimulus set, which is currently available in the English, German and Dutch language, includes 360° videos for studying decision-making in interpersonal violence. It offers researchers a complimentary method to collect data on emotions, perceptions, and reactions to violent situations using immersive technology.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Analysis from two samples (n = 101 and n = 55) show the immersive scenarios of the stimulus set are effective at evoking targeted emotional experiences at the moment of a crime decision.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>MAXLab_ABISS is a safe and effective tool for studying decision making in real-life, emotion-laden criminogenic settings. We offer insights for how researchers can further use the materials to study decision making related to crime and violence.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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