Journal of Experimental Criminology最新文献_第6页

A systematic review and meta-analysis of procedural justice and legitimacy in policing: the effect of social identity and social contexts 警务工作中程序正义与合法性的系统回顾与荟萃分析：社会身份和社会环境的影响

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-023-09595-5

Angus Chan, Ben Bradford, Clifford Stott

Objectives

To systematically review the effect of social identity and social contexts on the association between procedural justice and legitimacy in policing.

Methods

A meta-analysis synthesising data from 123 studies (N = 200,966) addressing the relationship between procedural justice and legitimacy in policing. Random effects univariate and two-stage structural equation modelling meta-analyses were performed.

Results

Both procedural justice and social identity are found to be significantly correlated with police legitimacy. Moreover, social identity significantly mediates, but does not moderate, the association between procedural justice and legitimacy. People of younger age and from more developed countries tend to correlate procedural justice stronger with police legitimacy.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that social identity is an important antecedent of legitimacy and a critical factor in the dynamics of procedural fairness in policing. It also shows that the extent to which procedural justice and legitimacy are correlated varies across social groups and contexts. The theoretical implications of our findings are discussed.

方法对 123 项研究（N=200,966）的数据进行荟萃分析，这些研究涉及警务工作中程序正义与合法性之间的关系。结果发现程序公正和社会认同与警务合法性之间存在显著相关。此外，社会认同对程序公正与警察合法性之间的关联有明显的中介作用，但没有调节作用。本研究表明，社会认同是警察合法性的一个重要前因，也是警务程序公正性动态变化的一个关键因素。研究还表明，程序公正与合法性的相关程度因社会群体和背景而异。本文讨论了研究结果的理论意义。

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引用次数: 0

Study protocol and stakeholder perceptions of a randomized controlled trial of a co-response police-mental health team 警察-心理健康小组共同应对随机对照试验的研究方案和利益相关者的看法

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-023-09598-2

Katie Bailey, Meret Hofer, Emily Sightes, Evan Marie Lowder, Eric Grommon, Bradley Ray

Objectives

Describe the development, results, and stakeholder perceptions of randomization procedures for determining outcomes of a co-response police-mental health team.

Methods

We present randomization results using the CONSORT diagram and report on three semi-structured focus groups with eight co-response team members, including police officers, mental health clinicians, and program leaders.

Results

Study procedures resulted in randomization of 686 co-response team-eligible calls for service to either receive a co-response team (treatment group, n = 376) or police-as-usual response (control group, n = 310). Focus groups revealed lessons for randomization of a co-response team, including the importance of the researcher-practitioner partnership, considerations for study site selection and staffing, and suggestions to proactively address ethical concerns of randomizing calls for service.

Conclusions

Rigorous evaluation of alternative policing programs is possible through randomization at the call-for-service level, provided researchers and program stakeholders work together to determine feasible procedures.

方法我们使用 CONSORT 图表展示了随机化结果，并报告了与八名共同应对小组成员（包括警官、心理健康临床医生和项目负责人）进行的三次半结构化焦点小组讨论的结果。结果研究程序将 686 个符合共同应对小组条件的服务呼叫随机分配给共同应对小组（治疗组，n = 376）或警察照常应对（对照组，n = 310）。焦点小组揭示了共同应对小组随机化的经验教训，包括研究人员与从业人员合作的重要性、研究地点选择和人员配备的注意事项，以及积极解决服务电话随机化的伦理问题的建议。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of gunshot detection technology on evidence collection and case clearance in Kansas City, Missouri 密苏里州堪萨斯城枪弹探测技术对证据收集和案件结案的影响

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-023-09594-6

Eric L. Piza, Rachael A. Arietti, Jeremy G. Carter, George O. Mohler

Objectives

This study tests whether (1) shots fired calls for service in the gunshot detection technology (GDT) target area are more likely to be classified as unfounded; (2) police responses to shootings in the GDT target area are more likely to recover ballistic evidence or firearms; and (3) shootings in the GDT target area are more likely to be cleared.

Methods

Entropy balancing created a weighted control group that equaled the treatment group across a range of covariates. GDT effect was tested through logistic regression models with entropy balancing weights set as probability weights.

Results

Shots fired occurring in the GDT target area were 15% more likely to be classified as unfounded compared to control cases. GDT did not significantly influence the likelihood of evidence collection or case clearance in shooting incidents.

Conclusions

GDT may not add investigative value to police responses to shooting incidents and may increase patrol workload.

目的本研究检验(1)在枪弹探测技术(GDT)目标区射击报警是否更容易被归类为无根据;(2)警察对GDT目标区域的枪击事件的反应更有可能找到弹道证据或枪支;(3) GDT目标区域的枪击事件更容易被清除。方法随机平衡创建一个加权对照组，在一系列协变量上与治疗组相等。通过logistic回归模型检验GDT效应，将熵平衡权设置为概率权。结果与对照病例相比，发生在GDT目标区域的射击被归类为无根据的可能性高15%。GDT对枪击事件中证据收集或案件结案的可能性没有显著影响。结论sgdt可能不会增加警察应对枪击事件的调查价值，并可能增加巡逻工作量。

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引用次数: 0

Is it Black and White? Testing racial framing effects of public reactions to newspaper vignettes of fatal officer-involved shootings 是黑与白吗?测试公众对报纸上涉及警察的致命枪击事件的反应的种族框架效应

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-023-09588-4

John C. Navarro, Michael A. Hansen

Objectives

To investigate how race shapes public perceptions of a fatal officer-involved shooting of an armed male citizen depicted in a scenario without racial identifiers, intraracial, and interracial.

Methods

We distributed an online survey whereby respondents indicated justification, measured by four questions about the fatal officer-involved shooting, after being randomly assigned to three conditions that differed by the racial composition of the officer and armed male citizen. The control condition omitted racial identifiers, and two conditions depicted an interracial and intraracial deadly encounter between a White officer and a White or Black citizen.

Results

White and non-White respondents similarly perceived the intraracial shooting, but White respondents perceived the control condition and the interracial shooting as more justified than non-White respondents.

Conclusions

An identical news article of a fatal officer-involved shooting can be perceived differently when altering the race of the officer and armed male citizen.

目的研究在没有种族标识、种族内和种族间的情况下，种族如何影响公众对警察枪杀一名持枪男性公民的看法。方法我们发布了一份在线调查，根据警察和持枪男性公民的种族组成，被随机分配到三种不同的情况下，受访者通过关于警察致命枪击的四个问题来表明正当理由。对照条件省略了种族标识，两个条件描述了白人警察与白人或黑人公民之间的种族间和种族内的致命遭遇。结果白人和非白人被调查者对种族内枪击事件的认知相似，但白人被调查者对控制条件和种族间枪击事件的认知比非白人被调查者更合理。结论当改变警察和持枪男性公民的种族时，同一篇关于警察致命枪击事件的新闻报道会产生不同的感知。

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引用次数: 0

Sentencing young adults with juvenile sanctions in The Netherlands: increasing risk or no differences on the chance of recidivism 荷兰对年轻人判处青少年制裁：再犯风险增加或无差异

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-023-09593-7

Lise J. C. Prop, André M. van der Laan, Marinus G. C. J. Beerthuizen, Charlotte S. Barendregt, Chijs van Nieuwenhuizen

Objectives

In the Netherlands, adolescent criminal law makes it is possible to sentence young adult offenders with juvenile sanctions. This study examines the effectiveness of juvenile sanctions for young adults on recidivism.

Methods

A quasi-experimental design with judicial observational data and matched control groups was used. The effects were tested for a composition of juvenile sanctions and a subsample with unconditional juvenile detention. Cox survival analyses and negative binomial regression analyses were used to examine the effects of juvenile sanctions on recidivism.

Results

Young adults sentenced with a composition of juvenile sanctions have a significantly higher chance of (serious) recidivism for both prevalence and frequency compared to young adults sentenced with adult sanctions. For young adults in juvenile or adult detention, the chance of recidivism and recidivism frequencies are comparable.

Conclusion

This study underlines the importance of adhering to what works principles during the implementation of a significant policy measure.

目的在荷兰，青少年刑法规定可以对青少年罪犯判处青少年制裁。本研究考察了青少年制裁对青少年累犯的有效性。方法采用准实验设计，采用司法观察数据和匹配的对照组。对青少年制裁的组成和无条件拘留青少年的子样本进行了效果测试。采用Cox生存分析和负二项回归分析来检验青少年制裁对累犯的影响。结果与被判处成人刑罚的年轻人相比，被判处少年刑罚的年轻成年人在发生率和频率上都有更高的（严重）累犯几率。对于被青少年或成人拘留的年轻人来说，再次犯罪的机会和再次犯罪的频率是相当的。结论本研究强调了在一项重大政策措施的实施过程中遵守有效原则的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Wait for backup or not? How police officers view their role when responding to an active shooter event 是否等待备份？警察在应对活跃的枪击事件时如何看待自己的角色

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-023-09592-8

M. Hunter Martaindale, William L. Sandel, J. Pete Blair

Objectives

Test whether current law enforcement officers believe that they should immediately enter an active shooter scene before waiting on additional officers.

Methods

Quasi-experimental vignette design with random assignment to 10 vignettes from a universe of 324. The sample consisted of 796 current law enforcement officers from 43 states, which responded to a total of 7394 vignettes. This report utilized a mixed effects logistic model to assess the appropriateness of the hypothetical officer’s actions in responding to an active shooter event.

Results

Respondents were between 14 and 80 times more likely to agree with the hypothetical officer’s decision to immediately enter an active shooter scene when a driving force was present (i.e., ongoing gunfire or injured victims). This agreement varied across models as we explore different interaction effects.

Conclusions

Law enforcement agree with the public sentiment that officers should immediately enter active shooter locations if there is an ongoing threat.

目的测试目前的执法人员是否认为他们应该在等待更多的警察之前立即进入活跃的枪击现场。方法从324个宇宙中随机分配10个小插曲进行准实验小插曲设计。样本由来自43个州的796名现任执法人员组成，他们总共回应了7394个小插曲。本报告使用混合效应逻辑模型来评估假设军官在应对活跃射击事件时的行动是否适当。结果受访者同意假设警官在有驱动力（即持续的枪击或受伤的受害者）的情况下立即进入活跃的枪击现场的决定的可能性在14到80倍之间。随着我们探索不同的相互作用效果，这种一致性在不同的模型中有所不同。结论执法部门同意公众的看法，即如果存在持续的威胁，警察应该立即进入枪手活动地点。

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引用次数: 0

Experiment on camera perspective bias in videos of police-citizen encounters 警察与市民遭遇视频中摄像机视角偏差的实验研究

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-10-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-023-09591-9

Jimin Pyo, Nerea Marteache, Michael G. Maxfield

Objectives

This study tested camera perspective bias in evaluating a video-recorded police and citizen interaction.

Methods

Using professional actors, a simulated police-citizen traffic stop was recorded from three camera perspectives – police, citizen, and bystander. A sample of 830 participants recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk viewed one of the three randomly assigned videos before rating police behavior and legitimacy during the encounter.

Results

We found no evidence of the effects of camera perspective on how individuals evaluated a police traffic stop. Higher pre-test perceived police legitimacy was associated with more positive perceptions of police behavior and legitimacy during the encounter.

Conclusions

This study highlights the role of general perceptions of police legitimacy in evaluating a video-recorded police-citizen encounter. Possible explanations for the lack of camera perspective bias, as well as potential research uses of custom-recorded videos, are discussed.

目的本研究测试了摄像机在评估警察和公民互动视频时的视角偏差。方法采用专业演员，从警察、市民和旁观者三个视角，模拟警察-市民交通拦截。从亚马逊的Mechanical Turk招募的830名参与者的样本观看了三个随机分配的视频中的一个，然后对警察在遭遇过程中的行为和合法性进行了评级。结果我们没有发现摄像机视角对个人评估警察交通拦截的影响的证据。测试前感知的警察合法性越高，在遭遇过程中对警察行为和合法性的感知就越积极。结论本研究强调了对警察合法性的普遍认知在评估警察与公民的视频遭遇中的作用。讨论了缺乏相机视角偏见的可能解释，以及自定义录制视频的潜在研究用途。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of police uniforms in changing views of police legitimacy and driving intentions among young people: an experimental trial 警察制服对改变年轻人对警察合法性和驾驶意图的看法的影响：一项实验性试验

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-023-09586-6

Levi Anderson, Lyndel Bates, Lacey Schaefer

Objectives

This study aimed to determine if young people’s views of police legitimacy and intentions to offend are affected by the delivery of a road safety program by uniformed police officers (control) compared with plain clothes police officers (experimental). The study further explores the direct correlation between views of police legitimacy and intentions to offend as well as the impact of uniforms, mediated by views of police legitimacy, on intentions to offend.

Methods

Participants in this study were grade 12 students (n = 380) from private (fee-paying) high schools located in Queensland, Australia. Participants were surveyed following their involvement in a police road safety program. t-Tests, correlation, and mediation analyses were conducted to determine the impact of police uniforms and views of police legitimacy on intentions to offend.

Results

Results of this study demonstrate that delivery of the program by uniformed police officers had a significantly greater positive impact on the views of police legitimacy and intentions to offend compared with delivery by plain-clothed officers. The study also demonstrates a significant correlation between views of police legitimacy and intentions to offend, as well as a mediated model including views of police legitimacy that explains more variance in intentions to offend when mediated by views of police legitimacy.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that views of police legitimacy, as well as intentions to offend, are more positively impacted when an educational course is facilitated by uniformed police officers. The mediation analysis demonstrates that uniforms impact views of police legitimacy and these views significantly affect intentions to offend. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the complex relationship between police uniforms, views of police legitimacy, and offending and may inform future research and policy decisions in the area of policing.

目的本研究旨在确定与便衣警察（实验）相比，穿制服的警察（对照）实施道路安全计划是否会影响年轻人对警察合法性和犯罪意图的看法。该研究进一步探讨了警察合法性观点与犯罪意图之间的直接相关性，以及制服在警察合法性观的调解下对犯罪意图的影响。方法本研究的参与者是12年级的学生（n = 380）来自澳大利亚昆士兰的私立（收费）高中。参与者在参与警察道路安全项目后接受了调查。进行了t检验、相关性和调解分析，以确定警察制服和警察合法性观点对犯罪意图的影响。结果本研究结果表明，与便衣警察相比，穿制服警察实施该计划对警察合法性和犯罪意图的看法有更大的积极影响。这项研究还表明，警察合法性观点和犯罪意图之间存在显著相关性，以及一个中介模型，包括警察合法性的观点，该模型解释了在警察合法性观的中介下，犯罪意图的差异更大。结论本研究表明，当穿制服的警察为教育课程提供便利时，对警察合法性的看法以及犯罪意图会受到更积极的影响。调解分析表明，制服会影响警察合法性的观点，而这些观点会显著影响犯罪意图。这项研究的结果为警察制服、警察合法性观点和犯罪之间的复杂关系提供了宝贵的见解，并可能为警务领域的未来研究和政策决策提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Should police officers who use force against peaceful protesters be punished? A national experiment 对和平抗议者使用武力的警察应该受到惩罚吗？全国性实验

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-023-09589-3

Andrew J. Thompson, Christi Metcalfe, Justin T. Pickett

Objectives

In a period of mass protest, police use of force against protesters regularly makes headlines across the country. Our study contributes to the literature on public opinion about protest policing by examining support for punishing officers who use force against peaceful protesters.

Methods

We used a factorial survey experiment administered by YouGov (N = 1000), wherein an officer used force against a peaceful protester. We randomized the type of force, the protest goal, and protester characteristics (race, sex, and age)—factors relevant to theories of retributive intuitions (just-deserts) and group threat. We also included political beliefs and racial resentment as observational predictors. Respondents rated the moral acceptability of force and the officer’s deservingness of punishment.

Results

Respondents evaluated the use of force against peaceful protesters as morally wrong and deserving of punishment. Except for protester age, the experimental manipulations did not affect evaluations of police use of force. However, there was a sizable political divide in use-of-force evaluations, which was mediated by racial animus.

Conclusions

When it comes to public evaluations of police behavior toward peaceful protesters, what matters more than situational details (e.g., protest goals, protester demographics) is the evaluators’ political and racial attitudes. Americans on the political right are less willing to punish police misbehavior because they are more racially resentful.

目的在大规模抗议期间，警察对抗议者使用武力经常成为全国的头条新闻。我们的研究通过调查对惩罚对和平抗议者使用武力的警察的支持，为有关抗议警察的舆论文献做出了贡献。方法采用YouGov（N = 1000），其中一名警察对一名和平抗议者使用武力。我们随机选择了武力类型、抗议目标和抗议者特征（种族、性别和年龄）——这些因素与报复直觉（只是沙漠）和群体威胁理论有关。我们还将政治信仰和种族怨恨作为观察预测因素。受访者评价了武力在道德上的可接受性和军官对惩罚的应得性。结果受访者认为对和平抗议者使用武力在道德上是错误的，应该受到惩罚。除了抗议者年龄外，实验操作并不影响对警察使用武力的评估。然而，在使用武力的评估方面存在相当大的政治分歧，这是由种族仇恨所调解的。结论当涉及到对警察对和平抗议者行为的公开评估时，比情境细节（例如，抗议目标、抗议者人口统计）更重要的是评估者的政治和种族态度。政治右翼的美国人不太愿意惩罚警察的不当行为，因为他们更具种族仇恨。

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引用次数: 0

Deterrent effects of sanction severity and the role of procedural justice in prison: a preregistered randomized vignette experiment 制裁严厉性的威慑效应和程序正义在监狱中的作用：一项预先注册的随机小插曲实验

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-10-02 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-023-09585-7

Franziska M. Yasrebi-de Kom, Anja J. E. Dirkzwager, Peter H. van der Laan, Paul Nieuwbeerta

Objectives

This study tests deterrence theory and procedural justice theory in prisons. Severe sanctions in prisons may deter detainees from misconduct. Recent research suggests that this deterrent effect may only occur if individuals are treated procedurally just by prison staff.

Methods

Using an experimental vignette scenario design (N = 313 detainees and ex-detainees) we manipulated sanction severity and procedural justice across conditions testing the main and interaction effects of sanction severity and procedural justice on misconduct intentions (outcome measure 1) and compliance intentions (outcome measure 2). Also, we tested potential mediation pathways from sanction severity on these outcomes and the role of procedural justice therein.

Results

Individuals reported lower intentions to comply in the severe as opposed to the mild sanction condition (η2 = .03). There was no significant main effect of procedural justice on misconduct and compliance intentions. The effect of sanction severity did not depend on procedural justice. Additionally, the effect of sanction severity on misconduct and compliance intentions was mediated by the moral devaluation of authorities.

Conclusion

The present findings underscore the potential disadvantages of severely sanctioning in prison settings. Severe sanctions may backfire and decrease compliance intentions with institutional rules and staff.

目的检验监狱威慑理论和程序正义理论。监狱的严厉制裁可能会阻止被拘留者的不当行为。最近的研究表明，只有监狱工作人员按照程序对待个人，这种威慑作用才会发生。方法采用实验性情景设计（N = 313名被拘留者和前被拘留者）我们在各种条件下操纵制裁严重性和程序公正性，测试制裁严重性与程序公正性对不当行为意图（结果衡量标准1）和合规意图（结果测量标准2）的主要影响和相互作用。此外，我们还测试了制裁严重程度对这些结果的潜在调解途径以及程序正义在其中的作用。结果与轻度制裁条件相比，严重制裁条件下的个人遵守意愿较低（η2 = .03）。程序正义对不当行为和合规意图没有显著的主要影响。制裁严厉程度的影响并不取决于程序公正性。此外，制裁严重程度对不当行为和合规意图的影响是由当局的道德贬值所调节的。结论目前的调查结果强调了在监狱环境中严厉制裁的潜在不利因素。严厉的制裁可能适得其反，降低遵守机构规则和工作人员的意愿。

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引用次数: 0