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It's time to do more research on the attitude-behavior relation: A commentary on implicit attitude measures. 态度与行为的关系有待进一步研究:内隐态度测量述评。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-23 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1602
Wenhao Dai, D. Albarracín
The recent exchange about implicit attitudes is an acute reminder of the need to pay research attention to the correlation between implicit attitudes and overt behavior. Current implicit measures are excellent to detect evaluatively relevant associations arising from specific and variable internal states and predict judgments when people lack the motivation and ability to control those judgments. However, there is no convincing evidence of a strong correlation between such implicit attitudes and overt behavior when people's ability and motivation to control the influence of these attitudes is low. Researchers should improve implicit measures by better integrating action, target, level, and context into the measurement procedures and then reexamine if these improved measures predict socially undesirable behaviors when ability and motivation to control behavior are low. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Theory and Methods Neuroscience > Behavior Neuroscience > Cognition.
最近关于内隐态度的争论提醒我们需要关注内隐态度和外显行为之间的关系。当人们缺乏动机和控制判断的能力时,当前的隐式测量可以很好地检测由特定和可变的内部状态产生的评估相关关联,并预测判断。然而,没有令人信服的证据表明,当人们控制这些态度影响的能力和动机较低时,这种内隐态度和公开行为之间存在很强的相关性。研究者应该通过更好地将行动、目标、水平和情境整合到测量过程中来改进内隐测量,然后重新审视这些改进后的测量是否能在控制行为的能力和动机较低时预测社会不良行为。本文分类为:心理学>理论与方法神经科学>行为神经科学>认知。
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引用次数: 3
Enchrony.
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-13 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1597
N. Enfield
What are the properties of mind that make language the way it is, and languages the way they are? To answer those questions, it is necessary to look at the causal processes by which languages become the way they are. The relevant dynamic processes take place in different causal frames, including the familiar diachronic, phylogenetic, ontogenetic, and microgenetic frames. One frame is less frequently acknowledged and yet is arguably central to cognitive-scientific explanations of language. This is the enchronic frame, which critically involves a public semiotic process (running at the time-course of milliseconds and seconds) by which each utterance serves as an interpretant of-that is, a meaningful response to-what came before it, driving the progression of social interaction, the most experience-near context of language usage. The notion of enchrony is needed for bringing together certain aspects of language that are typically handled by quite disparate conceptual and methodological approaches (e.g., lexical semantics, morphological typology, conversation analysis, sociolinguistic typology, diachronic linguistics). Situated within an integrated set of causal frames for language, enchrony provides conceptual tools for an account of language that foregrounds social cognition and interaction in a usage-based model. This article is categorized under: Linguistics > Cognitive Linguistics.
是什么心理属性让语言变成现在的样子,让语言变成现在的样子?要回答这些问题,有必要看看语言形成的因果过程。相关的动态过程发生在不同的因果框架中,包括我们熟悉的历时框架、系统发生框架、个体发生框架和微发生框架。有一种框架很少被承认,但却可以说是语言认知科学解释的核心。这是一个持续的框架,它涉及到一个公共的符号学过程(以毫秒和秒为单位),在这个过程中,每个话语都作为一个解释者——也就是说,对之前发生的事情做出有意义的回应,推动社会互动的进展,这是语言使用的最接近经验的语境。时间的概念是将语言的某些方面整合在一起所需要的,这些方面通常是由完全不同的概念和方法方法处理的(例如,词汇语义学,形态类型学,会话分析,社会语言学类型学,历时语言学)。在一套完整的语言因果框架中,时序为语言解释提供了概念工具,它在基于使用的模型中突出了社会认知和互动。本文的分类是:语言学>认知语言学。
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引用次数: 5
The map trap: Why and how word learning research should move beyond mapping. 地图陷阱:单词学习研究为什么以及如何超越地图。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1596
Erica H Wojcik, Martin Zettersten, Viridiana L. Benitez
A pervasive goal in the study of how children learn word meanings is to explain how young children solve the mapping problem. The mapping problem asks how language learners connect a label to its referent. Mapping is one part of word learning, however, it does not reflect other critical components of word meaning construction, such as the encoding of lexico-semantic relations and socio-pragmatic context. In this paper, we argue that word learning researchers' overemphasis of mapping has constrained our experimental paradigms and hypotheses, leading to misconceived theories and policy interventions. We first explain how the mapping focus limits our ability to study the richness and complexity of what infants and children learn about, and do with, word meanings. Then, we describe how our focus on mapping has constrained theory development. Specifically, we show how it has led to (a) the misguided emphasis on referent selection and ostensive labeling, and (b) the undervaluing of diverse pathways to word knowledge, both within and across cultures. We also review the consequences of the mapping focus outside of the lab, including myopic language learning interventions. Last, we outline an alternative, more inclusive approach to experimental study and theory construction in word learning research. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Language Psychology > Theory and Methods Psychology > Learning.
在儿童如何学习词义的研究中,一个普遍的目标是解释幼儿如何解决映射问题。映射问题是指语言学习者如何将一个标签与其所指物联系起来。映射是词汇学习的一部分,但它并没有反映词义构建的其他重要组成部分,如词汇语义关系的编码和社会语用语境。在本文中,我们认为词语学习研究者过分强调映射限制了我们的实验范式和假设,导致了错误的理论和政策干预。我们首先解释了映射焦点如何限制了我们研究婴儿和儿童学习和处理单词含义的丰富性和复杂性的能力。然后,我们描述了我们对映射的关注如何限制了理论的发展。具体来说,我们展示了它是如何导致(a)对指称选择和指实标记的错误强调,以及(b)低估了在文化内部和跨文化中获取词汇知识的多种途径。我们还回顾了在实验室之外的映射焦点的后果,包括近视语言学习干预。最后,我们概述了另一种更具包容性的实验研究和理论构建方法。本文分类为:心理学>语言心理学>理论与方法心理学>学习。
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引用次数: 9
Decision neuroscience and neuroeconomics: Recent progress and ongoing challenges. 决策神经科学和神经经济学:最近的进展和持续的挑战。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1589
Jeffrey B Dennison, Daniel Sazhin, David V Smith

In the past decade, decision neuroscience and neuroeconomics have developed many new insights in the study of decision making. This review provides an overarching update on how the field has advanced in this time period. Although our initial review a decade ago outlined several theoretical, conceptual, methodological, empirical, and practical challenges, there has only been limited progress in resolving these challenges. We summarize significant trends in decision neuroscience through the lens of the challenges outlined for the field and review examples where the field has had significant, direct, and applicable impacts across economics and psychology. First, we review progress on topics including reward learning, explore-exploit decisions, risk and ambiguity, intertemporal choice, and valuation. Next, we assess the impacts of emotion, social rewards, and social context on decision making. Then, we follow up with how individual differences impact choices and new exciting developments in the prediction and neuroforecasting of future decisions. Finally, we consider how trends in decision-neuroscience research reflect progress toward resolving past challenges, discuss new and exciting applications of recent research, and identify new challenges for the field. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making Psychology > Emotion and Motivation.

在过去的十年中,决策神经科学和神经经济学在决策研究方面发展了许多新的见解。这篇综述提供了一个关于该领域在这一时期如何发展的总体更新。尽管我们十年前的初步回顾概述了几个理论、概念、方法、经验和实践方面的挑战,但在解决这些挑战方面进展有限。我们通过该领域所面临的挑战,总结了决策神经科学的重要趋势,并回顾了该领域对经济学和心理学产生重大、直接和适用影响的例子。首先,我们回顾了包括奖励学习、探索-利用决策、风险和模糊性、跨期选择和估值等主题的进展。接下来,我们评估了情绪、社会奖励和社会环境对决策的影响。然后,我们继续讨论个体差异如何影响选择,以及未来决策预测和神经预测方面令人兴奋的新进展。最后,我们考虑决策神经科学研究的趋势如何反映解决过去挑战的进展,讨论最近研究的新的和令人兴奋的应用,并确定该领域的新挑战。本文分类为:心理学>推理与决策心理学>情感与动机。
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引用次数: 0
Proactive interference and the development of working memory. 主动干扰与工作记忆的发展。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1593
Mollie Hamilton, Ashley Ross, Erik Blaser, Zsuzsa Kaldy

Working memory (WM), the ability to maintain information in service to a task, is characterized by its limited capacity. Several influential models attribute this limitation in a large extent to proactive interference (PI), the phenomenon that previously encoded, now-irrelevant information competes with relevant information. Here, we look back at the adult PI literature, spanning over 60 years, as well as recent results linking the ability to cope with PI to WM capacity. In early development, WM capacity is even more limited, yet an accounting for the role of PI has been lacking. Our Focus Article aims to address this through an integrative account: since PI resolution is mediated by networks involving the frontal cortex (particularly, the left inferior frontal gyrus) and the posterior parietal cortex, and since children have protracted development and less recruitment of these areas, the increase in the ability to cope with PI is a major factor underlying the increase in WM capacity in early development. Given this, we suggest that future research should focus on mechanistic studies of PI resolution in children. Finally, we note a crucial methodological implication: typical WM paradigms repeat stimuli from trial-to-trial, facilitating, inadvertently, PI and reducing performance; we may be fundamentally underestimating children's WM capacity. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Memory Neuroscience > Cognition Neuroscience > Development.

工作记忆(Working memory, WM)是一种维持信息以服务于任务的能力,其特点是其容量有限。一些有影响力的模型将这种限制在很大程度上归因于主动干扰(PI),即以前编码的、现在不相关的信息与相关信息竞争的现象。在这里,我们回顾了60多年来关于成人PI的文献,以及最近将处理PI能力与WM能力联系起来的研究结果。在早期开发中,WM能力甚至更有限,但一直缺乏对PI作用的考虑。我们的重点文章旨在通过一个综合的解释来解决这个问题:由于PI的解决是由涉及额叶皮层(特别是左额下回)和后顶叶皮层的网络介导的,并且由于儿童的发育较长,这些区域的补充较少,处理PI的能力的增加是早期发展中WM能力增加的主要因素。鉴于此,我们建议未来的研究应侧重于儿童PI解决的机制研究。最后,我们注意到一个重要的方法含义:典型的WM范式从一个试验到另一个试验重复刺激,促进,无意中,PI和降低绩效;我们可能从根本上低估了儿童的语言能力。本文分类为:心理学>记忆神经科学>认知神经科学>发展。
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引用次数: 1
Mixing memory and desire: How memory reactivation supports deliberative decision-making. 混合记忆和欲望:记忆再激活如何支持审慎决策。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1601
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引用次数: 1
How should we think about implicit measures and their empirical "anomalies"? 我们应该如何看待隐性测量及其经验上的“异常”?
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1590
Bertram Gawronski, Michael Brownstein, Alex Madva
Based on a review of several “ anomalies ” in research using implicit measures, Machery (2021) dismisses the modal interpretation of participant responses on implicit measures and, by extension, the value of implicit measures. We argue that the reviewed findings are anomalies only for specific — influential but long-contested — accounts that treat responses on implicit measures as uncontaminated indicators of trait-like unconscious representations that coexist with functionally independent conscious representations. However, the reviewed findings are to-be-expected “ normalities ” when viewed from the perspective of long-standing alternative frameworks that treat responses on implicit measures as the product of dynamic processes that operate on momentarily activated, consciously accessible information. Thus, although we agree with Machery that the modal view is empirically unsupported, we argue that implicit measures can make a valuable contribution to understanding the complexities of human behavior if they are used wisely in a way that acknowledges what they can and cannot do. In response to our descriptive review of ongoing debates about what implicit measures measure (Brownstein et al., 2019), Machery (2021) discusses several important findings in research using implicit measures that he describes as “ anomalies. ” Based on the identified anomalies, Machery dismisses both the modal paradigm in research using implicit measures and, by extension, the value of implicit measures. Here, we respond to Machery's critique, arguing that the findings reviewed by Machery are anomalies only for specific — influential but long-contested — accounts that treat responses on implicit measures as uncontaminated indicators of trait-like unconscious representations that coexist with functionally independent conscious representations. However, the reviewed findings are to-be-expected “ normalities ” when viewed from the perspective of long-standing alternative frameworks that treat responses on implicit measures as the product of dynamic processes that operate on momentarily activated, consciously accessible information. Thus, although we agree with Machery that the modal view is theoretically, empirically, and methodologically unsubstantiated, its inconsistency with the available evidence does not imply that implicit measures are useless for
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引用次数: 5
Anomalies in implicit attitudes research: Not so easily dismissed. 内隐态度研究中的异常现象:不那么容易被忽视。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1591
Edouard Machery
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引用次数: 3
Neurocomputations of strategic behavior: From iterated to novel interactions 策略行为的神经计算:从迭代到新的相互作用
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-04-19 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1598
Yaomin Jiang, Haibin Wu, Qingtian Mi, Lusha Zhu
Abstract Strategic interactions, where an individual's payoff depends on the decisions of multiple intelligent agents, are ubiquitous among social animals. They span a variety of important social behaviors such as competition, cooperation, coordination, and communication, and often involve complex, intertwining cognitive operations ranging from basic reward processing to higher‐order mentalization. Here, we review the progress and challenges in probing the neural and cognitive mechanisms of strategic behavior of interacting individuals, drawing an analogy to recent developments in studies of reward‐seeking behavior, in particular, how research focuses in the field of strategic behavior have been expanded from adaptive behavior based on trial‐and‐error to flexible decisions based on limited prior experience. We highlight two important research questions in the field of strategic behavior: (i) How does the brain exploit past experience for learning to behave strategically? and (ii) How does the brain decide what to do in novel strategic situations in the absence of direct experience? For the former, we discuss the utility of learning models that have effectively connected various types of neural data with strategic learning behavior and helped elucidate the interplay among multiple learning processes. For the latter, we review the recent evidence and propose a neural generative mechanism by which the brain makes novel strategic choices through simulating others' goal‐directed actions according to rational or bounded‐rational principles obtained through indirect social knowledge. This article is categorized under: Economics > Interactive Decision‐Making Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making Neuroscience > Cognition
在社会性动物中,个体的收益取决于多个智能主体的决策的策略交互是普遍存在的。它们跨越了各种重要的社会行为,如竞争、合作、协调和沟通,并且通常涉及复杂的、相互交织的认知操作,从基本的奖励处理到更高层次的心理化。在这里,我们回顾了探索互动个体战略行为的神经和认知机制的进展和挑战,并类比了寻求奖励行为研究的最新进展,特别是战略行为领域的研究重点如何从基于试错的适应性行为扩展到基于有限先验经验的灵活决策。我们强调了战略行为领域的两个重要研究问题:(i)大脑如何利用过去的经验来学习战略行为?(ii)在没有直接经验的情况下,大脑如何决定在新的战略情况下该做什么?对于前者,我们讨论了学习模型的效用,这些模型有效地将各种类型的神经数据与战略学习行为联系起来,并有助于阐明多个学习过程之间的相互作用。对于后者,我们回顾了最近的证据,并提出了一种神经生成机制,通过该机制,大脑根据通过间接社会知识获得的理性或有限理性原则,通过模拟他人的目标导向行为来做出新的战略选择。本文的分类为:经济学>互动决策心理学>推理与决策神经科学>认知学
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引用次数: 1
Perceiving gender while perceiving language: Integrating psycholinguistics and gender theory. 在感知语言的同时感知性别:心理语言学与性别理论的整合。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-10-29 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1583
Alayo Tripp, Benjamin Munson

There is a substantial body of literature showing that men and women speak differently and that these differences are endemic to the speech signal. However, the psycholinguistic mechanisms underlying the integration of social category perception and language are still poorly understood. Speaker attributes such as emotional state, age, sex, and race have often been treated in the literature as dissociable, but perceptual systems for social categories demonstrably rely on interdependent cognitive processes. We introduce a diversity science framework for evaluating the existing literature on gender and speech perception, arguing that differences in beliefs about gender may be defined as differences in beliefs about differences. Treating individual, group, and societal level contrasts in ideological patterns as phenomenologically distinctive, we enumerate six ideological arenas which define claims about gender and examine the literature for treatment of these issues. We argue that both participants and investigators predictably show evidence of differences in ideological attitudes toward the normative definition of persons. The influence of social knowledge on linguistic perception therefore occurs in the context of predictable variation in both attention and inattention to people and the distinguishing features which mark them salient as kinds. We link experiences of visibility, invisibility, and hypervisibility with ideological variation regarding the significance of physiological, linguistic, and social features, concluding that gender ideologies are implicated both in linguistic processing and in social judgments of value between groups. We conclude with a summary of the key gaps in the current literature and recommendations for best practices studies that may use in future investigations of socially meaningful variation in speech perception. This article is categorized under: Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain Psychology > Language Linguistics > Language Acquisition Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics.

有大量的文献表明,男性和女性说话方式不同,这些差异是语音信号特有的。然而,社会范畴知觉与语言整合的心理语言学机制仍不甚清楚。说话人的情感状态、年龄、性别和种族等属性在文献中通常被视为可分离的,但社会类别的感知系统显然依赖于相互依存的认知过程。我们引入了一个多样性科学框架来评估现有的关于性别和言语感知的文献,认为对性别的信念差异可以定义为对差异的信念差异。将意识形态模式中的个人、群体和社会层面的差异视为现象学上的独特之处,我们列举了六个意识形态领域,这些领域定义了关于性别的主张,并检查了处理这些问题的文献。我们认为,参与者和调查者都可以预见地显示出对人的规范性定义的意识形态态度的差异。因此,社会知识对语言感知的影响发生在对人的注意和不注意的可预测变化的背景下,以及标志他们作为种类突出的显著特征。我们将可见性、不可见性和超可见性的体验与生理、语言和社会特征的意识形态差异联系起来,得出结论认为,性别意识形态既涉及语言处理,也涉及群体之间的社会价值判断。最后,我们总结了当前文献中的主要差距,并提出了最佳实践研究建议,这些建议可能会在未来研究语音感知的社会意义变化时使用。本文分类如下:语言学>思维中的语言与脑心理学>语言语言学>语言习得心理学>感知与心理物理学。
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引用次数: 21
期刊
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science
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