Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S1355770X21000127
Luis Gautier
Abstract The presence of nonzero conjectural variations in pollution abatement and output make emission taxes less effective with respect to reducing emissions. This has implications for the characterization of the optimal emission tax, particularly in an international context where there are large asymmetries in pollution intensities. A higher degree of collusion in output between polluting firms results in higher emissions taxes in the non-cooperative equilibrium. In contrast, a higher degree of collusion in abatement between polluting firms results in lower emissions taxes in the non-cooperative equilibrium. These results rely on the presence of nonzero conjectural variations and large asymmetries in pollution intensities across countries. The analysis is relevant to the design of international environmental policy, including cases where countries face increasing global competition and damages from rising global emissions.
{"title":"The role of nonzero conjectural variation in pollution abatement and output in the design of emission taxes","authors":"Luis Gautier","doi":"10.1017/S1355770X21000127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X21000127","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The presence of nonzero conjectural variations in pollution abatement and output make emission taxes less effective with respect to reducing emissions. This has implications for the characterization of the optimal emission tax, particularly in an international context where there are large asymmetries in pollution intensities. A higher degree of collusion in output between polluting firms results in higher emissions taxes in the non-cooperative equilibrium. In contrast, a higher degree of collusion in abatement between polluting firms results in lower emissions taxes in the non-cooperative equilibrium. These results rely on the presence of nonzero conjectural variations and large asymmetries in pollution intensities across countries. The analysis is relevant to the design of international environmental policy, including cases where countries face increasing global competition and damages from rising global emissions.","PeriodicalId":47751,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Development Economics","volume":"27 1","pages":"184 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1355770X21000127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44477979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x21000140
{"title":"EDE volume 26 issue 3 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s1355770x21000140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x21000140","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47751,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Development Economics","volume":"26 1","pages":"b1 - b4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s1355770x21000140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57069050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x21000139
{"title":"EDE volume 26 issue 3 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s1355770x21000139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x21000139","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47751,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Development Economics","volume":"26 1","pages":"f1 - f4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s1355770x21000139","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41429655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.1017/S1355770X21000115
Jaehyung Jung, Anna Choi, Semee Yoon
Abstract Outdoor air pollution continues to be a challenging health issue, even as countries experience economic growth. By exploiting a unique transboundary setting in East Asia, we study the impact of an increase in particulate matter (PM) concentrations on fetal deaths. Due to the westerlies in the mid-latitudes, residents in South Korea at times experience intermittent exposure to high levels of air pollution. Using such atmospheric setting, we estimate a reduced-form impact of high PM events on fetal deaths, which captures in utero exposure to pollution. Controlling for local weather and pollution trends, regression results indicate that high PM events in Beijing lead to a significant increase in daily fetal mortality rates in Korea, by approximately 7.4 per cent. This research finding provides lower-bound estimates of not only negative spillovers manifested in fetal health but also the impact of pollution on the health of the Chinese population and calls for a need to tackle transboundary air pollution via international cooperation.
{"title":"Transboundary air pollution and health: evidence from East Asia","authors":"Jaehyung Jung, Anna Choi, Semee Yoon","doi":"10.1017/S1355770X21000115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X21000115","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Outdoor air pollution continues to be a challenging health issue, even as countries experience economic growth. By exploiting a unique transboundary setting in East Asia, we study the impact of an increase in particulate matter (PM) concentrations on fetal deaths. Due to the westerlies in the mid-latitudes, residents in South Korea at times experience intermittent exposure to high levels of air pollution. Using such atmospheric setting, we estimate a reduced-form impact of high PM events on fetal deaths, which captures in utero exposure to pollution. Controlling for local weather and pollution trends, regression results indicate that high PM events in Beijing lead to a significant increase in daily fetal mortality rates in Korea, by approximately 7.4 per cent. This research finding provides lower-bound estimates of not only negative spillovers manifested in fetal health but also the impact of pollution on the health of the Chinese population and calls for a need to tackle transboundary air pollution via international cooperation.","PeriodicalId":47751,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Development Economics","volume":"27 1","pages":"120 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1355770X21000115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47889773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-21DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x21000164
Ying Chen, Güney Işıkara
{"title":"Beyond the Nation-state Narrative: An Empirical Inquiry into the Cross-Country and Cross-Income-Group Carbon Consumption Patterns – Corrigendum","authors":"Ying Chen, Güney Işıkara","doi":"10.1017/s1355770x21000164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x21000164","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47751,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Development Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s1355770x21000164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47992157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.1017/S1355770X21000097
F. Alfani, A. Arslan, N. McCarthy, R. Cavatassi, N. Sitko
Abstract This paper aims at identifying whether and how sustainable land management practices and livelihood diversification strategies have contributed to moderating the impacts of the El Niño-related drought in Zambia. This is done using a specifically designed survey called the El Niño Impact Assessment Survey, which is combined with the Rural Agricultural Livelihoods Surveys, as well as high resolution rainfall data at the ward level over 34 years. This unique panel data set allows us to control for the time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity to understand the impacts of shocks like El Niño, which are expected to become more frequent and severe as a result of climate change. We find that maize yields were substantially reduced and that household incomes were only partially protected from the shock thanks to diversification strategies. Mechanical erosion control measures and livestock diversification emerge as the only strategies that provided yield and income benefits under weather shock.
{"title":"Climate resilience in rural Zambia: evaluating farmers’ response to El Niño-induced drought","authors":"F. Alfani, A. Arslan, N. McCarthy, R. Cavatassi, N. Sitko","doi":"10.1017/S1355770X21000097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X21000097","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper aims at identifying whether and how sustainable land management practices and livelihood diversification strategies have contributed to moderating the impacts of the El Niño-related drought in Zambia. This is done using a specifically designed survey called the El Niño Impact Assessment Survey, which is combined with the Rural Agricultural Livelihoods Surveys, as well as high resolution rainfall data at the ward level over 34 years. This unique panel data set allows us to control for the time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity to understand the impacts of shocks like El Niño, which are expected to become more frequent and severe as a result of climate change. We find that maize yields were substantially reduced and that household incomes were only partially protected from the shock thanks to diversification strategies. Mechanical erosion control measures and livestock diversification emerge as the only strategies that provided yield and income benefits under weather shock.","PeriodicalId":47751,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Development Economics","volume":"26 1","pages":"582 - 604"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1355770X21000097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41510999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-15DOI: 10.1017/S1355770X21000243
M. Chitiga‐Mabugu, M. Henseler, R. Mabugu, H. Maisonnave
Abstract This paper offers a quantitative assessment of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdown and government fiscal plan, containing ‘green’ elements on the economy and the environment of South Africa. The analysis uses a dynamic computable general equilibrium model operationalised using a social accounting matrix coupled with a greenhouse gas balance and emissions data. We find that while the economy is harshly impacted by the pandemic in the short term, the government fiscal package ameliorates and cushions the negative effects on poor households. Importantly, an adaptation of the fiscal package towards a ‘greener’ policy achieves the same economic outcome and reduces unemployment. Carbon dioxide emissions decrease in the short run due to economic slowdown. This improvement persists until 2030. These results can be used as decision support for policy makers on how to orient the post COVID-19 policies to be pro-poor and pro-environment, and thus, ‘build back better and fairer’.
{"title":"The impact of the COVID-19 enforced lockdown and fiscal package on the South African economy and environment: a preliminary analysis","authors":"M. Chitiga‐Mabugu, M. Henseler, R. Mabugu, H. Maisonnave","doi":"10.1017/S1355770X21000243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X21000243","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper offers a quantitative assessment of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdown and government fiscal plan, containing ‘green’ elements on the economy and the environment of South Africa. The analysis uses a dynamic computable general equilibrium model operationalised using a social accounting matrix coupled with a greenhouse gas balance and emissions data. We find that while the economy is harshly impacted by the pandemic in the short term, the government fiscal package ameliorates and cushions the negative effects on poor households. Importantly, an adaptation of the fiscal package towards a ‘greener’ policy achieves the same economic outcome and reduces unemployment. Carbon dioxide emissions decrease in the short run due to economic slowdown. This improvement persists until 2030. These results can be used as decision support for policy makers on how to orient the post COVID-19 policies to be pro-poor and pro-environment, and thus, ‘build back better and fairer’.","PeriodicalId":47751,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Development Economics","volume":"27 1","pages":"209 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47883389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-12DOI: 10.1017/S1355770X21000036
Ying Chen, Güney Işıkara
Abstract The concern for inequality, growth and development is undoubtedly crucial in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, most studies either rely on the nation-state estimates of carbon emissions to propose a uniform nation-wide growth (or degrowth) strategy, or they tailor the method to assess the inequality of one country at a time, making a cross-country cross-income comparison difficult. To fill this analytical gap, we synthesize the existing methods of emission calculations and calculate the level of carbon emissions associated with given income deciles of household consumption in five countries, namely China, Germany, India, the UK and USA. We find that the within-country inequality varies among countries, with the ratio between the top and bottom income deciles ranging from three to nine at the household level. We also find that the carbon emissions of the top income group in urban China is almost comparable to that of their peer group in the US, UK and Germany. Based on these results, we discuss the use of the remaining global carbon budget in the context of development and inequality.
{"title":"Beyond the nation-state narrative: an empirical inquiry into the cross-country and cross-income-group carbon consumption patterns","authors":"Ying Chen, Güney Işıkara","doi":"10.1017/S1355770X21000036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X21000036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The concern for inequality, growth and development is undoubtedly crucial in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, most studies either rely on the nation-state estimates of carbon emissions to propose a uniform nation-wide growth (or degrowth) strategy, or they tailor the method to assess the inequality of one country at a time, making a cross-country cross-income comparison difficult. To fill this analytical gap, we synthesize the existing methods of emission calculations and calculate the level of carbon emissions associated with given income deciles of household consumption in five countries, namely China, Germany, India, the UK and USA. We find that the within-country inequality varies among countries, with the ratio between the top and bottom income deciles ranging from three to nine at the household level. We also find that the carbon emissions of the top income group in urban China is almost comparable to that of their peer group in the US, UK and Germany. Based on these results, we discuss the use of the remaining global carbon budget in the context of development and inequality.","PeriodicalId":47751,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Development Economics","volume":"27 1","pages":"67 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1355770X21000036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42143589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-12DOI: 10.1017/S1355770X21000085
Emmanuel Nshakira-Rukundo, J. W. Kamau, H. Baumüller
Abstract Weather shocks affect smallholder farmers and pastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa unequally. Agricultural insurance has emerged as a safety net option to protect farmers’ welfare. However, in comparison to other regions, fewer African farmers and pastoralists have adopted agricultural insurance. This review synthesises broad recent literature on why insurance take-up has remained low and highlights six key themes, including: (1) product quality, (2) product design, (3) affordability, (4) information and education, (5) behavioural and sociocultural factors, and (6) the role of government in enabling markets. We shed light on how insurance uptake can be encouraged.
{"title":"Determinants of uptake and strategies to improve agricultural insurance in Africa: a review","authors":"Emmanuel Nshakira-Rukundo, J. W. Kamau, H. Baumüller","doi":"10.1017/S1355770X21000085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X21000085","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Weather shocks affect smallholder farmers and pastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa unequally. Agricultural insurance has emerged as a safety net option to protect farmers’ welfare. However, in comparison to other regions, fewer African farmers and pastoralists have adopted agricultural insurance. This review synthesises broad recent literature on why insurance take-up has remained low and highlights six key themes, including: (1) product quality, (2) product design, (3) affordability, (4) information and education, (5) behavioural and sociocultural factors, and (6) the role of government in enabling markets. We shed light on how insurance uptake can be encouraged.","PeriodicalId":47751,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Development Economics","volume":"26 1","pages":"605 - 631"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1355770X21000085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42909301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-05DOI: 10.1017/S1355770X21000073
Jaqueline Oliveira, Bruno Palialol, P. Pereda
Abstract The relationship between temperature and agriculture outcomes in Brazil has been widely explored, overlooking the fact that most of the country's labor force is employed in non-agriculture sectors. We use monthly individual-level panel data spanning the period from January 2015 to December 2016 to ask whether temperature shocks impact non-agriculture wages in formal labor markets. Our results show that additional days in a month that fall within high-temperature ranges have significant adverse effects on real wages. Assuming a uniform climate change scenario where the daily temperature distribution shifts by 2$^{circ }$C, we calculate income losses for formal workers in non-agriculture markets equivalent to 0.12 per cent of 2015 GDP.
{"title":"Do temperature shocks affect non-agriculture wages in Brazil? Evidence from individual-level panel data","authors":"Jaqueline Oliveira, Bruno Palialol, P. Pereda","doi":"10.1017/S1355770X21000073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X21000073","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The relationship between temperature and agriculture outcomes in Brazil has been widely explored, overlooking the fact that most of the country's labor force is employed in non-agriculture sectors. We use monthly individual-level panel data spanning the period from January 2015 to December 2016 to ask whether temperature shocks impact non-agriculture wages in formal labor markets. Our results show that additional days in a month that fall within high-temperature ranges have significant adverse effects on real wages. Assuming a uniform climate change scenario where the daily temperature distribution shifts by 2$^{circ }$C, we calculate income losses for formal workers in non-agriculture markets equivalent to 0.12 per cent of 2015 GDP.","PeriodicalId":47751,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Development Economics","volume":"26 1","pages":"450 - 465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1355770X21000073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45282747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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