Pub Date : 2020-12-24DOI: 10.1080/09535314.2020.1856044
I. Cazcarro, Antonio F. Amores, I. Arto, K. Kratena
Multisectoral models usually have a single representative household. However, more diversity of household types is needed to analyse the effects of multiple phenomena (i.e. ageing, gender inequality, distributional income impact, etc.). Household consumption surveys’ microdata is a rich data source for these types of analysis. However, feeding multisectoral models with this type of information is not simple and recent studies show how even slightly inaccurate procedures might result in significantly biased results. This paper presents the full procedure for feeding household consumption microdata into macroeconomic models and for the first time provides in a systematic way an estimation of the bridge matrices needed to link European Union Household Budget Surveys’ microdata with the most popular multi-regional input–output frameworks (e.g. Eurostat, WIOD, EORA, OECD).
{"title":"Linking multisectoral economic models and consumption surveys for the European Union","authors":"I. Cazcarro, Antonio F. Amores, I. Arto, K. Kratena","doi":"10.1080/09535314.2020.1856044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1856044","url":null,"abstract":"Multisectoral models usually have a single representative household. However, more diversity of household types is needed to analyse the effects of multiple phenomena (i.e. ageing, gender inequality, distributional income impact, etc.). Household consumption surveys’ microdata is a rich data source for these types of analysis. However, feeding multisectoral models with this type of information is not simple and recent studies show how even slightly inaccurate procedures might result in significantly biased results. This paper presents the full procedure for feeding household consumption microdata into macroeconomic models and for the first time provides in a systematic way an estimation of the bridge matrices needed to link European Union Household Budget Surveys’ microdata with the most popular multi-regional input–output frameworks (e.g. Eurostat, WIOD, EORA, OECD).","PeriodicalId":47760,"journal":{"name":"Economic Systems Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"22 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09535314.2020.1856044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43107259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-22DOI: 10.1080/09535314.2020.1855418
Radomír Mach, Milan Ščasný, Jan Weinzettel
The homogeneity assumption, inherent to input–output (IO) analysis, implies that every euro spent within one product group is assigned the same environmental burden. We address this assumption applied to price conversion of household expenditures from purchasers’ to basic prices when the carbon footprint of consumption is calculated for specific household segments by linking the IO table and micro-level household consumption data. We perform a sensitivity analysis of the different allocations of the retail trade margin of two consumption groups (Food and Goods) across household expenditure deciles. While a differently allocated retail trade margin influences the carbon footprint of household segments, it does not challenge the general finding that households with higher expenditures are responsible for higher footprints. This finding holds also for different emission intensities of retail trade margins.
{"title":"The role of allocation of retail trade margins across household segments on their carbon footprint calculation","authors":"Radomír Mach, Milan Ščasný, Jan Weinzettel","doi":"10.1080/09535314.2020.1855418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1855418","url":null,"abstract":"The homogeneity assumption, inherent to input–output (IO) analysis, implies that every euro spent within one product group is assigned the same environmental burden. We address this assumption applied to price conversion of household expenditures from purchasers’ to basic prices when the carbon footprint of consumption is calculated for specific household segments by linking the IO table and micro-level household consumption data. We perform a sensitivity analysis of the different allocations of the retail trade margin of two consumption groups (Food and Goods) across household expenditure deciles. While a differently allocated retail trade margin influences the carbon footprint of household segments, it does not challenge the general finding that households with higher expenditures are responsible for higher footprints. This finding holds also for different emission intensities of retail trade margins.","PeriodicalId":47760,"journal":{"name":"Economic Systems Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"97 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09535314.2020.1855418","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41361817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-22DOI: 10.1080/09535314.2020.1848806
Ana-Isabel Guerra, L. Varela-Candamio, J. López-Rodríguez
This paper approximates the efficiency levels of the most relevant tax categories and their distributional patterns for a European country considering Spain as an illustrative example. This is done computing the ‘marginal’ excess burden of these taxes, taking into account the structure of the Spanish tax system before and after the major tax reforms undertaken since 2010. In doing so we use a static applied general equilibrium model, which features heterogeneous households classified according to their taxable income. In addition, and in identical terms, another alternative tax reform is evaluated: a flat value-added tax system and a reduction in employers’ social security contributions. Our results indicate that the alternative tax reform would have slightly improved the degree of efficiency of these taxes while implying a lower negative impact on aggregate income. Regarding distributive effects, we do not find significant differences between the actual and the alternative tax policies.
{"title":"Tax reforms in Spain: efficiency levels and distributional patterns","authors":"Ana-Isabel Guerra, L. Varela-Candamio, J. López-Rodríguez","doi":"10.1080/09535314.2020.1848806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1848806","url":null,"abstract":"This paper approximates the efficiency levels of the most relevant tax categories and their distributional patterns for a European country considering Spain as an illustrative example. This is done computing the ‘marginal’ excess burden of these taxes, taking into account the structure of the Spanish tax system before and after the major tax reforms undertaken since 2010. In doing so we use a static applied general equilibrium model, which features heterogeneous households classified according to their taxable income. In addition, and in identical terms, another alternative tax reform is evaluated: a flat value-added tax system and a reduction in employers’ social security contributions. Our results indicate that the alternative tax reform would have slightly improved the degree of efficiency of these taxes while implying a lower negative impact on aggregate income. Regarding distributive effects, we do not find significant differences between the actual and the alternative tax policies.","PeriodicalId":47760,"journal":{"name":"Economic Systems Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"41 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09535314.2020.1848806","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47476879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.1080/09535314.2020.1848807
Shohei Tokito, S. Kagawa, T. Hanaka
ABSTRACT Two frameworks, hypothetical extraction and betweenness centrality analysis, can be used to identify environmentally important sectors in complex supply chains. This study derives an analytic expression for the relationship between hypothetical extraction and betweenness centrality analysis. Second, using the Eora and WIOD, this study analyzes the degree of difference in ‘important’ sectors identified by hypothetical extraction and betweenness centrality analysis. While the results obtained by rank correlation yield similarities, both methods have advantages. This study demonstrates that estimating betweenness centrality is meaningful and less computationally expensive, and can help us to understand the structural positions in the global supply chain network. The hypothetical extraction indicators can be easily computed using the betweenness centrality indicators’ mathematical relationship. We conclude that the implementation of effective CO2-reduction polices through greener global supply chain engagement center around two key sectors, chemical and metal products from China, and their higher betweenness centrality should be strengthened.
{"title":"Hypothetical extraction, betweenness centrality, and supply chain complexity","authors":"Shohei Tokito, S. Kagawa, T. Hanaka","doi":"10.1080/09535314.2020.1848807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1848807","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Two frameworks, hypothetical extraction and betweenness centrality analysis, can be used to identify environmentally important sectors in complex supply chains. This study derives an analytic expression for the relationship between hypothetical extraction and betweenness centrality analysis. Second, using the Eora and WIOD, this study analyzes the degree of difference in ‘important’ sectors identified by hypothetical extraction and betweenness centrality analysis. While the results obtained by rank correlation yield similarities, both methods have advantages. This study demonstrates that estimating betweenness centrality is meaningful and less computationally expensive, and can help us to understand the structural positions in the global supply chain network. The hypothetical extraction indicators can be easily computed using the betweenness centrality indicators’ mathematical relationship. We conclude that the implementation of effective CO2-reduction polices through greener global supply chain engagement center around two key sectors, chemical and metal products from China, and their higher betweenness centrality should be strengthened.","PeriodicalId":47760,"journal":{"name":"Economic Systems Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"111 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09535314.2020.1848807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42811678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-27DOI: 10.1080/09535314.2020.1848808
Óscar Dejuán, Ferran Portella-Carbó, Mateo Ortiz
ABSTRACT This paper analyses the impacts of decarbonisation in three energy-intensive sectors/institutions (electricity generation, road transport, and household consumption) on four economic and environmental variables (value added, employment, energy consumption, and emissions). In our basic scenario, the EU is supposed to complete the decarbonisation of the selected sectors in 30 years, whereas in the rest of the world these sectors will be 30% decarbonised. We hypothesise that emissions and employment will fall once renewable sources of energy replace fossil fuels. Yet, in the meanwhile, massive investments are needed to build the required infrastructure. To compute the full impact, we apply a multiplier-accelerator model to a global multiregional hybrid input–output table derived from EXIOBASE3. In the EU, such a decarbonisation reduces yearly energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and employment by 22%, 19%, and 4%, respectively. Thus, additional measures are necessary to avoid global warming and absorb unemployment.
{"title":"Economic and environmental impacts of decarbonisation through a hybrid MRIO multiplier-accelerator model","authors":"Óscar Dejuán, Ferran Portella-Carbó, Mateo Ortiz","doi":"10.1080/09535314.2020.1848808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1848808","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper analyses the impacts of decarbonisation in three energy-intensive sectors/institutions (electricity generation, road transport, and household consumption) on four economic and environmental variables (value added, employment, energy consumption, and emissions). In our basic scenario, the EU is supposed to complete the decarbonisation of the selected sectors in 30 years, whereas in the rest of the world these sectors will be 30% decarbonised. We hypothesise that emissions and employment will fall once renewable sources of energy replace fossil fuels. Yet, in the meanwhile, massive investments are needed to build the required infrastructure. To compute the full impact, we apply a multiplier-accelerator model to a global multiregional hybrid input–output table derived from EXIOBASE3. In the EU, such a decarbonisation reduces yearly energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and employment by 22%, 19%, and 4%, respectively. Thus, additional measures are necessary to avoid global warming and absorb unemployment.","PeriodicalId":47760,"journal":{"name":"Economic Systems Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09535314.2020.1848808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46501993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-29DOI: 10.1080/09535314.2020.1839385
Bartlomiej Rokicki, O. Fritz, J. Horridge, G. Hewings
Spatial CGE models rely on detailed multiregional input–output (MRIO) tables. This paper compares two different approaches to compiling MRIO tables for Austria – an algorithm-based approach that regionalizes national input–output tables (IOT) and generates trade estimates using a predefined set of regional variables (i.e. Horridge’s algorithm), and a hybrid approach that uses as much regional and interregional data as possible. We investigate whether we observe differences in CGE simulation results that use them. Results from an aggregate simulation are surprisingly similar. So the algorithmic approach is, in fact, effective in making an MRIO from a national IOT. But noticeable differences appear at the sectoral level. They seem mainly due to differences in calibration rather than in regionalization.
{"title":"Survey-based versus algorithm-based multi-regional input–output tables within the CGE framework – the case of Austria","authors":"Bartlomiej Rokicki, O. Fritz, J. Horridge, G. Hewings","doi":"10.1080/09535314.2020.1839385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1839385","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial CGE models rely on detailed multiregional input–output (MRIO) tables. This paper compares two different approaches to compiling MRIO tables for Austria – an algorithm-based approach that regionalizes national input–output tables (IOT) and generates trade estimates using a predefined set of regional variables (i.e. Horridge’s algorithm), and a hybrid approach that uses as much regional and interregional data as possible. We investigate whether we observe differences in CGE simulation results that use them. Results from an aggregate simulation are surprisingly similar. So the algorithmic approach is, in fact, effective in making an MRIO from a national IOT. But noticeable differences appear at the sectoral level. They seem mainly due to differences in calibration rather than in regionalization.","PeriodicalId":47760,"journal":{"name":"Economic Systems Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"470 - 491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09535314.2020.1839385","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48502150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-29DOI: 10.1080/09535314.2020.1837741
Tobias Emonts-Holley, A. Ross, K. Swales
Type II input–output (IO) multipliers are frequently used for impact analysis. Unfortunately, there is no standard way to calculate these. The fundamental issue is that these multiplier methods endogenise household consumption but all have drawbacks because the IO accounts are missing key information required to consistently link household income and consumption to domestic economic activity. Using compatible regional and national data sets, we evaluate the values for various IO Type II multipliers to a benchmark value calculated with the aid of social accounting matrix data. The results suggest that the variation in Type II IO multiplier values generated by these alternative methods is an empirically non-trivial issue.
{"title":"Estimating induced effects in IO impact analysis: variation in the methods for calculating the Type II Leontief multipliers","authors":"Tobias Emonts-Holley, A. Ross, K. Swales","doi":"10.1080/09535314.2020.1837741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1837741","url":null,"abstract":"Type II input–output (IO) multipliers are frequently used for impact analysis. Unfortunately, there is no standard way to calculate these. The fundamental issue is that these multiplier methods endogenise household consumption but all have drawbacks because the IO accounts are missing key information required to consistently link household income and consumption to domestic economic activity. Using compatible regional and national data sets, we evaluate the values for various IO Type II multipliers to a benchmark value calculated with the aid of social accounting matrix data. The results suggest that the variation in Type II IO multiplier values generated by these alternative methods is an empirically non-trivial issue.","PeriodicalId":47760,"journal":{"name":"Economic Systems Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"429 - 445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09535314.2020.1837741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59621998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-29DOI: 10.1080/09535314.2020.1839386
C. Mardones, Claudio Brevis
In this study, a social accounting matrix with environmental accounts (SAMEA) for Chile is built based on the 2016 input-output tables, socioeconomic household survey, expenditure survey, among other information sources. The SAMEA has high disaggregation of the electricity sector that is not currently available in national accounts. Complementary information on the operating costs of different electricity subsectors (thermoelectric, solar, wind, hydro, and biomass) from national and international studies are obtained. Then, intersectoral indicators, accounting multipliers, and simulations of shocks (subsidy on the non-conventional renewable energy subsectors and environmental taxes) are calculated. The main findings of the study show that each electricity subsector has different production technology and emission intensity. In consequence, energy and environmental policies simulated with intersectoral models that do not disaggregate the electricity sector would produce significant biases in the results.
{"title":"Constructing a SAMEA to analyze energy and environmental policies in Chile","authors":"C. Mardones, Claudio Brevis","doi":"10.1080/09535314.2020.1839386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1839386","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a social accounting matrix with environmental accounts (SAMEA) for Chile is built based on the 2016 input-output tables, socioeconomic household survey, expenditure survey, among other information sources. The SAMEA has high disaggregation of the electricity sector that is not currently available in national accounts. Complementary information on the operating costs of different electricity subsectors (thermoelectric, solar, wind, hydro, and biomass) from national and international studies are obtained. Then, intersectoral indicators, accounting multipliers, and simulations of shocks (subsidy on the non-conventional renewable energy subsectors and environmental taxes) are calculated. The main findings of the study show that each electricity subsector has different production technology and emission intensity. In consequence, energy and environmental policies simulated with intersectoral models that do not disaggregate the electricity sector would produce significant biases in the results.","PeriodicalId":47760,"journal":{"name":"Economic Systems Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"576 - 602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09535314.2020.1839386","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42676221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/09535314.2020.1804704
{"title":"Retraction: Tracing Knowledge Flows in Innovation Systems—an Informetric Perspective on Future Research Science-based Innovation","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/09535314.2020.1804704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1804704","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47760,"journal":{"name":"Economic Systems Research","volume":"32 1","pages":"585 - 585"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09535314.2020.1804704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46638733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-29DOI: 10.1080/09535314.2020.1827224
Á. García-Alaminos, Mateo Ortiz, Guadalupe Arce, J. Zafrilla
Multinational corporations (MNEs) have been at the forefront of the geographical disintegration of production chains in search of lower salaries, among other reasons, which led to a global race to the bottom in labour standards. Therefore, significant amounts of indecent work are currently embodied in MNEs’ global value chains, compromising not only the brands’ corporative image but also the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. In this work, we shed light on this matter by estimating the indecent-work-conditions related impacts linked to the foreign activities of MNEs from the United States. Using a socially extended MRIO model that integrates three social indicators (forced labour, fatal and nonfatal occupational injuries), we found that these activities show increasing trends between 2009 and 2013 on indecent labour, contributing with 1.1%–1.3% of the global cases. United States affiliates located in India, China and Brazil, show the highest ratios per unit of value-added.
{"title":"Reassembling social defragmented responsibilities: the indecent labour footprint of US multinationals overseas","authors":"Á. García-Alaminos, Mateo Ortiz, Guadalupe Arce, J. Zafrilla","doi":"10.1080/09535314.2020.1827224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1827224","url":null,"abstract":"Multinational corporations (MNEs) have been at the forefront of the geographical disintegration of production chains in search of lower salaries, among other reasons, which led to a global race to the bottom in labour standards. Therefore, significant amounts of indecent work are currently embodied in MNEs’ global value chains, compromising not only the brands’ corporative image but also the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. In this work, we shed light on this matter by estimating the indecent-work-conditions related impacts linked to the foreign activities of MNEs from the United States. Using a socially extended MRIO model that integrates three social indicators (forced labour, fatal and nonfatal occupational injuries), we found that these activities show increasing trends between 2009 and 2013 on indecent labour, contributing with 1.1%–1.3% of the global cases. United States affiliates located in India, China and Brazil, show the highest ratios per unit of value-added.","PeriodicalId":47760,"journal":{"name":"Economic Systems Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"536 - 554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09535314.2020.1827224","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48494517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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