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Workshop 1 report: Regulatory regimes: National and comparative regulation of public transport 研讨会 1 报告:监管制度:国家和比较公共交通监管
IF 3.8 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101393
John Preston, Anders Wretstrand

This workshop considered whether there was a need for a fourth way (or ways) to organise and regulate public transport to complement the three existing models of classic regulation, deregulation and limited competition (including competition for the market). This was particularly viewed from the perspective of what constitutes a good (public) transport authority. The evidence was based on five source papers and extensive discussions between the 14 workshop participants from eight countries. The key outcome was an update and extension of the Strategic, Tactical and Operational (STO) framework for planning and controlling public transport, with an enhanced focus on organisational and wider socio-economic aspects. However, the search for the elusive fourth way and the specification of the transport authority (and related bodies) to deliver public value continues.

本次研讨会审议了是否需要第四种(或多种)组织和监管公共交通的方式,以补充现有的传统监管、放松监管和有限竞争(包括市场竞争)三种模式。特别是从什么是好的(公共)运输管理机构的角度来看待这个问题。这些证据基于五份原始文件以及来自八个国家的 14 位研讨会与会者之间的广泛讨论。主要成果是更新和扩展了规划和控制公共交通的战略、战术和运营(STO)框架,更加注重组织和更广泛的社会经济方面。然而,对难以捉摸的第四条道路以及交通管理部门(及相关机构)实现公共价值的具体要求的探索仍在继续。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring market power of rail incumbents 衡量铁路现有企业的市场力量
IF 3.8 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101372
Jakub Chini, Ondřej Špetík, Martin Kvizda

The aim of this article is to assess the market power of the state-owned incumbents within the open-access lines in Europe and compare it among themselves. This article investigates three open-access lines in Europe: Prague-Ostrava line (in the Czech Republic), Vienna-Salzburg line (in Austria) and Bratislava-Košice (in Slovakia). The market power assessment of each of the state-owned incumbents on these lines is based on their market shares, average revenues per passenger-kilometre, whether there is a vertical separation of the infrastructure owner and railway service provider and the role of state intervention. Our results show that the state-owned incumbent in the Czech Republic on the Prague-Ostrava line has the lowest market power in comparison to other investigated open-access lines.

本文旨在评估欧洲开放式接入线路中国有企业的市场支配力,并对其进行比较。本文调查了欧洲的三条开放式线路:布拉格-奥斯特拉瓦线(捷克共和国)、维也纳-萨尔茨堡线(奥地利)和布拉迪斯拉发-科希策线(斯洛伐克)。对这些线路上每家国有企业市场支配力的评估基于其市场份额、每客运公里的平均收入、基础设施所有者与铁路服务提供者是否存在纵向分离以及国家干预的作用。我们的研究结果表明,与其他被调查的开放式线路相比,捷克共和国布拉格-俄斯特拉发线路上的国有企业的市场支配力最低。
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引用次数: 0
Transitioning e-commerce: Perceived pathways for the Norwegian urban freight sector 向电子商务转型:挪威城市货运业的发展之路
IF 3.8 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101391
Kristin Ystmark Bjerkan, Sahar Babri

E-commerce is becoming an increasingly visible feature of modern society that places increasing strain on transport systems. Research has hitherto paid substantial attention to ways in which e-commerce might modify personal travel behaviour but has been less attentive to the ramifications of e-commerce for urban freight. Although contemporary conditions of urban freight are increasingly scrutinised by scholars in several disciplines, this study peeks into the future of urban freight from the scholarly perspective of sustainability transitions. Specifically, we investigate what expectations Norwegian freight providers hold for the transition pathways of their own sector. We find that the Norwegian urban freight sector expects technological shifts to be most prominent, pointing to the replacement of vans and lorries with low-emission models. Conversely, although deemed important enough, the urban freight sector orients less towards behavioural shifts that enhance efficiencies within and across freight providers. To ensure more transformative effects in the transition pathways of urban freight, we thus advise decision-makers in urban planning to establish inclusive approaches to policy making that enhance the legitimacy of technological and behavioural shifts in urban freight alike.

电子商务正日益成为现代社会的一个显著特征,给运输系统带来越来越大的压力。迄今为止,有关电子商务如何改变个人旅行行为的研究一直备受关注,但对电子商务对城市货运的影响却关注较少。尽管多个学科的学者对城市货运的当代状况进行了越来越多的研究,但本研究从可持续发展转型的学术视角窥探了城市货运的未来。具体而言,我们调查了挪威货运供应商对其自身行业转型途径的期望。我们发现,挪威城市货运部门对技术转型的期望最为突出,并指出将以低排放车型取代货车和卡车。与此相反,城市货运部门虽然认为技术转变足够重要,但对提高货运供应商内部和之间效率的行为转变却不太重视。因此,为了确保城市货运转型之路产生更大的变革性影响,我们建议城市规划的决策者建立包容性的政策制定方法,以增强城市货运技术和行为转变的合法性。
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引用次数: 0
A methodological procedure for evaluating curve-related misclassifications in motor vehicle crash databases 评估机动车碰撞数据库中与曲线相关的错误分类的方法程序
IF 3.8 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101389
Yang Xu , Zhe Han , Zhanmin Zhang , Michael Murphy

Motor vehicle crashes have been identified as a leading cause of death all over the world. To better promote traffic safety and protect lives of the traveling public, transportation agencies develop crash databases to effectively manage reportable motor vehicle crashes. Crash reports from law enforcement authorities usually serve as the primary source for motor vehicle crash data. However, unintentional errors in law enforcement crash reports, errors in state-maintained crash databases, and the migration and rearrangement of data could introduce problems of data consistency in crash databases. One such identified data inconsistency is regarding horizontal curves. It can result in misidentifications of curve-related crashes, which can affect safety analysis using these data. This is significant since many studies have related horizontal curves to crash frequency and severity. To solve this problem, this study proposed a methodological procedure for evaluating (i.e., identifying, classifying, and quantifying) curve-related misclassifications in crash databases. The applicability of the proposed methodological procedure was illustrated through a case study using the Crash Records Information System (CRIS) maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). The results indicated that transportation agencies could employ the proposed methodological procedure to evaluate inconsistencies associated with curve-related crash data both effectively and efficiently.

机动车撞车事故已被确定为全球死亡的主要原因。为了更好地促进交通安全和保护公众的生命安全,交通机构开发了碰撞数据库,以有效管理应报告的机动车碰撞事故。来自执法部门的碰撞事故报告通常是机动车碰撞事故数据的主要来源。然而,执法部门的碰撞事故报告中的无意错误、国家维护的碰撞事故数据库中的错误以及数据的迁移和重新排列都会给碰撞事故数据库带来数据一致性问题。其中一个已发现的数据不一致问题是水平曲线。这可能会导致与曲线相关的碰撞事故识别错误,从而影响使用这些数据进行安全分析。这一点非常重要,因为许多研究都将水平曲线与碰撞频率和严重程度相关联。为了解决这个问题,本研究提出了一种方法程序,用于评估(即识别、分类和量化)碰撞数据库中与曲线相关的错误分类。通过使用得克萨斯州交通部(TxDOT)维护的碰撞记录信息系统(CRIS)进行案例研究,说明了所建议的方法程序的适用性。研究结果表明,交通机构可以采用所提出的方法程序,有效、高效地评估与曲线相关的碰撞数据的不一致性。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial effect of digital economy on the coordinated development of Port cities 数字经济对港口城市协调发展的空间效应
IF 3.8 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101385
Bo Lin , Jie Tang , Yicong Zhong , Chang Dai , Bo Lu

Under the background of thriving digital economy and the digitization of port industry, using data derived from port cities in Guangdong, this study intends to investigate the spatial effect of digital economy on the port city coordination. This paper firstly measures the port city coupling coordination degrees and the digital economy comprehensive development levels, then estimates the spatial spill over effect of digital economy on the port city coordination by constructing the dynamic Spatial Durbin Model (SDM). To further clarify local patterns of the spatial effect, this paper subsequently analyses the spatial effects within and between three sub regions in Guangdong. The results show that first, the port city coordination has a habit persistence; second, the digital economy development may be mainly due to the local policy; third, the digital economy has a positive spatial spillover effect on the port city coordination, and the effect will increase over time; forth, the spatial effects in the Pearl River Delta and in the western and eastern areas present different patterns. The quantitative research enriches the port city theory under the new circumstances of digital economy, and brings new insights into regional integration and sustainable development.

在数字经济蓬勃发展和港口产业数字化的背景下,本研究利用广东港口城市数据,探讨数字经济对港口城市协调的空间效应。本文首先测度港口城市耦合协调度和数字经济综合发展水平,然后通过构建动态空间杜宾模型(SDM)估计数字经济对港口城市协调的空间溢出效应。为进一步厘清空间效应的局部模式,本文随后分析了广东三个次区域内部和次区域之间的空间效应。结果表明:第一,港口城市协调性具有惯性持久性;第二,数字经济发展可能主要受当地政策影响;第三,数字经济对港口城市协调性具有正向空间溢出效应,且该效应会随着时间的推移而增强;第四,珠三角和东西部地区的空间效应呈现不同的模式。定量研究丰富了数字经济新形势下的港口城市理论,为区域一体化和可持续发展带来了新的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Should I wait or should I go? Encouraging customers to make the more sustainable delivery choice 我该等还是该走?鼓励客户选择更可持续的送货方式
IF 3.8 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101388
Alinda Kokkinou , Hans Quak , Ondrej Mitas , Albert Mandemakers

The rise of e-commerce has led to an increase in parcel deliveries, increasing the need to address the cost and environmental impact of last-mile delivery. Customers who have become accustomed to next-day free delivery can play an important role therein by choosing more sustainable delivery options. Retailers and logistic service providers could give customers the choice to wait for their delivery or pick up their parcel from collection-and-delivery points. The purpose of this study was to examine how customers (the parcel recipients) can be stimulated to choose a more sustainable delivery option, and how this affects their satisfaction. Using two scenario-based experiments we found that customers can be steered towards more sustainable last mile delivery choices using financial and non-financial incentives. Financial incentives, in the form of a surcharge for the least sustainable option, were found to be very effective at extrinsically motivating customers to choose a more sustainable option yet had a negative impact on their satisfaction. The results provide insights for retailers to include sustainable delivery options at the check-out, and contribute to decision making on urban planning and utilization of urban space for e-commerce activities, as both parcel lockers and pick-up points require urban space.

电子商务的兴起导致了包裹递送量的增加,从而更加需要解决最后一英里递送的成本和环境影响问题。习惯了次日免费送货的顾客可以通过选择更可持续的送货方式在其中发挥重要作用。零售商和物流服务提供商可以让顾客选择等待送货或到收货点领取包裹。本研究的目的是探讨如何激励客户(包裹收件人)选择更具可持续性的送货方式,以及这对客户满意度的影响。通过两个基于情景的实验,我们发现可以利用经济和非经济激励措施引导客户选择更具可持续性的最后一英里递送方式。我们发现,对最不可再生性的选择收取附加费这种形式的经济激励措施能有效地从外部激励顾客选择更可再生的选择,但却对顾客的满意度产生了负面影响。研究结果为零售商在结账时加入可持续送货选项提供了启示,并有助于城市规划决策和电子商务活动对城市空间的利用,因为包裹柜和取货点都需要城市空间。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of new energy transportation means on China's food import 新能源运输手段对中国食品进口的影响
IF 3.8 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101386
Kai Ma , Lei Zhao

The significance of new energy transportation in China's transportation sector is growing, accompanied by its increasing impact on the economy. Food production and importation play a crucial role in ensuring food security in China, with a specific emphasis on the importance of food import. Transportation is a key factor influencing food import, and China's current new energy transportation means may affect the efficiency of food transportation due to factors such as limited range, lower payload capacity, etc. These uncertainties pose potential risks to China's national security. This study aims to investigate the influence of new energy transportation on food import. The findings indicate that when the proportion of new energy transportation in total transportation is relatively low, its impact on food import is minimal. However, as the proportion increases significantly, it leads to a substantial decline in food import. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, emphasizing the need for cautious consideration when employing new energy transportation means for food transport.

新能源交通在中国交通领域的重要性越来越大,对经济的影响也越来越大。粮食生产和进口在确保中国粮食安全方面发挥着至关重要的作用,特别强调粮食进口的重要性。运输是影响食品进口的关键因素,中国目前的新能源运输手段,由于航程有限、有效载荷能力较低等因素,可能会影响食品运输的效率。这些不确定性对中国的国家安全构成潜在风险。本研究旨在探讨新能源运输对食品进口的影响。研究结果表明,当新能源运输占总运输比重较低时,其对食品进口的影响最小。然而,随着这一比例的大幅增加,导致粮食进口大幅下降。这些发现为政策制定者提供了有价值的见解,强调在采用新能源运输方式进行食品运输时需要谨慎考虑。
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引用次数: 0
Ecommerce and environmental justice in metro Seattle 西雅图市区的电子商务和环境正义
IF 3.8 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101382
Travis Fried, Rishi Verma, Anne Goodchild

Urban distribution centers (UDCs) are opening at unprecedented rates to meet rising home delivery demand. The trend has raised concerns over the equity and environmental justice implications of ecommerce's negative externalities. However, little research exists connecting UDC location to the concentration of urban freight-derived air pollution among marginalized populations. Using spatial data of Amazon UDCs in metropolitan Seattle, this study quantifies the socio-spatial distribution of home delivery-related commercial vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT), corresponding air pollution, and explanatory factors. Results reveal that racial and income factors are relevant to criteria air pollutant exposure caused by home deliveries, due to tracts with majority people of color being closer in proximity to UDCs and highways. Tracts with majority people of color face the highest median concentration of delivery vehicle activity and emissions despite ordering less packages than white populations. While both cargo van and heavy-duty truck emissions disproportionately affect people of color, the socio-spatial distribution of truck emissions shows higher sensitivity to fluctuations in utilization. Prioritizing environmental mitigation of freight activity further up the urban distribution chain in proximity to UDCs, therefore, would have an outsized impact in minimizing disparities in ecommerce's negative externalities.

城市配送中心(udc)正以前所未有的速度开放,以满足日益增长的送货上门需求。这一趋势引发了人们对电子商务负面外部性对公平和环境正义影响的担忧。然而,很少有研究将UDC地点与边缘人口中城市货运引起的空气污染集中联系起来。本研究利用西雅图市区亚马逊配送中心的空间数据,量化了与送货上门相关的商用车行驶公里数(VKT)、相应的空气污染及其解释因素的社会空间分布。结果显示,种族和收入因素与家庭分娩引起的空气污染物暴露标准有关,因为大多数有色人种居住的地区更靠近udc和高速公路。尽管与白人相比,有色人种占多数的地区订购的包裹较少,但快递车辆活动和排放的中位数浓度最高。虽然货车和重型卡车的排放对有色人种的影响不成比例,但卡车排放的社会空间分布对利用率波动的敏感性更高。因此,优先考虑城市分销链上游靠近udc的货运活动的环境缓解,将对最大限度地减少电子商务的负面外部性差异产生巨大影响。
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引用次数: 0
Willingness to pay for changes in travel time and work time: A stated choice experiment of US commuters 愿意为旅行时间和工作时间的变化付费:美国通勤者的一项明确选择实验
IF 3.8 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101381
Niranjan Poudel, Patrick A. Singleton

Studying the tradeoffs between commuting, working, and money—including the willingness to pay (WTP) for changes to travel time and work time—is of interest in both travel behavior research and transportation practice. Our study's objectives were to: (1) quantify WTP for travel time and work time changes; (2) measure preference heterogeneity in these time values; and (3) examine sensitivities to changes in income and travel cost. First, we conducted a stated choice experiment that added work time and income to traditional travel time and cost attributes, collecting data from 675 US adult commuters in late 2020. Second, we estimated pseudo panel mixed multinomial logit models with random and systematic preference heterogeneity. Average WTP was larger for travel time changes than for work time changes, although values varied across personal, household, and commute/work characteristics. Overall and on the margin, US commuters appear to dislike commuting more than they dislike working, a finding which differs from previous studies in Chile and Austria. Although future work could improve the realism of the choice experiment, our research offers a simple stated preference method to help work towards advancing an understanding of the values and tradeoffs involving both working and commuting.

研究通勤、工作和金钱之间的权衡,包括对旅行时间和工作时间变化的支付意愿(WTP),是旅行行为研究和交通实践的兴趣所在。我们的研究目标是:(1)量化旅行时间和工作时间变化的WTP;(2)测量这些时间值的偏好异质性;(3)考察对收入和旅行成本变化的敏感性。首先,我们进行了一项明确的选择实验,将工作时间和收入添加到传统的旅行时间和成本属性中,收集了2020年底675名美国成年通勤者的数据。其次,我们估计了具有随机和系统偏好异质性的伪面板混合多项logit模型。出行时间变化的平均WTP大于工作时间变化,尽管个人、家庭和通勤/工作特征的值有所不同。总体而言,美国通勤者对通勤的厌恶程度似乎超过对工作的厌恶程度,这一发现与此前在智利和奥地利进行的研究不同。虽然未来的工作可能会提高选择实验的现实性,但我们的研究提供了一种简单的陈述偏好方法,以帮助推进对涉及工作和通勤的价值和权衡的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Acceptability of transportation demand management policy packages considering interactions and socio-economic heterogeneity 考虑到相互作用和社会经济异质性的运输需求管理一揽子政策的可接受性
IF 3.8 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101374
Amin Moeinaddini , Meeghat Habibian

The Transportation Demand Management (TDM) policies will not be authorized if they have not enough public acceptability. In this study, policy packing is proposed as a way to alleviate the unacceptability of coercive (push) TDM policies that have considerable effectiveness (e.g., cordon and parking pricing) by using some non-coercive (pull) TDM policies (e.g., transit development). Furthermore, in addition to the main effects, the interaction effects of TDM policies on the acceptability of two policy packages are addressed. Policy package (I) includes cordon pricing and reduction of transit access time, and Policy package (II) contains parking pricing and reduction of transit access time. A Random Parameter Ordered Logit (RPOL) model is developed based on a choice experiment designed for car commuters of Tehran, Iran. Results confirm that while reducing transit access time have a significant interaction effect with cordon pricing on the acceptability of Package (I) it has not a significant interaction effect with parking pricing on the acceptability of Package (II). Furthermore, the heterogeneity of respondents' cars value and the presence of free parking at the workplace can significantly affect the acceptability of Package (II). This study also addresses the effect of respondents’ trip and socio-economic characteristics on the acceptability.

交通需求管理(TDM)政策如果没有足够的公众接受度,将不会获得批准。在这项研究中,政策包装被提出作为一种方式来减轻强制性(推)TDM政策的不可接受性,这些政策具有相当大的有效性(例如,警戒线和停车定价),通过使用一些非强制性(拉)TDM政策(例如,交通发展)。此外,除了主要效应外,还讨论了TDM政策对两个政策包的可接受性的相互作用效应。政策包(I)包括封锁线定价和减少公交通行时间,政策包(II)包括停车定价和减少公交通行时间。以伊朗德黑兰的汽车通勤者为研究对象,建立了随机参数有序Logit (RPOL)模型。结果表明,减少公交通行时间与警戒线收费对方案(一)的可接受性有显著交互作用,而与停车收费对方案(二)的可接受性无显著交互作用。被调查者的汽车价值的异质性和工作场所是否存在免费停车场会显著影响套餐的可接受性(II)。本研究还探讨了被调查者的出行和社会经济特征对可接受性的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Research in Transportation Economics
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