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Security perceptions in ride-sharing services: Influencing factors and effective solutions 拼车服务中的安全认知:影响因素及有效解决方案
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101689
Marzieh Afsari, Salar Salehi, Lory Michelle Bresciani Miristice, Guido Gentile
Ride-sharing offers flexibility and cost-efficiency, but presents security challenges, especially in developing countries. In Iran, a country with a longstanding tradition of ride-sharing, this study investigates how users perceive security, and which measures they consider effective. We collected survey data from 270 participants and applied factor analysis to identify latent dimensions influencing perceived security, including experiences, social influences, family norm, and religion. These factors and demographics were included in an ordered logit model to assess their impact on perceived security. Results show gender is the strongest predictor, with women reporting lower security than men. However, men also feel insecure, especially at night or outside urban areas. These findings underscore the need to combine gender-neutral and gender-sensitive strategies to ensure fairness while addressing the diverse security needs. Other significant variables include age, past harassment experience, media exposure, and family norms. Those with very low perceived security are less responsive to interventions than those with moderate or higher security. We also evaluated user preferences for a range of proposed measures. Cameras and tracking received strong support, with many expressing a willingness to pay for increased security. Security apps showed promise, but users stressed the need for better privacy, preventive functions, and real-time response.
拼车提供了灵活性和成本效益,但也带来了安全挑战,尤其是在发展中国家。在伊朗这个有着长期共享出行传统的国家,这项研究调查了用户如何看待安全,以及他们认为哪些措施有效。我们收集了270名参与者的调查数据,并运用因子分析找出影响安全感感知的潜在维度,包括经历、社会影响、家庭规范和宗教。这些因素和人口统计数据被包括在一个有序logit模型中,以评估它们对感知安全的影响。结果显示,性别是最有力的预测因素,女性报告的安全感低于男性。然而,男性也会感到不安全,尤其是在晚上或城市以外的地方。这些调查结果强调需要将性别中立和性别敏感战略结合起来,以确保公平,同时满足各种安全需求。其他重要的变量包括年龄、过去的骚扰经历、媒体曝光和家庭规范。安全感非常低的人对干预的反应要低于安全感中等或更高的人。我们还评估了用户对一系列拟议措施的偏好。摄像头和跟踪得到了强烈支持,许多人表示愿意为加强安全付费。安全应用程序显示出了希望,但用户强调需要更好的隐私、预防功能和实时响应。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring factors influencing e-scooter use in Mediterranean cities 探索影响地中海城市电动滑板车使用的因素
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101675
Gabriele D'Orso , Karyn Scerri , Maria Attard , Marco Migliore
E-scooters, both private and shared, have emerged as popular micromobility options addressing first/last-mile issues, increasing accessibility and in some cases, complementing public transport and reducing car use. However, their rapid uptake presents regulatory and safety challenges, even in Mediterranean cities. This study examines e-scooter user and non-user perceptions in Malta and Palermo (Sicily), focusing on socio-demographic characteristics, travel behaviours, attitudes and perceptions of e-scooter as transport mode. Data were collected through an online survey in Malta and Palermo for adults over the age of 18. Results show that surveyed non-users are predominantly female, older people and individuals having children. Younger people are more likely to be frequent users as well as high-educated people (in Malta) and people living in the city centre (in Palermo). The perception of the quality of the e-scooter sharing and the perception of safety issues were found to significantly impact the frequency of use of shared e-scooters in Malta, while the perception of safety and self-perception of physical abilities were found significant in Palermo. These findings are discussed in relation to the specific characteristics of Mediterranean cities. This research fills gaps in understanding micromobility choices, offering insights and policy recommendations to enhance e-scooter safety and adoption in Mediterranean contexts.
电动滑板车,无论是私人的还是共享的,已经成为流行的微型交通选择,解决了第一/最后一英里的问题,增加了可达性,在某些情况下,补充了公共交通,减少了汽车的使用。然而,它们的迅速普及带来了监管和安全方面的挑战,即使在地中海城市也是如此。本研究考察了马耳他和巴勒莫(西西里岛)的电动滑板车用户和非用户的看法,重点关注社会人口特征、旅行行为、对电动滑板车作为交通方式的态度和看法。数据是在马耳他和巴勒莫通过在线调查收集的,对象是18岁以上的成年人。结果显示,被调查的非使用者主要是女性、老年人和有孩子的人。年轻人、受过高等教育的人(在马耳他)和住在市中心的人(在巴勒莫)更有可能成为频繁的用户。在马耳他,对共享电动滑板车质量的感知和对安全问题的感知显著影响共享电动滑板车的使用频率,而在巴勒莫,对安全的感知和对身体能力的自我感知显著影响共享电动滑板车的使用频率。这些发现与地中海城市的具体特征有关。这项研究填补了理解微型交通选择的空白,为提高地中海地区电动滑板车的安全性和采用提供了见解和政策建议。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of the spatial range advantage of vehicle owners and its implications on vehicle ownership aspirations: Insights from India and takeaways for transportation equity 车主空间距离优势分析及其对车主拥有意愿的影响:来自印度的见解和交通公平的启示
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101661
Sandip Chakrabarti , Muskan Verma
The existence, causes, and consequences of the accessibility advantage offered by personal motorized vehicles relative to alternative modes have been explored in the literature. We use data from a relatively understudied geographical context to estimate the magnitude and analyze the implications of the disparity in spatial range, specifically the 60-min travel range – i.e., the maximum distance that can be covered, on average, via the multimodal transportation network – between personal motorized vehicle owners and non-owners. A higher travel range within a specified time window may indicate greater accessibility to opportunities. We use nationally representative survey data comprising over 178,000 households across India to first examine whether and to what extent household vehicle ownership is associated with a relative 60-min travel range advantage. Using an experience- and perception-based measure of household-level travel range, we find that the 60-min travel range of vehicle-owning households is at least 10 % more than vehicle-less households. This travel range advantage is relatively greater in rural and low-density areas and locations with limited public transit services. Next, we analyze whether the 60-min travel range determines the aspiration of owning a household vehicle. In urban areas, a one-km lower 60-min travel range is associated with about 5 % higher odds of aspiring to own a car. Our analysis highlights that existing vehicle owners in India enjoy a potential spatial travel range advantage relative to non-owners, and that this advantage promotes latent demand for vehicle ownership in urban areas. Closing the gap can ensure equity in accessibility and reduce personal vehicle dependence.
文献中已经探讨了个人机动车辆相对于其他模式提供的可达性优势的存在、原因和后果。我们使用一个相对未被充分研究的地理环境的数据来估计和分析空间范围差异的程度和影响,特别是60分钟的旅行范围,即通过多式联运网络平均可以覆盖的最大距离,在个人机动车辆所有者和非所有者之间。在一个特定的时间窗口内,较大的行程范围可能表明更容易获得机会。我们使用具有全国代表性的调查数据,包括印度超过178,000个家庭,首先检查家庭车辆拥有量是否以及在多大程度上与相对60分钟的旅行距离优势相关。使用基于经验和感知的家庭层面出行距离度量,我们发现有车家庭的60分钟出行距离至少比无车家庭多10%。这种出行距离优势在农村和低密度地区以及公共交通服务有限的地区相对更大。接下来,我们分析60分钟的出行范围是否决定了拥有家用汽车的意愿。在城市地区,60分钟的行驶距离每缩短1公里,有志于拥有汽车的几率就会增加5%左右。我们的分析强调,与非车主相比,印度现有车主享有潜在的空间旅行距离优势,而这一优势促进了城市地区对汽车拥有的潜在需求。缩小差距可以确保无障碍的公平性,减少个人对车辆的依赖。
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引用次数: 0
ESG disclosure as a proxy of port corporate communication and sustainable management strategy: An LDA approach ESG披露作为港口企业沟通和可持续管理战略的代理:LDA方法
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101680
Michael Tsatsaronis , Agapi Stergiouli , George Vaggelas
The contemporary port industry faces intense competition, compelling port authorities and operators to enhance efficiency and effectiveness as proxies for competitiveness. Environmental-Social-Governance (ESG) schemes have recently emerged as a means for ports to create value beyond core activities, engaging broader stakeholder groups. ESG encompasses environmental, social, and governance factors influencing a company's value creation and competitiveness. This paper examines the role of ESG reporting in enhancing corporate communication and sustainable strategic management in the port industry, focusing on case studies of the Piraeus Port Authority S.A. and Thessaloniki Port Authority the backbone of the Greek port system. Utilizing an innovative quantitative content analysis model, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), the study analyzes sustainability reports from 2019 to 2023. The findings reveal a shift towards more integrated and proactive sustainability strategies, with increased stakeholder engagement and digital communication. This study underscores the critical role of ESG reporting in shaping corporate communication and sustainable strategic management, highlighting the need for ongoing research to address evolving challenges and opportunities. Also, it unveils the aiming of ESG strategies of the two major Greek ports under the light of the engagement of private investors/port operators. As ports navigate the complexities of the modern business environment, embracing robust ESG practices will be essential for fostering long-term value creation and maintaining competitive advantage, especially in the Greek pot industry in which ESG adoption is at its early stages.
当代港口行业面临着激烈的竞争,迫使港口当局和运营商提高效率和效益,作为竞争力的代表。环境-社会治理(ESG)计划最近成为港口在核心活动之外创造价值的一种手段,吸引了更广泛的利益相关者群体。ESG包括影响公司价值创造和竞争力的环境、社会和治理因素。本文探讨了ESG报告在加强港口行业企业沟通和可持续战略管理方面的作用,重点研究了希腊港口系统支柱——比雷埃夫斯港务局S.A.和塞萨洛尼基港务局的案例。该研究利用创新的定量内容分析模型,潜在狄利克雷分配(LDA),分析了2019年至2023年的可持续发展报告。调查结果显示,随着利益相关者的参与和数字沟通的增加,企业正在向更加综合和主动的可持续发展战略转变。本研究强调了ESG报告在塑造企业沟通和可持续战略管理方面的关键作用,强调了持续研究以应对不断变化的挑战和机遇的必要性。此外,它还揭示了在私人投资者/港口运营商参与的情况下,希腊两个主要港口的ESG战略目标。随着港口在复杂的现代商业环境中导航,拥抱稳健的ESG实践对于促进长期价值创造和保持竞争优势至关重要,特别是在ESG采用处于早期阶段的希腊大麻行业。
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引用次数: 0
Navigating haze: Assessing the effect of transboundary haze on households’ choice of transportation mode during the school run 雾霾导航:评估跨境雾霾对家庭上学期间交通方式选择的影响
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101677
Michelle H. Lee , Hui Le Yong
Singapore is affected by transboundary haze events, where adverse health effects from particulate pollutants exposure instigate individuals to take protective measures. Transport policymakers are concerned how individuals might change their commuting behaviours to reduce outdoor air exposure— specifically, switching from “open” transport modes (walking, etc.) where commuters may be required to wait for transit or travel the last mile outdoors, to “closed” transport modes (point-to-point private transport). Such trends make efforts to reduce reliance on private transport more challenging. We assess the effect that knowledge of an impending haze event has on parents' transport mode decisions for their primary school child's school commute. We exploit a randomized experiment embedded within a survey to tease out the incremental effect of varying transboundary haze severity (Band 2: Elevated, Band 3: High, Band 4: Very High) on parents' preference to send their child to school via “closed” transport modes. We find that while haze increases parents' motivation to switch to “closed” modes of transportation, the effect is not linear. Our findings have implications for transport mode utilization beyond haze to all aspects of environmental harms, as households grow increasingly aware and concerned about the interaction of transportation and health outcomes.
新加坡受到跨界雾霾事件的影响,接触颗粒污染物对健康产生不利影响,促使个人采取保护措施。交通政策制定者关注的是个人如何改变他们的通勤行为以减少室外空气暴露——具体来说,从“开放式”交通模式(步行等)转变为“封闭式”交通模式(点对点私人交通),因为通勤者可能需要等待过境或在户外走最后一英里。这种趋势使减少对私人交通的依赖的努力更具挑战性。我们评估了即将到来的雾霾事件对家长为小学生上学通勤选择交通方式的影响。我们利用一项调查中的随机实验,梳理出不同跨境雾霾严重程度(2级:高,3级:高,4级:非常高)对家长选择“封闭”交通方式送孩子上学的增量影响。我们发现,虽然雾霾增加了家长转向“封闭”交通方式的动机,但这种效果不是线性的。随着家庭越来越意识到并关注交通与健康结果的相互作用,我们的研究结果对除雾霾之外的交通方式利用以及环境危害的各个方面都有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting the Transantiago reform: were all the lessons learned? 重新审视圣地亚哥铁路改革:所有的教训都吸取了吗?
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101676
Andrés Gómez-Lobo
In Santiago, the capital of Chile, an ambitious reform of the public transport system, named Transantiago, was introduced in February 2007. Serious design and implementation problems were immediately evident, creating a major social and political crisis. In this paper we revisit this experience and argue that one of the main ―if not the main― design errors behind the initial failure was the lack of funding for infrastructure and operational subsidies. The higher cost of the new system was implicitly funded through a decrease in the fleet size and network coverage, as well as an excessive trunk-feeder service configuration. This ultimately led to an increase in the generalized cost of transit and a significant reduction in users’ welfare. We argue that this same issue is apparent in other problematic transit reforms in the region, including Mibus in Panama, SITP in Bogota and the SITM experience in intermediate cities of Colombia. The main lesson for policymakers is that if public funds are not available then the pace and ambitions of a transit reform need to be scaled back.
2007年2月,智利首都圣地亚哥推出了一项雄心勃勃的公共交通系统改革,名为Transantiago。严重的设计和执行问题立即显现出来,造成了重大的社会和政治危机。在本文中,我们重新审视了这一经验,并认为最初失败背后的主要(如果不是主要的话)设计错误之一是缺乏基础设施和运营补贴的资金。新系统的高成本是通过机队规模和网络覆盖范围的减少以及过度的干线服务配置来隐性资助的。这最终导致了总体运输成本的增加和用户福利的显著减少。我们认为,同样的问题在该地区其他有问题的交通改革中也很明显,包括巴拿马的Mibus、波哥大的SITP和哥伦比亚中间城市的SITM经验。给政策制定者的主要教训是,如果没有公共资金,那么交通改革的步伐和雄心就需要放慢。
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引用次数: 0
Employee work effort, skills, performance incentives and public transit systems organizational performance 员工的工作努力,技能,绩效激励和公共交通系统的组织绩效
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101658
K. Obeng , I.O. Ugboro
This conceptual paper is about the performance effects of incentivized transit systems also providing wage rate incentives to employees to increase their skills-aided efforts to improve performance. It derives conceptual models, imposes them on transit systems, and using their data estimates a wage, cost and share equations as a system. It finds beneficial effects of these incentives and divides the cost change from employee effort into the effects of skills, effort itself, and economies of scale. It finds effort's cost increasing effect moderated by the effects of economies of scale and skills and a nonlinear (inverted U-shaped) relationship between wages and effort from which two groups of transit systems are identified. In the majority group, employees can be given incentives in the form of small wage premiums to increase their effort to improve transit system performance. And in the other, employees hold back performance improvement efforts to maintain their current high wages. Finally, the study divides the cost effect of directly provided service into the substitution effect and the lump-sum effect and finds the latter's effect large and negative and more than compensates for the cost increasing effect of input substitution from the lower wages.
这篇概念性论文是关于激励性交通系统的绩效影响,也为员工提供工资率激励,以提高他们的技能,帮助提高绩效。它推导出概念模型,将其应用于交通系统,并使用它们的数据作为一个系统来估计工资、成本和共享方程。它发现了这些激励的有益影响,并将员工努力的成本变化分为技能、努力本身和规模经济的影响。它发现,努力的成本增加效应受到规模经济和技能经济的影响以及工资和努力之间的非线性(倒u形)关系的调节,由此确定了两组交通系统。在大多数群体中,员工可以以小额工资溢价的形式获得激励,以增加他们改善交通系统性能的努力。在另一种情况下,员工为了维持目前的高工资而抑制绩效改善的努力。最后,研究将直接提供服务的成本效应分为替代效应和一次性支付效应,发现一次性支付效应较大且为负,足以弥补低工资投入替代带来的成本增加效应。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating mode choice behavior incorporating psychographic market segmentation for underground rapid shared autonomous vehicle service 基于心理市场细分的地下快速共享自动驾驶汽车服务模式选择行为研究
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101669
Sehyun Park , Sunho Kim , Shin-Hyung Cho
The prolonged transition period towards autonomous vehicles necessitates dedicated infrastructure to maximize operational safety and efficiency. This study proposes an innovative underground rapid shared autonomous vehicle (SAV) service designed for dense urban environments with limited surface capacity. Recognizing the importance of user acceptance in adopting emerging mobility technologies, the research employs psychographic segmentation and discrete choice modeling derived from a comprehensive stated preference survey involving 882 respondents in Seoul, Korea. Respondents were segmented into three psychographic segments: Time-Sensitive AV Adopters (TSAA), Time-Sensitive AV Hesitators (TSAH), and Cost-Conscious Traditional Actives (CCTA). The market-segmented multinomial logit models for each segment revealed that TSAA respondents demonstrated the highest propensity for SAV adoption, driven by their high valuation of travel time savings and strong acceptance of autonomous technology. Conversely, TSAH displayed cautious optimism toward AV adoption, necessitating assurances regarding service reliability and comfort. CCTA respondents, characterized by strong cost-sensitivity and conservative transportation preferences, exhibited the lowest willingness to adopt SAV. The study highlights the effectiveness of psychographic market segmentation in explaining mode choice behaviors toward SAV. This approach can effectively facilitate the broader acceptance of automated mobility services in densely populated metropolitan areas.
向自动驾驶汽车过渡的漫长过程需要专门的基础设施,以最大限度地提高运营安全性和效率。本研究提出了一种创新的地下快速共享自动驾驶汽车(SAV)服务,该服务专为地表容量有限的密集城市环境而设计。认识到用户接受度在采用新兴移动技术方面的重要性,该研究采用了心理细分和离散选择模型,这些模型来自韩国首尔的一项涉及882名受访者的综合陈述偏好调查。受访者被分为三个心理类型:时间敏感型自动驾驶采纳者(TSAA)、时间敏感型自动驾驶犹豫者(TSAH)和成本意识传统活动者(CCTA)。每个细分市场的多项式逻辑模型显示,TSAA受访者表现出最高的SAV采用倾向,这是由于他们对节省旅行时间的高度评价和对自动驾驶技术的强烈接受。相反,TSAH对自动驾驶的采用持谨慎乐观态度,认为必须保证服务的可靠性和舒适性。CCTA受访者成本敏感性强,交通偏好保守,采用SAV的意愿最低。该研究强调了心理市场细分在解释SAV模式选择行为方面的有效性。这种方法可以有效地促进在人口密集的大都市地区更广泛地接受自动化移动服务。
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引用次数: 0
Formalizing the informal in public transportation: The case of motorcycle taxis transport network service in the Philippines 将公共交通中的非正式行为正规化:以菲律宾的摩的运输网络服务为例
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101681
Marie Danielle V. Guillen , Sandy Mae Gaspay , Iderlina Mateo-Babiano , Justine Alexandra T. Schneck
This article explores the use of smartphone applications in motorcycle (MC) taxi operation in the Philippines. Adopting the informal-formal dichotomy, and using a qualitative approach, the paper: (1) reviews the development of MC taxis from the livelihood, service, and institutional viewpoints; and (2) explores the evolving forms of MC taxi regulation, including the role of technology, competition, ownership, and agreements. The article confirms the Philippine's long history with motorcycles. It reinforces the role of motorcycles in filling the public transport gap. Ideally, a good public transport system meets the “formal” service standards. However, the policy response has persistently been reactive. Transport network companies used technology to advocate for drivers' livelihoods and legitimize their operations. Unfortunately, this is also symptomatic of the bigger issue that needs to be tackled, the need for a modern or formal urban public transport system that meets commuters' service quality expectations. These expectations include comfort, access, reliability, and environment-friendliness, as well as fair income and benefits for the MC drivers. While app-based technology can improve mobility management, it should also be consistent with the national policy and service quality expectations of commuters and contribute towards more secure livelihoods or income needs of drivers.
本文探讨了智能手机应用程序在菲律宾摩托车(MC)出租车运营中的使用。本文采用非正式-正式二分法,采用定性分析方法,从民生、服务和制度三个角度回顾了MC出租车的发展历程;(2)探讨了MC出租车监管的演变形式,包括技术、竞争、所有权和协议的作用。这篇文章证实了菲律宾摩托车的悠久历史。它加强了摩托车在填补公共交通空白方面的作用。理想情况下,良好的公共交通系统符合“正式”的服务标准。然而,政策回应一直是被动的。交通网络公司利用技术来维护司机的生计,并使他们的运营合法化。不幸的是,这也预示着一个更大的问题需要解决,即需要一个现代化或正式的城市公共交通系统来满足通勤者对服务质量的期望。这些期望包括舒适性、可及性、可靠性、环保性,以及对MC驾驶员公平的收入和福利。虽然基于应用程序的技术可以改善交通管理,但它也应该符合国家政策和通勤者对服务质量的期望,并有助于司机更安全的生计或收入需求。
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引用次数: 0
Infrastructure, growth, and regional disparities: Looking at efficiency, redistribution, and equity goals in road investments 基础设施、增长和地区差距:考察道路投资的效率、再分配和公平目标
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101668
Victor Medeiros, Rafael S.M. Ribeiro, Pedro V.M. Amaral
This paper evaluates the role of transportation infrastructure policies in raising productivity by considering heterogeneities in efficiency, redistribution, and equity. Using a three-step instrumental variable identification strategy, we estimate the causal impacts of road investments on GDP per capita in Brazilian municipalities during the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC), implemented from 2007 to 2018. Our findings show that highway investments significantly increased productivity, particularly in less-developed and poorly connected municipalities. Conversely, returns were lower or insignificant in highly developed and efficient areas, likely due to infrastructure saturation and implementation inefficiencies. These results suggest that road impacts are not homogeneous and that spatial targeting matters. Building on these heterogeneities, we calculate regionalized return rates and identify “focal points” where road investments can achieve both economic efficiency and inclusion objectives. We find that Brazil could have achieved higher overall returns by prioritizing redistributive and spatially equitable investments rather than concentrating resources in already-developed regions. The paper contributes to the literature by jointly analyzing the efficiency, redistribution, and equity dimensions of infrastructure investment and providing policy-relevant evidence on how to improve the design and targeting of national transport programs.
本文通过考虑效率、再分配和公平方面的异质性,评估了交通基础设施政策在提高生产率方面的作用。采用三步工具变量识别策略,我们估算了2007年至2018年实施增长加速计划(PAC)期间,道路投资对巴西各城市人均GDP的因果影响。我们的研究结果表明,高速公路投资显著提高了生产率,尤其是在欠发达和交通不发达的城市。相反,在高度发达和高效的地区,回报较低或微不足道,可能是由于基础设施饱和和执行效率低下。这些结果表明,道路影响不是均匀的,空间定位很重要。基于这些异质性,我们计算了区域回报率,并确定了道路投资既能实现经济效率又能实现包容性目标的“焦点”。我们发现,巴西本可以通过优先考虑再分配和空间公平的投资,而不是将资源集中在已经发达的地区,实现更高的总体回报。本文通过共同分析基础设施投资的效率、再分配和公平维度,并就如何改进国家交通规划的设计和目标提供与政策相关的证据,为文献做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
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Research in Transportation Economics
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