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Graphemic Variation in Morphosyntactic Context: The Syllable u in Classic Maya Hieroglyphic Writing. 形态句法语境中的词汇变异:经典玛雅象形文字中的音节 u。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12765
Mallory E Matsumoto

Throughout the long history of Classic Maya hieroglyphs, a logosyllabic writing system used from the late first millennium BCE through the mid-second millennium CE in southern Mesoamerica, the most commonly recorded phonetic value was the syllable u (/ʔu/). With over a dozen different u hieroglyphs, Classic Maya scribes had more options for recording /ʔu/ than any other syllable or logograph. Cognitive approaches to writing systems typically attribute graphemic variation (i.e., alternation between signs with equivalent linguistic value) to semantic differences like animacy or to non-linguistic factors like identity. Distribution of Classic Maya u hieroglyphs, however, suggests that morphosyntactic context influenced which grapheme scribes wrote and when. This case suggests that scribal knowledge of Classic Maya hieroglyphs included ideas about writing's relationship to language. It also highlights the cognitive relevance of morphosyntax for a writing system's users as they differentiate among graphic signs with identical linguistic denotation.

古典玛雅象形文字是公元前一千年晚期到公元前两千年中期在中美洲南部使用的一种逻各斯音节书写系统,在古典玛雅象形文字的漫长历史中,最常记录的音值是音节 u (/ʔu/)。古典玛雅文士有十多种不同的 u 象形文字,他们记录 /ʔu/ 的选择比任何其他音节或逻辑符号都多。对书写系统的认知方法通常将字母变异(即具有同等语言价值的符号之间的交替)归因于语义差异(如灵性)或非语言因素(如身份)。然而,经典玛雅 u 象形文字的分布情况表明,形态句法背景影响了抄写员在何时书写哪种词素。这一案例表明,抄写员对古典玛雅象形文字的了解包括对文字与语言关系的看法。它还凸显了形态句法对书写系统使用者的认知意义,因为他们要区分具有相同语言含义的图形符号。
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引用次数: 0
Ball Don't Lie: Commentary on Chemero (2024) and Wallot et al. (2024). Ball Don't Lie: Commentary on Chemero (2024) and Wallot et al.
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12764
Damian G Kelty-Stephen, Madhur Mangalam

The interaction-dominant approach to perception and action, originally formulated in the mid-1990s, has matured and gained remarkable momentum as an entailment of the dynamical hypotheses proposed at that time. This framework seeks to explain the fluid and intricate interplay of causality spanning the entire organism by integrating high-dimensional details with low-dimensional constraints across various scales of behavior. Both Chemero (2024) and Wallot et al. (2024) have skillfully explored the theoretical implications and methodological challenges this perspective introduces. We echo Chemero's (2024) and Wallot et al.'s (2024) focus on multifractality, while also underscoring new efforts to model the synergetic relationships and cascading dynamics inherent in this interaction-dominant approach.

关于感知和行动的交互主导方法最初提出于 20 世纪 90 年代中期,作为当时提出的动力学假设的必然结果,该方法已日趋成熟并获得了显著的发展势头。这一框架试图通过整合各种行为尺度上的高维细节和低维约束,来解释整个有机体中流动而复杂的因果关系相互作用。Chemero(2024 年)和 Wallot 等人(2024 年)都巧妙地探讨了这一观点的理论意义和方法论挑战。我们赞同 Chemero(2024 年)和 Wallot 等人(2024 年)对多分性的关注,同时也强调为模拟这种互动主导方法中固有的协同关系和级联动态所做的新努力。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing Australian Message Sticks and Sequentially Marked Objects of the Upper Palaeolithic: Problems and Opportunities. 比较澳大利亚信息棒和上旧石器时代的顺序标记物:问题与机遇。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12762
Piers Kelly

Engraved portable objects from Upper Palaeolithic and earlier sites are argued to be cognitive tools designed to store information for the purposes of calculation, record-keeping, or communication. This paper reviews the surprisingly long intellectual history of comparisons between these ancient objects and message sticks: marked graphic devices traditionally used for long-distance communication in Indigenous Australia. I argue that, while such comparisons have often been misguided, more cautious applications of ethnographic analogy may yield useful insights. A systematic analysis of historical observations together with more recent fieldwork, indicate that Australian message sticks are primarily tools of social cognition, as opposed to cognition tout court, and rely on orality and other context to become meaningful. Further, the practice of message stick communication may help clarify ongoing problems in the interpretation of Upper Palaeolithic objects including their possible role in aggregation activities, the distinction between decoration and notation, and the interplay between graphic sequences and speech.

上旧石器时代及更早遗址出土的雕刻便携物品被认为是一种认知工具,用于存储信息,以达到计算、记录或交流的目的。本文回顾了将这些古代物品与澳大利亚土著传统上用于远距离交流的标记图形装置--信息棒--进行比较的令人惊讶的漫长历史。我认为,虽然这种比较常常被误导,但更谨慎地应用人种学类比可能会产生有益的启示。对历史观察的系统分析以及最近的实地考察表明,澳大利亚的信息棒主要是社会认知工具,而不是纯粹的认知工具,它依赖于口述和其他语境才变得有意义。此外,信息棒交流的实践可能有助于澄清在解释旧石器时代上层物品方面一直存在的问题,包括它们在聚合活动中可能扮演的角色、装饰与记号之间的区别以及图形序列与语言之间的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Team Cognition Research Is Transforming Cognitive Science. 团队认知研究正在改变认知科学。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12763
Michael J Spivey

About 30 years ago, the Dynamical Hypothesis instigated a variety of insights and transformations in cognitive science. One of them was the simple observation that, quite unlike trial-based tasks in a laboratory, natural ecologically valid behaviors almost never have context-free starting points. Instead, they produce lengthy time series data that can be recorded with dense-sampling measures, such as heartrate, eye movements, EEG, etc. That emphasis on studying the temporal dynamics of extended behaviors may have been the trigger that led to a rethinking of what a "representation" is, and then of what a "cognitive agent" is. This most recent and perhaps most revolutionary transformation is the idea that a cognitive agent need not be a singular physiological organism. Perhaps a group of organisms, such as several people working on a joint task, can temporarily function as one cognitive agent - at least while they're working adaptively and successfully.

大约 30 年前,"动态假说 "给认知科学带来了各种启示和变革。其中一个简单的观察结果是,与实验室中基于试验的任务完全不同,自然生态的有效行为几乎从未有过无上下文的起点。相反,它们会产生冗长的时间序列数据,这些数据可以用密集采样方法记录下来,如心率、眼球运动、脑电图等。对扩展行为的时间动态研究的重视可能是导致人们重新思考什么是 "表征 "以及什么是 "认知代理 "的导火索。最近,或许也是最具革命性的转变是,认知主体不一定是一个单一的生理有机体。也许一群生物,比如几个人共同完成一项任务,可以暂时作为一个认知主体发挥作用--至少在他们适应性地成功工作时是这样。
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引用次数: 0
Predictive Processing, Rational Constructivism, and Bayesian Models of Development: Commentary. 预测处理、理性建构主义和贝叶斯发展模型:评论。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12759
Andrew Perfors

This is a commentary for a special issue on predictive processing and rational constructivist models of development. Mainly I use the opportunity to ask a bunch of questions about what these theoretical frameworks show us (and what they do not) and mostly where the open questions still are. To get meta for a moment, I thought these questions were the best way to maximize the value of my commentary: They have the highest probability of leading to the most uncertainty reduction for our field in the long term. Please read in that spirit.

这是一篇为预测性加工和理性建构主义发展模式特刊撰写的评论。我主要是想借此机会就这些理论框架向我们展示了什么(以及它们没有展示什么),以及主要是哪些地方仍存在开放性问题提出一系列问题。说得玄一点,我认为这些问题是让我的评论价值最大化的最佳方式:从长远来看,这些问题最有可能为我们的领域减少最大的不确定性。请本着这种精神阅读。
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引用次数: 0
A Matter of Memory? Age-Invariant Relative Clause Disambiguation and Memory Interference in Older Adults. 记忆问题?不随年龄变化的相对句歧义和老年人的记忆干扰。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12753
Willem S van Boxtel, Laurel A Lawyer

Past research suggests that Working Memory plays a role in determining relative clause attachment bias. Disambiguation preferences may further depend on Processing Speed and explicit memory demands in linguistic tasks. Given that Working Memory and Processing Speed decline with age, older adults offer a way of investigating the factors underlying disambiguation preferences. Additionally, older adults might be subject to more severe similarity-based memory interference given their larger vocabularies and slower lexical access. Nevertheless, memory interference and sentence disambiguation have not been combined in studies on older adults before. We used a self-paced reading paradigm under memory load interference conditions. Older (n = 30) and Younger (n = 35) readers took part in the study online; reading times were recorded and measures of comprehension accuracy and load recall were collected. This setup allowed for the implicit measurement of attachment biases and memory interference effects interactively. Results show that similarity-based interference affected both age groups equally, but was more pronounced in NP2-biased structures, which took participants generally longer to read. Attachment preferences did not differ by group and were unaffected by Working Memory span. However, accuracy on recall prompts was predicted by Working Memory span in both groups. Findings of greater interference in syntactically dispreferred structures support unified processing models where parsing constraints naturally interact. The lack of age differences on our measures further aligns with research finding age-invariant implicit language processing.

过去的研究表明,工作记忆在决定相对从句附着偏向方面起着一定的作用。消歧偏好可能进一步取决于语言任务中的处理速度和显性记忆要求。鉴于工作记忆和处理速度会随着年龄的增长而下降,老年人为研究消歧偏好的基础因素提供了一种方法。此外,老年人的词汇量较大,词汇访问速度较慢,因此他们可能会受到更严重的基于相似性的记忆干扰。然而,记忆干扰和句子消歧以前从未在针对老年人的研究中结合过。我们在记忆负荷干扰条件下使用了自定步调阅读范式。老年读者(n = 30)和青年读者(n = 35)参加了在线研究;我们记录了阅读时间,并收集了理解准确性和负荷回忆的测量数据。通过这种设置,可以对依恋偏差和记忆干扰效应进行交互式隐性测量。结果表明,基于相似性的干扰对两个年龄组的人都有同样的影响,但在 NP2 偏向结构中更为明显,参与者一般需要更长的时间来阅读。各年龄组的依恋偏好没有差异,也不受工作记忆跨度的影响。然而,在两个组别中,工作记忆跨度都会影响回忆提示的准确性。研究结果表明,句法偏好结构的干扰更大,这支持了统一加工模型,在该模型中,解析约束自然会相互作用。我们的测量结果没有年龄差异,这与研究发现的与年龄无关的内隐语言加工进一步吻合。
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引用次数: 0
Social Rationality and Human Reasoning: Logical Expressivism and the Flat Mind. 社会理性与人类推理:逻辑表达主义与扁平思维》。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12757
Mike Oaksford

This paper attempts to reconcile the claims that the mind is both flat (Chater, 2018) and highly rational (Oaksford & Chater, 2020). According to the flat mind hypothesis, the mind is a mass of inconsistent and contradictory fragments of experience. However, standard accounts of rationality from formal epistemology argue that to be rational, our beliefs must be consistent, and we must believe all the logical consequences of our beliefs. A social account of rationality is developed based on Brandom's (1994) logical expressivism, in which respecting the norms of logic and probability theory is still central but where these standards apply to our public commitments in social dialogical contexts rather than to our individual belief systems (Skovgaard-Olsen, 2017). According to this account, even if someone's individual beliefs are inconsistent, they cannot be condemned as irrational if they acknowledge the inconsistency and seek to resolve it. It is shown how this approach interacts with people's fragmented and shallow world knowledge, and its social distribution yields some counterintuitive consequences, such as it sometimes being rational individually not seeking to resolve contradictions. Other consequences of this social expressivist approach are considered, including for dual process theories of reasoning, our view of beliefs, the status of logic, and Fodor's (1983) view of central systems. It is concluded that people can have flat minds and yet be highly rational.

本文试图调和心灵是扁平的(Chater,2018)和高度理性的(Oaksford & Chater,2020)这两种说法。根据扁平心灵假说,心灵是由大量不一致、相互矛盾的经验片段组成的。然而,形式认识论对理性的标准解释认为,要做到理性,我们的信念必须是一致的,我们必须相信我们信念的所有逻辑结果。布兰德姆(Brandom,1994)的逻辑表达主义(logical expressivism)发展出了一种理性的社会论述,在这种论述中,尊重逻辑和概率论的规范仍然是核心,但这些标准适用于我们在社会对话语境中的公共承诺,而不是我们的个人信念体系(Skovgaard-Olsen,2017)。根据这一观点,即使某人的个人信念不一致,但如果他们承认不一致并寻求解决,就不会被谴责为非理性。本文展示了这种方法如何与人们零散而浅薄的世界知识相互作用,其社会分布产生了一些反直觉的后果,例如有时个人不寻求解决矛盾是理性的。研究还考虑了这种社会表达主义方法的其他后果,包括对推理的双重过程理论、我们对信念的看法、逻辑的地位以及福多(1983 年)对中心系统的看法。最后得出的结论是,人的思维可以是扁平的,但也可以是高度理性的。
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引用次数: 0
What Kind of Cognitive Technology Is the "Memory House"? 记忆屋 "是一种什么样的认知技术?
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12761
Andrew M Riggsby

Ancient Roman "technical memory" is not (as much of the modern specialist literature would have it) a generative technology of association. Rather it is (as a literal reading of the texts would suggest) a specialized tool for precise serial recall. Modern experimental evidence both confirms the fitness for the purpose of the technique and shows why that purpose is not trivial, as some have suggested. While the mechanism(s) by which the technique operates are not fully understood, a review of the current literature suggests that it would have had the advantage over other mnemonic techniques by virtue of recruiting a variety of cognitive capacities. These likely include spatial/navigational mechanisms and possibly visual/imagery-based ones as well. Finally, small differences between the method as recorded in the ancient texts and similar methods that have been the subject of laboratory experiments are used to suggest possible directions for further experimentation.

古罗马的 "技术记忆 "并非(如许多现代专业文献所言)一种联想的生成技术。相反,它(正如对文本的字面解读所表明的那样)是一种用于精确序列记忆的专门工具。现代实验证据既证实了这一技术的适用性,也说明了为什么这一目的并不像某些人所说的那样微不足道。尽管人们对该技术的运作机制还不完全了解,但对现有文献的回顾表明,该技术与其他记忆技术相比具有优势,因为它能调动多种认知能力。这些能力可能包括空间/导航机制,也可能包括基于视觉/图像的机制。最后,我们利用古籍中记载的方法与实验室实验中的类似方法之间的细微差别,提出了进一步实验的可能方向。
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引用次数: 0
Personalized Model-Driven Interventions for Decisions From Experience. 个性化模型驱动的经验决策干预。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12758
Edward A Cranford, Christian Lebiere, Cleotilde Gonzalez, Palvi Aggarwal, Sterling Somers, Konstantinos Mitsopoulos, Milind Tambe

Cognitive models that represent individuals provide many benefits for understanding the full range of human behavior. One way in which individual differences emerge is through differences in knowledge. In dynamic situations, where decisions are made from experience, models built upon a theory of experiential choice (instance-based learning theory; IBLT) can provide accurate predictions of individual human learning and adaptivity to changing environments. Here, we demonstrate how an instance-based learning (IBL) cognitive model, implemented in a cognitive architecture (Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational), can be used to model an individual's decisions in a cybersecurity defense task, accounting for both population average and individual variances. The same IBL model structure with identical architectural parameters generates the full range of human behavior through stochastic memory retrieval processes operating over and contributing to unique experiences. Recurrence quantification analyses allow us to look beyond average behavior between and within individuals to sequential patterns of trial-to-trial behavior. We show how model-tracing and knowledge-tracing techniques can be used to align the model to an individual in real time to drive adaptive and personalized signaling algorithms for a cybersecurity defense system. We also present a method for introspecting into the cognitive model to gain further insight into the cognitive salience of features factored into individual decisions. The combination of techniques provides a blueprint for personalized modeling of individuals. We discuss the results and implications of this adaptive and personalized method for cybersecurity defense and more generally for intelligent artifacts tailored to individual differences in domains such as human-machine teaming.

代表个体的认知模型为理解人类的各种行为提供了许多益处。个体差异的一种表现形式是知识差异。在动态情况下,决策是根据经验做出的,建立在经验选择理论(基于实例的学习理论;IBLT)基础上的模型可以准确预测人类个体的学习和对不断变化的环境的适应能力。在此,我们展示了在认知架构(自适应控制思维--理性)中实施的基于实例学习(IBL)的认知模型如何用于模拟个人在网络安全防御任务中的决策,同时考虑到群体平均值和个体差异。相同的 IBL 模型结构具有相同的架构参数,通过随机记忆检索过程的运行和独特经验的贡献,可生成人类的各种行为。通过递归量化分析,我们可以超越个体之间和个体内部的平均行为,观察试验到试验行为的连续模式。我们展示了如何利用模型追踪和知识追踪技术将模型与个体实时匹配,从而为网络安全防御系统提供自适应和个性化的信号算法。我们还介绍了一种对认知模型进行内省的方法,以进一步深入了解个人决策中考虑的特征的认知显著性。这些技术的结合为个人个性化建模提供了蓝图。我们将讨论这种自适应和个性化方法的结果和对网络安全防御的影响,以及在人机协作等领域针对个体差异量身定制智能人工智能的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Teachers' Gestures and How They Matter. 教师的手势及其重要性。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12755
R Breckinridge Church, Michelle Perry, Melissa A Singer, Susan Wagner Cook, Martha Wagner Alibali

How do teachers' gestures influence students' learning? This article reviews research investigating the role of gestures in communication, focusing on teachers' communication with their students, primarily in mathematics and science instruction. We first briefly consider gesture's role in communication more generally as a backdrop for considering teaching as a special context for communication. We then describe teachers' spontaneous gesturing in teaching contexts, and we consider how teachers' spontaneous gestures might influence students' learning. We then consider experimental studies that provide causal support for the effects of teachers' gestures on students' learning. We conclude by discussing future directions and implications for educational practice.

教师的手势如何影响学生的学习?本文回顾了有关手势在交流中的作用的研究,重点关注教师与学生的交流,主要是在数学和科学教学中。我们首先简要介绍了手势在一般交流中的作用,并以此为背景将教学视为一种特殊的交流环境。然后,我们描述了教师在教学情境中的自发手势,并探讨了教师的自发手势如何影响学生的学习。然后,我们考虑了一些实验研究,这些研究为教师手势对学生学习的影响提供了因果支持。最后,我们讨论了未来的发展方向和对教育实践的影响。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Topics in Cognitive Science
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