Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101571
Jorge Amaro Bastos Alves , Jin Han Park , Jianbang Gan , Marcus Polette
This study analyzes the correlation between oil and gas firms and their contribution to regional development in the Brazilian southeast coastal region and in the State of Texas from 2013 to 2017. The study uses Pearson's correlation to examine the effects of oil revenues distributed in local economies and their tax contributions on seven local development indicators. Results show a strong correlation between oil and gas incomes and GDP growth in both regions, with Brazil being more dependent on these resources. However, the correlations do not necessarily translate into broader societal advancements, indicating a need for development policies that support sustained oil and gas clusters to improve socio-economic conditions. The findings underscore the importance of strategic planning in resource-rich regions to mitigate risks associated with resource dependency.
本研究分析了 2013 年至 2017 年巴西东南沿海地区和得克萨斯州的石油和天然气公司与其对地区发展的贡献之间的相关性。研究采用皮尔逊相关性来考察石油收入在地方经济中的分配及其税收贡献对七个地方发展指标的影响。结果显示，这两个地区的石油和天然气收入与 GDP 增长之间存在很强的相关性，其中巴西对这些资源的依赖程度更高。然而，这种相关性并不一定会转化为更广泛的社会进步，这表明需要制定支持石油和天然气产业集群持续发展的发展政策，以改善社会经济状况。研究结果强调了在资源丰富的地区进行战略规划以降低与资源依赖性相关的风险的重要性。
{"title":"Economic impacts of oil and gas clusters: Analyzing the influence of oil and gas revenues in Brazil and Texas","authors":"Jorge Amaro Bastos Alves , Jin Han Park , Jianbang Gan , Marcus Polette","doi":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analyzes the correlation between oil and gas firms and their contribution to regional development in the Brazilian southeast coastal region and in the State of Texas from 2013 to 2017. The study uses Pearson's correlation to examine the effects of oil revenues distributed in local economies and their tax contributions on seven local development indicators. Results show a strong correlation between oil and gas incomes and GDP growth in both regions, with Brazil being more dependent on these resources. However, the correlations do not necessarily translate into broader societal advancements, indicating a need for development policies that support sustained oil and gas clusters to improve socio-economic conditions. The findings underscore the importance of strategic planning in resource-rich regions to mitigate risks associated with resource dependency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47848,"journal":{"name":"Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101559
Rob Aitken
This paper examines the relationship between extractive industries and the In-ternational Investment Treaty Regime. This regime, I argue, works to separate extrac-tive investments from the social conditions that make those investments and extractions possible. Examining 3 recent cases—Bear Creek, Von Pezold and Rockhopper, I argue that international investment arbitration invokes novel and deeper separations. More-over, the kinds of separations now enabled in the investment treaty regime take diverse form. To explore this diversity, this paper foregrounds 3 techniques of separation made visible in these 3 cases including techniques of displacement, differentiation and ab-straction. This, in turn, signals a broader contradiction in international investment ar-bitration— a form of practice now deeply contested by those keen to rethread investment governance to social context but shaped by decisions that sever investments from those contexts in ever abstract ways. Read in Polanyian terms, I argue there is a tension be-tween investments deeply embedded in social contexts but increasingly disembedded as abstracted legal and financial objects.
{"title":"Extractive separations: A Polanyian note on the international investment treaty regime","authors":"Rob Aitken","doi":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines the relationship between extractive industries and the In-ternational Investment Treaty Regime. This regime, I argue, works to <em>separate</em> extrac-tive investments from the social conditions that make those investments and extractions possible. Examining 3 recent cases—<em>Bear Creek, Von Pezold</em> and <em>Rockhopper,</em> I argue that international investment arbitration invokes novel and deeper <em>separations</em>. More-over, the kinds of separations now enabled in the investment treaty regime take diverse form. To explore this diversity, this paper foregrounds 3 techniques of separation made visible in these 3 cases including techniques of displacement, differentiation and ab-straction. This, in turn, signals a broader contradiction in international investment ar-bitration— a form of practice now deeply contested by those keen to rethread investment governance to social context but shaped by decisions that sever investments from those contexts in ever abstract ways. Read in Polanyian terms, I argue there is a tension be-tween investments deeply embedded in social contexts but increasingly disembedded as abstracted legal and financial objects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47848,"journal":{"name":"Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101559"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101569
Samuel Antwi , Stephen Bugu Kendie , Emmanuel Yamoah Tenkorang , Simon Mariwah
This study examined how social pressures push people into artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in the Denkyira area in the Central Region of Ghana. A mixed-method approach was used. Random sampling was used to select 183 registered miners and their workers while convenience sampling was used to select 190 unregistered miners and their workers. Purposive sampling was used to select seven key informants. Binary logistic regression and frequencies were used to analyse the quantitative data while the qualitative data was analysed thematically. The study found that miners used their material success acquired through mining to entice others to engage in mining. Based on this finding, the study recommends that stakeholders interested in stopping the menace of irresponsible ASM activities should focus on creating social norms that work against the display of wealth and worldly success.
{"title":"Drivers of artisanal and small-scale mining in the Denkyira area, central region of Ghana","authors":"Samuel Antwi , Stephen Bugu Kendie , Emmanuel Yamoah Tenkorang , Simon Mariwah","doi":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examined how social pressures push people into artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in the Denkyira area in the Central Region of Ghana. A mixed-method approach was used. Random sampling was used to select 183 registered miners and their workers while convenience sampling was used to select 190 unregistered miners and their workers. Purposive sampling was used to select seven key informants. Binary logistic regression and frequencies were used to analyse the quantitative data while the qualitative data was analysed thematically. The study found that miners used their material success acquired through mining to entice others to engage in mining. Based on this finding, the study recommends that stakeholders interested in stopping the menace of irresponsible ASM activities should focus on creating social norms that work against the display of wealth and worldly success.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47848,"journal":{"name":"Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101569"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a case of community resistance against industrial large-scale gold mining (LSM) in the Manuripi National Amazonian Wildlife Reserve in northern Bolivia. Most of the reserve's population depends on collecting Brazil nuts and other non-timber forest products. Recent plans to start LSM on land pose an existential threat to the forest-based livelihoods and environment of the reserve. Hence, the communities are resisting LSM. As previous studies have stressed the importance of social relations, networks and institutions to organize resistance, the article investigates how communities living in the Manuripi Reserve draw on social structures to resist the planned LSM. To address this question, we develop a framework that combines insights from the literature on political ecology and resistance in order to analyze context conditions, the threat of LSM, and the responses to it. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2022 and 2023, our analysis shows that the communities are strengthening their existing forest-based livelihoods as a form of everyday resistance and utilizing the reserve's management committee for organized resistance against LSM.
{"title":"“All we have left is to defend our reserve”: Social structures and community resistance to large-scale gold mining in the Manuripi Wildlife Reserve in northern Bolivia","authors":"Janpeter Schilling , Claudia Pinzón Cuellar , Rebecca Froese , Diana Figueroa , Miguel Villavicencio , Luise Werland , Regine Schönenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents a case of community resistance against industrial large-scale gold mining (LSM) in the Manuripi National Amazonian Wildlife Reserve in northern Bolivia. Most of the reserve's population depends on collecting Brazil nuts and other non-timber forest products. Recent plans to start LSM on land pose an existential threat to the forest-based livelihoods and environment of the reserve. Hence, the communities are resisting LSM. As previous studies have stressed the importance of social relations, networks and institutions to organize resistance, the article investigates how communities living in the Manuripi Reserve draw on social structures to resist the planned LSM. To address this question, we develop a framework that combines insights from the literature on political ecology and resistance in order to analyze context conditions, the threat of LSM, and the responses to it. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2022 and 2023, our analysis shows that the communities are strengthening their existing forest-based livelihoods as a form of everyday resistance and utilizing the reserve's management committee for organized resistance against LSM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47848,"journal":{"name":"Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101574"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101567
Alexa Britton , Luis Olmedo , Christian A. Torres , James J.A. Blair
Lithium is considered an “energy transition mineral” for mitigating climate change because it is a key component of batteries for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. Even though it is framed as green, lithium mining has significant impacts on communities and ecosystems, especially in relation to water. This research takes a hydrosocial approach to examine the benefits and burdens of a proposed alternative method to avoid the harmful impacts of conventional lithium mining from brine evaporation or open-pit mining, by pairing geothermal energy production with direct lithium extraction (DLE) in the Salton Sea region of California. Government and industry proponents have framed this novel technology as an environmentally superior process, and boosters seek to transform the southeast edge of the Salton Sea in Imperial Valley into "Lithium Valley." We examine the emergence of green extractivism in Imperial Valley through three hydrosocial imaginaries: (1) reclamation; (2) restoration; and (3) recovery. Reclamation offers a lens through which to critically analyze the foundation of the Salton Sea, which is deeply rooted in colonialism, dispossession and industrialization. Restoration encompasses the environmental and public health impacts that a receding sea level and agro-industrial waste streams have on the region. Finally, geothermal lithium development has been framed by tech entrepreneurs, energy firms and resource managers as a process of “recovery” that would deliver community benefits and cleaner energy, while evading negative connotations of mineral “extraction.” Drawing from collaborative research and action for environmental justice, this study contributes to community engagement on the proposed Lithium Valley development.
{"title":"Hydrosocial imaginaries of green extractivism: Water-energy transitions and geothermal lithium development at the Salton Sea in Imperial Valley, California","authors":"Alexa Britton , Luis Olmedo , Christian A. Torres , James J.A. Blair","doi":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium is considered an “energy transition mineral” for mitigating climate change because it is a key component of batteries for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. Even though it is framed as green, lithium mining has significant impacts on communities and ecosystems, especially in relation to water. This research takes a hydrosocial approach to examine the benefits and burdens of a proposed alternative method to avoid the harmful impacts of conventional lithium mining from brine evaporation or open-pit mining, by pairing geothermal energy production with direct lithium extraction (DLE) in the Salton Sea region of California. Government and industry proponents have framed this novel technology as an environmentally superior process, and boosters seek to transform the southeast edge of the Salton Sea in Imperial Valley into \"Lithium Valley.\" We examine the emergence of green extractivism in Imperial Valley through three hydrosocial imaginaries: (1) reclamation; (2) restoration; and (3) recovery. Reclamation offers a lens through which to critically analyze the foundation of the Salton Sea, which is deeply rooted in colonialism, dispossession and industrialization. Restoration encompasses the environmental and public health impacts that a receding sea level and agro-industrial waste streams have on the region. Finally, geothermal lithium development has been framed by tech entrepreneurs, energy firms and resource managers as a process of “recovery” that would deliver community benefits and cleaner energy, while evading negative connotations of mineral “extraction.” Drawing from collaborative research and action for environmental justice, this study contributes to community engagement on the proposed Lithium Valley development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47848,"journal":{"name":"Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101567"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101561
Danyang Li
Mining activities often have significant positive and negative effects on local communities. This study presents insights from China, focusing on rural communities’ perspectives on the overall benefits of mining. The initial investigation was conducted at three sites in April and May 2022. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 key stakeholders, including officials from county mining and land administration departments, mining rights holders, representatives from the mining association, township government officials, and a group of local farmers. The study identifies and utilises four indicators to assess the impact of mining: employment opportunities, environmental pollution, land expropriation, and land subsidence with associated resettlement. The analysis involves a diverse sample of 352 farmers who are demographically and economically spread across six provinces and reside near mining areas. The findings revealed that only a minority of farmers perceived mining as yielding net benefits, with direct employment being the primary influencing factor. While land expropriation has a minimal impact on perceived benefits, land subsidence significantly affects these perceptions. Although relocation helps farmers mitigate risks, it does not substantially alter the overall negative perceptions of mining among the population. This study underscores the need for the Chinese government to develop a sustainable framework to address the risks associated with mining, with a particular focus on displacement and resettlement issues.
{"title":"Community voices: Assessing the benefits and concerns of mining in China","authors":"Danyang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mining activities often have significant positive and negative effects on local communities. This study presents insights from China, focusing on rural communities’ perspectives on the overall benefits of mining. The initial investigation was conducted at three sites in April and May 2022. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 key stakeholders, including officials from county mining and land administration departments, mining rights holders, representatives from the mining association, township government officials, and a group of local farmers. The study identifies and utilises four indicators to assess the impact of mining: employment opportunities, environmental pollution, land expropriation, and land subsidence with associated resettlement. The analysis involves a diverse sample of 352 farmers who are demographically and economically spread across six provinces and reside near mining areas. The findings revealed that only a minority of farmers perceived mining as yielding net benefits, with direct employment being the primary influencing factor. While land expropriation has a minimal impact on perceived benefits, land subsidence significantly affects these perceptions. Although relocation helps farmers mitigate risks, it does not substantially alter the overall negative perceptions of mining among the population. This study underscores the need for the Chinese government to develop a sustainable framework to address the risks associated with mining, with a particular focus on displacement and resettlement issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47848,"journal":{"name":"Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101518
Kyle S. Herman , Benjamin K. Sovacool
Texas, the “energy capital of the world,” is undergoing a widescale technological transition in response to recent climate policies in the United States. There is immense potential for industrial decarbonization in Texas—which already has extensive experience with carbon capture and enhanced oil recovery—and thousands of miles of hydrogen and CO2 transport pipelines. Successful reorientation of its industry towards net-zero could provide a blueprint to industrial regions elsewhere. This article investigates industrial decarbonization megaprojects using the Triple-Embeddedness Framework (TEF), which emphasizes the region as a sociotechnical and industrial regime. Through a longitudinal analysis of five temporal TEF phases, we uncover significant reorientation as new constellations of industrial actors coalesce and consolidate. Nevertheless, some technological dimensions of the industry regime are resistant to systematic, whole systems change, such as blue hydrogen and CO2 capture hubs—which are tethered to fossil fuel production.
{"title":"Reinventing the global oil capital: The sociotechnical dynamics of industrial net-zero megaprojects in Texas","authors":"Kyle S. Herman , Benjamin K. Sovacool","doi":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Texas, the “energy capital of the world,” is undergoing a widescale technological transition in response to recent climate policies in the United States. There is immense potential for industrial decarbonization in Texas—which already has extensive experience with carbon capture and enhanced oil recovery—and thousands of miles of hydrogen and CO2 transport pipelines. Successful reorientation of its industry towards net-zero could provide a blueprint to industrial regions elsewhere. This article investigates industrial decarbonization megaprojects using the Triple-Embeddedness Framework (TEF), which emphasizes the region as a sociotechnical and industrial regime. Through a longitudinal analysis of five temporal TEF phases, we uncover significant reorientation as new constellations of industrial actors coalesce and consolidate. Nevertheless, some technological dimensions of the industry regime are resistant to systematic, whole systems change, such as blue hydrogen and CO2 capture hubs—which are tethered to fossil fuel production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47848,"journal":{"name":"Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101518"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101558
Francis Arthur-Holmes , Jennifer Dokbila Mengba
This paper examines the dynamics of informal women cooperatives in the artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector in Africa, focusing on a qualitative case study of the Talensi mining area in Northern Ghana. Our findings demonstrate that women, through collective agency and action, establish informal women cooperatives in ASM spaces to address the socio-economic and geopolitical challenges they encounter. Two main categories of informal cooperatives formed are shanking cooperatives (for women involved in sieving crushed extracted ore) and sambalga cooperatives (for women digging at the bank of rivers and streams, or uplands in search of gold). Women in licensed and unlicensed ASM zones form groups or associations to promote their welfare, challenge gender norms, advocate for representation and inclusion of voices in mining activities, resist male diggers involved in surface mining, and seek social recognition and economic security. Despite women miners' collective action and agency in pursuing these goals, they still encounter some challenges, particularly related to discrimination and favoritism, social class division among women, strict socio-cultural norms, and conflict with male diggers. In this paper, we highlight that formalization reforms should include gender-sensitive licensing support programs, and transformative gender and inclusive reforms to promote women empowerment in the sector.
{"title":"Conceptualizing collective action and informal women cooperatives in Africa's artisanal and small-scale mining sector: The case of Northern Ghana","authors":"Francis Arthur-Holmes , Jennifer Dokbila Mengba","doi":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines the dynamics of informal women cooperatives in the artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector in Africa, focusing on a qualitative case study of the Talensi mining area in Northern Ghana. Our findings demonstrate that women, through collective agency and action, establish informal women cooperatives in ASM spaces to address the socio-economic and geopolitical challenges they encounter. Two main categories of informal cooperatives formed are <em>shanking</em> cooperatives (for women involved in sieving crushed extracted ore) and <em>sambalga</em> cooperatives (for women digging at the bank of rivers and streams, or uplands in search of gold). Women in licensed and unlicensed ASM zones form groups or associations to promote their welfare, challenge gender norms, advocate for representation and inclusion of voices in mining activities, resist male diggers involved in surface mining, and seek social recognition and economic security. Despite women miners' collective action and agency in pursuing these goals, they still encounter some challenges, particularly related to discrimination and favoritism, social class division among women, strict socio-cultural norms, and conflict with male diggers. In this paper, we highlight that formalization reforms should include gender-sensitive licensing support programs, and transformative gender and inclusive reforms to promote women empowerment in the sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47848,"journal":{"name":"Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101558"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101572
Joshua Matanzima
Decarbonization initiatives depend heavily on the sustainable supply of critical raw materials. Such a high dependency on critical minerals drives their urgent sourcing. However, this urgent extraction of critical minerals for the low-carbon energy transition induces severe social impacts including different types of displacements: i.e physical, cultural and economic. Demand for critical minerals is expected to surge in the coming decades, and so are these displacement trends. Communities located on or nearer to critical minerals deposits are increasingly becoming exposed to these displacements, but there is limited problematization of such forced relocation trends that negatively impact communities, socio-economically and culturally. Detailed case studies of displacements induced by the haste to extract critical minerals are scant. The displacement problem is categorized under the “S” of the ESG risks, and it has not been adequately conceptualized- within the energy transitions field- to understand its full-scale. The “speed” to extract these minerals drives us to rethink mining induced displacement and resettlement (MIDR) by considering how this urgency may protract displacement impacts. Using the political ecology of climate change mitigation framework, this article analyses multidimensional displacements resulting from the accelerated extraction of critical minerals with special reference to the lithium case in Zimbabwe. In Zimbabwe, lithium extraction is inducing multidimensional displacements in some regions where it has been discovered. Evidence indicates that these displacements are implemented with no due diligence and in the absence of adequate processes of consultation and consent leaving communities impoverished. The paper provides recommendations for improving the resettlement practices and achieving resettlement with development that improves the lives of affected communities within the energy transition agenda.
{"title":"Displaced by the transition: The political ecology of climate change mitigation, displacements and Lithium extraction in Zimbabwe","authors":"Joshua Matanzima","doi":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exis.2024.101572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decarbonization initiatives depend heavily on the sustainable supply of critical raw materials. Such a high dependency on critical minerals drives their urgent sourcing. However, this urgent extraction of critical minerals for the low-carbon energy transition induces severe social impacts including different types of displacements: i.e physical, cultural and economic. Demand for critical minerals is expected to surge in the coming decades, and so are these displacement trends. Communities located on or nearer to critical minerals deposits are increasingly becoming exposed to these displacements, but there is limited problematization of such forced relocation trends that negatively impact communities, socio-economically and culturally. Detailed case studies of displacements induced by the haste to extract critical minerals are scant. The displacement problem is categorized under the “S” of the ESG risks, and it has not been adequately conceptualized- within the energy transitions field- to understand its full-scale. The “speed” to extract these minerals drives us to rethink mining induced displacement and resettlement (MIDR) by considering how this urgency may protract displacement impacts. Using the political ecology of climate change mitigation framework, this article analyses multidimensional displacements resulting from the accelerated extraction of critical minerals with special reference to the lithium case in Zimbabwe. In Zimbabwe, lithium extraction is inducing multidimensional displacements in some regions where it has been discovered. Evidence indicates that these displacements are implemented with no due diligence and in the absence of adequate processes of consultation and consent leaving communities impoverished. The paper provides recommendations for improving the resettlement practices and achieving <em>resettlement with development</em> that improves the lives of affected communities within the energy transition agenda.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47848,"journal":{"name":"Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101572"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101573
Ana Maria Esteves
I advocate for the establishment of a Code of Ethics for social performance professionals, particularly in the extractive and energy industries where faster and more production is essential for the energy transition. Demand for social performance practitioners is increasing. As the profession evolves, it faces significant challenges due to a lack of standardised qualifications and frameworks. In this opinion piece, I underscore the critical role social performance professionals play in advising corporate decision-making and the necessity for professionalisation of the field. A Code of Ethics recognises three unique aspects of social performance practice that demand specific ethical guidance: multi-stakeholder accountability, complex power dynamics, and consideration of long-term impacts. The concept of ethical maturity in practitioners’ decision-making processes is discussed, and a set of ethical principles proposed, illustrated with practical scenarios. I conclude by emphasising that a well-defined Code of Ethics is essential for building a profession that is valued for its accountability, integrity and culture of ethics. Dialogue among practitioners and stakeholders is crucial to ensure that the code reflects the complexities of social performance practice and contributes to responsible business practices.
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