Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal最新文献_第6页

Conceptualizing collective action and informal women cooperatives in Africa's artisanal and small-scale mining sector: The case of Northern Ghana 非洲手工和小规模采矿业集体行动和非正式妇女合作社的概念化：加纳北部的案例

IF 3.6 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101558

Francis Arthur-Holmes , Jennifer Dokbila Mengba

This paper examines the dynamics of informal women cooperatives in the artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector in Africa, focusing on a qualitative case study of the Talensi mining area in Northern Ghana. Our findings demonstrate that women, through collective agency and action, establish informal women cooperatives in ASM spaces to address the socio-economic and geopolitical challenges they encounter. Two main categories of informal cooperatives formed are shanking cooperatives (for women involved in sieving crushed extracted ore) and sambalga cooperatives (for women digging at the bank of rivers and streams, or uplands in search of gold). Women in licensed and unlicensed ASM zones form groups or associations to promote their welfare, challenge gender norms, advocate for representation and inclusion of voices in mining activities, resist male diggers involved in surface mining, and seek social recognition and economic security. Despite women miners' collective action and agency in pursuing these goals, they still encounter some challenges, particularly related to discrimination and favoritism, social class division among women, strict socio-cultural norms, and conflict with male diggers. In this paper, we highlight that formalization reforms should include gender-sensitive licensing support programs, and transformative gender and inclusive reforms to promote women empowerment in the sector.

本文以加纳北部塔伦西矿区的定性案例研究为重点，探讨了非洲手工和小规模采矿业（ASM）中非正式妇女合作社的动态。我们的研究结果表明，妇女通过集体代理和行动，在手工和小规模采矿领域建立了非正式妇女合作社，以应对她们遇到的社会经济和地缘政治挑战。成立的非正规合作社主要有两类：shanking 合作社（妇女参与筛分碎矿石）和 sambalga 合作社（妇女在河岸、溪流或高地挖掘黄金）。有执照和无执照个体和小型金矿开采区的妇女组成团体或协会，以促进她们的福利，挑战性别规范，倡导在采矿活动中的代表权和发言权，抵制参与地表采矿的男性采掘者，并寻求社会认可和经济保障。尽管女性矿工在追求这些目标的过程中采取了集体行动并发挥了能动作用，但她们仍然遇到了一些挑战，特别是与歧视和偏袒、女性之间的社会阶层分化、严格的社会文化规范以及与男性采掘者的冲突有关的挑战。在本文中，我们强调正规化改革应包括对性别问题有敏感认识的许可支持计划，以及促进该行业妇女赋权的变革性性别和包容性改革。

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引用次数: 0

Displaced by the transition: The political ecology of climate change mitigation, displacements and Lithium extraction in Zimbabwe 因转型而流离失所：津巴布韦减缓气候变化、流离失所和锂开采的政治生态学

IF 3.6 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101572

Joshua Matanzima

Decarbonization initiatives depend heavily on the sustainable supply of critical raw materials. Such a high dependency on critical minerals drives their urgent sourcing. However, this urgent extraction of critical minerals for the low-carbon energy transition induces severe social impacts including different types of displacements: i.e physical, cultural and economic. Demand for critical minerals is expected to surge in the coming decades, and so are these displacement trends. Communities located on or nearer to critical minerals deposits are increasingly becoming exposed to these displacements, but there is limited problematization of such forced relocation trends that negatively impact communities, socio-economically and culturally. Detailed case studies of displacements induced by the haste to extract critical minerals are scant. The displacement problem is categorized under the “S” of the ESG risks, and it has not been adequately conceptualized- within the energy transitions field- to understand its full-scale. The “speed” to extract these minerals drives us to rethink mining induced displacement and resettlement (MIDR) by considering how this urgency may protract displacement impacts. Using the political ecology of climate change mitigation framework, this article analyses multidimensional displacements resulting from the accelerated extraction of critical minerals with special reference to the lithium case in Zimbabwe. In Zimbabwe, lithium extraction is inducing multidimensional displacements in some regions where it has been discovered. Evidence indicates that these displacements are implemented with no due diligence and in the absence of adequate processes of consultation and consent leaving communities impoverished. The paper provides recommendations for improving the resettlement practices and achieving resettlement with development that improves the lives of affected communities within the energy transition agenda.

去碳化倡议在很大程度上取决于关键原材料的可持续供应。对关键矿物质的高度依赖促使人们急于寻找其来源。然而，这种为低碳能源转型而紧急开采关键矿物的做法造成了严重的社会影响，包括不同类型的流离失所：即物质、文化和经济流离失所。预计未来几十年对关键矿产的需求将激增，这些流离失所的趋势也将如此。位于关键矿藏上或矿藏附近的社区越来越多地受到这些迁移的影响，但对这种对社区的社会经济和文化产生负面影响的强迫迁移趋势的质疑却很有限。关于因急于开采重要矿产而导致流离失所的详细案例研究很少。流离失所问题被归类为环境、社会和治理风险中的 "S "类，而在能源转型领域，这一问题还没有被充分概念化，无法全面了解其规模。开采这些矿物的 "速度 "促使我们重新思考采矿引起的流离失所和重新安置（MIDR）问题，考虑这种紧迫性如何可能延长流离失所的影响。本文利用气候变化减缓的政治生态学框架，分析了加速开采关键矿产导致的多维度流离失所问题，并特别提到了津巴布韦的锂矿案例。在津巴布韦，锂的开采在一些发现锂的地区造成了多层面的流离失所。有证据表明，在实施这些搬迁时没有尽职尽责，也没有充分的协商和同意程序，导致社区陷入贫困。本文件提出了一些建议，以改进重新安置做法，并在能源转型议程范围内实现重新安置与发展相结合，从而改善受影响社区的生活。

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引用次数: 0

A Code of Ethics for the social performance profession 社会绩效职业道德准则

IF 3.6 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101573

Ana Maria Esteves

I advocate for the establishment of a Code of Ethics for social performance professionals, particularly in the extractive and energy industries where faster and more production is essential for the energy transition. Demand for social performance practitioners is increasing. As the profession evolves, it faces significant challenges due to a lack of standardised qualifications and frameworks. In this opinion piece, I underscore the critical role social performance professionals play in advising corporate decision-making and the necessity for professionalisation of the field. A Code of Ethics recognises three unique aspects of social performance practice that demand specific ethical guidance: multi-stakeholder accountability, complex power dynamics, and consideration of long-term impacts. The concept of ethical maturity in practitioners’ decision-making processes is discussed, and a set of ethical principles proposed, illustrated with practical scenarios. I conclude by emphasising that a well-defined Code of Ethics is essential for building a profession that is valued for its accountability, integrity and culture of ethics. Dialogue among practitioners and stakeholders is crucial to ensure that the code reflects the complexities of social performance practice and contributes to responsible business practices.

我主张为社会绩效专业人员制定《职业道德准则》，特别是在采掘和能源行业，因为更快、更多的生产对能源转型至关重要。对社会绩效从业人员的需求与日俱增。随着这一职业的发展，由于缺乏标准化的资格认证和框架，它面临着巨大的挑战。在这篇评论文章中，我强调了社会绩效专业人员在为企业决策提供建议方面所发挥的关键作用，以及该领域专业化的必要性。道德规范承认社会绩效实践的三个独特方面需要具体的道德指导：多方利益相关者的责任、复杂的权力动态以及对长期影响的考虑。讨论了从业人员决策过程中的道德成熟度概念，提出了一套道德原则，并以实际情景加以说明。最后，我强调，明确的《伦理守则》对于建立一个以责任、诚信和伦理文化为价值的专业至关重要。从业人员和利益相关者之间的对话对于确保守则反映社会绩效实践的复杂性和促进负责任的商业实践至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Towards sustainable resource management: Graph modelling insights from Ghana's oil and gas local content ecosystem 实现可持续资源管理：加纳石油和天然气当地含量生态系统的图表建模见解

IF 3.6 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101570

Ebenezer Afrifa-Yamoah

A critical aspect of the management of oil and gas resources in Ghana is the effective promotion and development of local content to maximise the participation of local businesses and workforce in the oil and gas industry. This study examined local content drive in Ghana's oil and gas sector, analyzing its functional relations with institutional characteristics, participation, technology transfer, and economic growth via graph modelling framework. A total of 250 key stakeholders were involved in this cross-sectional study. A network analysis revealed the centrality of institutional characteristics in driving local content development, while economic growth was the least integrated domain. Diverse strengths and directionality of connections between domains were observed, which highlight the complexity of areas of influence and potential challenges. Process modelling analysis showed a significant positive direct effect of institutional characteristics on local content drive, emphasizing the critical role of robust and supportive institutions in driving local content initiatives. Conversely, economic growth exhibited a smaller yet significant negative direct effect, indicating a trade-off between economic expansion and local content focus. The broader implications of these findings are discussed, and recommendations are proposed to enhance the effectiveness of local content drive in Ghana's oil and gas sector.

加纳石油和天然气资源管理的一个重要方面是有效促进和发展本地内容，以最大限度地提高本地企业和劳动力在石油和天然气行业的参与度。本研究考察了加纳石油和天然气行业的本地含量驱动力，通过图表模型框架分析了其与机构特征、参与、技术转让和经济增长之间的功能关系。共有 250 名主要利益相关者参与了这项横向研究。网络分析显示，机构特征在推动本地内容发展方面居于核心地位，而经济增长则是整合程度最低的领域。各领域之间的联系具有不同的优势和方向性，凸显了影响领域和潜在挑战的复杂性。过程建模分析表明，机构特征对本地内容驱动力有显著的正向直接影响，这强调了强大和支持性机构在推动本地内容倡议方面的关键作用。与此相反，经济增长表现出较小但显著的负直接影响，表明经济扩张与注重本地内容之间存在权衡。本文讨论了这些发现的广泛影响，并提出了提高加纳石油和天然气行业本地含量驱动有效性的建议。

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引用次数: 0

Valuation and conflicts in the Peruvian extractive frontier: Towards a politics of value analytical framework 秘鲁采掘前沿的价值评估与冲突：建立价值政治分析框架

IF 3.6 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101563

Peter Leys

This article contributes to the on-going debate about how to understand extractive conflicts. What drives conflicts in areas of extraction? Do local people mobilize to reject extraction outright, or do they mobilize to secure rents and compensation from extractive projects? Political ecologists and ecological economists argue that different incommensurable languages of valuation challenge monetary value in a contest of values. Political economists disagree and argue that the majority of conflicts are about compensation, not alternative valuations. In this article, I suggest that value does indeed play a key role in extractive conflicts, but I also recognize the criticisms presented by political economy. To explore an alternative usage of value for understanding extractive conflicts, I draw on David Graebers anthropological notion of value, through which I elaborate an analytical framework of a politics of value, illustrated by three case studies of extractive conflicts in the Peruvian Andes. By analyzing conflicts in the extractive frontier as a ‘politics of value’, this article re-thinks how we understand the complicated dynamics of value and valuation in the extractive frontier and develops an analytical framework of a politics of value, to understand how conflict dynamics shape valuation, and how valuation, in turn, shapes conflict dynamics.

本文为正在进行的关于如何理解采掘冲突的辩论做出了贡献。是什么推动了采掘地区的冲突？是当地人动员起来断然拒绝采掘，还是他们动员起来确保从采掘项目中获得租金和补偿？政治生态学家和生态经济学家认为，在价值观的较量中，不同的不可通约的估价语言对货币价值提出了挑战。政治经济学家不同意这种观点，他们认为大多数冲突都与补偿有关，而非替代估值。在本文中，我认为价值的确在采掘冲突中扮演着关键角色，但我也承认政治经济学提出的批评。为了探索另一种理解采掘冲突的价值用法，我借鉴了戴维-格拉伯斯（David Graebers）的人类学价值概念，并通过对秘鲁安第斯山脉采掘冲突的三个案例研究，阐述了价值政治的分析框架。通过将采掘前沿的冲突分析为 "价值政治"，本文重新思考了我们如何理解采掘前沿复杂的价值和估值动态，并建立了一个价值政治的分析框架，以理解冲突动态如何塑造估值，以及估值又如何反过来塑造冲突动态。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the land dispossession and criminalisation of the Basarwa peoples' livelihoods in Botswana: A narrative through the lens of the Basarwa peoples 探讨博茨瓦纳巴萨瓦人的土地被剥夺和生计被定罪的问题：通过巴萨瓦人的视角进行叙述

IF 3.6 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101568

Lesedi Mashumba

The Central Kalahari Game Reserve(CKGR) and the Basarwa(the San or Bushmen) have been a locus of protracted struggles over land, resource rights, and citizenship. Despite the long history of the Basarwa peoples as the inhabitants of the CKGR, the government of Botswana reinforced their relocations to new resettlement areas. This study aimed to explore the Basarwa peoples’ experiences and perceptions of the land dispossessions and resettlements. In-depth face-to-face interviews using semi-structured questions with thirty-six(36) participants from three resettlement communities were administered and through data explication themes emerged. Key findings reveal that despite the opening of a diamond mine in the game reserve and a booming tourism industry, the development/modernisation promises which were offered by the government to enforce relocations were far from being realised. The study argues that such fosters the diminishing of the Basarwa selfhood in ways that (re)dismember¹ them from the human family through engaging with concepts of belonging, autochthony, othering, enclosures and cultural genocide.

中卡拉哈里野生动物保护区（CKGR）和巴萨瓦人（桑人或布须曼人）一直是围绕土地、资源权利和公民权展开长期斗争的地方。尽管巴萨瓦人作为卡拉达野生动物保护区的居民有着悠久的历史，但博茨瓦纳政府却强迫他们搬迁到新的安置区。本研究旨在探讨巴萨瓦人对土地剥夺和重新安置的经历和看法。采用半结构化问题对来自三个重新安置社区的三十六（36）名参与者进行了深入的面对面访谈，并通过数据阐释得出了一些主题。主要研究结果表明，尽管在野生动物保护区开设了钻石矿，旅游业也蓬勃发展，但政府为强制搬迁而做出的发展/现代化承诺却远未实现。本研究认为，通过对归属、自生自灭、他者化、圈地和文化灭绝等概念的探讨，巴萨瓦人的自我身份以（重新）从人类大家庭中肢解1 的方式被削弱。

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引用次数: 0

Mineral price instability and its effects on conflict in industrial and small-scale mining in eastern congo 矿产价格不稳定及其对刚果东部工业和小规模采矿冲突的影响

IF 3.6 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101472

Peijing Wang , Sidra Bibi

Existing research emphasizes a strong correlation between mining activity and local disputes but does not distinguish between small-scale and large-scale mining operations. This research utilizes the volatility of mineral prices and the issue of industrial mining licenses to investigate their influence on conflict levels in Eastern Congo from 2004 – 2022. Our research indicates that as mineral prices rise, conflicts related to small-scale mining areas intensify, which suggests competition between militant factions.Nevertheless, the influence of such an effect is significantly diminished within the framework of industrial mining. In addition, the expansion of industrial mining activities often leads to decreased confrontations, indicating that firms have implemented adequate security procedures. Conversely, its growth causes community dissatisfaction, and when it replaces small-scale mining, it also leads to increased citizen aggression and theft. Based on thorough case evaluations, these negative outcomes only occur when industrial mining moves from the initial exploration phase to full-scale production.

现有研究强调采矿活动与地方争端之间存在密切联系，但没有区分小规模和大规模采矿活动。本研究利用矿产价格的波动性和工业采矿许可证的问题，调查它们对 2004-2022 年刚果东部冲突水平的影响。我们的研究表明，随着矿产价格上涨，与小型矿区有关的冲突加剧，这表明激进派别之间存在竞争。此外，工业采矿活动的扩大往往导致对抗的减少，这表明企业已经实施了适当的安全程序。相反，工业采矿活动的增长会引起社区的不满，当它取代小规模采矿活动时，也会导致公民攻击和盗窃行为的增加。根据对案例的全面评估，只有当工业采矿从最初的勘探阶段进入全面生产阶段时，才会出现这些负面结果。

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引用次数: 0

Reclamation satisfaction and post-mining land use potential in Central Appalachia, US 美国阿巴拉契亚中部地区的复垦满意度和采矿后土地利用潜力

IF 3.6 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101550

Neelam C. Poudyal , Buddhi R. Gyawali , Sikha Acharya

Community support for the mining industry depends upon satisfactory reclamation that preserves the land's potential to benefit the landowners and communities after the mining period. Abandoned mines that have been reclaimed poorly can often lead to a decline in local support for mining. Using the case of surface mining in Kentucky, this study assessed and compared landowners’ and their neighboring residents’ perceptions of environmental change, satisfaction with reclamation, and perceived barriers and opportunities to use reclaimed land to benefit the landowners and the broader community. We found poor satisfaction with reclamation efforts and only modest success in effectively managing reclaimed land for the intended use, largely because of inadequate reclamation. Financial incentives, legal assurance, and better reinforcement of reclamation rules were perceived to be potentially useful policy interventions to help landowners use the reclaimed lands effectively. Although they were acceptable to residents, landowners were quite unlikely to adopt educational projects, public parks, and biofuel crops. However, they were relatively more likely to adopt farmland, timber, and nature conservation and these uses were highly acceptable to the neighboring residents as well. Although this study focused on mining, the findings shed light on the social dynamics of mining's effects, reclamation, and the feasibility of land use alternatives in regions influenced by extractive industries.

社区对采矿业的支持取决于令人满意的复垦，以保持土地在采矿期结束后造福于土地所有者和社区的潜力。如果废弃矿山的复垦效果不佳，往往会导致当地对采矿业的支持下降。本研究以肯塔基州的露天采矿为例，评估并比较了土地所有者及其周边居民对环境变化的看法、对复垦的满意度，以及对利用复垦土地造福土地所有者和更广泛社区的障碍和机会的看法。我们发现，人们对复垦工作的满意度很低，而且在有效管理复垦土地以实现预期用途方面只取得了微小的成功，这主要是由于复垦不充分造成的。我们认为，经济激励、法律保证和更好地强化复垦规则是帮助土地所有者有效使用复垦土地的潜在有用的政策干预措施。尽管这些措施可以为居民所接受，但土地所有者不太可能采用教育项目、公共公园和生物燃料作物。不过，相对而言，他们更倾向于采用农田、木材和自然保护，而且这些用途也非常容易为周边居民所接受。虽然这项研究的重点是采矿，但研究结果揭示了采矿影响的社会动态、复垦以及受采掘业影响地区土地使用替代方案的可行性。

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引用次数: 0

Iman Peoples Water Sovereignty: Extractive Industries in Central Queensland 伊曼人民的水资源主权：昆士兰中部的采掘业

IF 3.6 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101560

Clint J. Hansen , Matthew J. Currell , Eugenia Flynn

The coal seam gas (CSG) industry has rapidly expanded in the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) over the past two decades, significantly impacting groundwater ecosystems and Indigenous communities that rely on these water sources for cultural, spiritual, and practical purposes. This article examines the intersection of Water Sovereignty, extractive industries, and key issues such as Social License to Operate (SLO), Indigenous Peoples' rights, informed consent, and the legal doctrine of Aqua Nullius. Through an Indigenous perspective, this research illuminates the multifaceted dimensions of water governance and the complexities that arise from the interactions between Indigenous stakeholders, industries, and regulatory frameworks. Through interviews with Elders of the Iman Peoples in central Queensland, the research highlights how current SLO frameworks neglect Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) and fail to uphold ethical standards necessary for protecting Indigenous cultural continuity. Water security is a primary concern, with Traditional Owners emphasizing the need to safeguard surface and groundwater for future generations. This research informs policy at local and national levels while contributing to global discussions on Indigenous sovereignty, environmental justice, and cultural heritage protection. It calls for integrating Indigenous knowledge and rights into water governance, promoting respect, equity, and sustainability in managing natural resources.

过去二十年来，煤层气（CSG）产业在大阿特西恩盆地（GAB）迅速扩张，对地下水生态系统以及在文化、精神和实际生活中依赖这些水源的土著社区造成了重大影响。本文探讨了水主权、采掘业以及社会经营许可 (SLO)、土著人民权利、知情同意和无主水法律理论等关键问题的交叉点。通过土著视角，本研究揭示了水资源治理的多面性，以及土著利益相关者、行业和监管框架之间互动所产生的复杂性。通过对昆士兰州中部伊曼人（Iman Peoples）长老的访谈，研究强调了当前的 SLO 框架是如何忽视自由、事先和知情同意（FPIC），以及未能坚持保护土著文化连续性所必需的道德标准的。水安全是一个首要问题，传统所有者强调需要为子孙后代保护地表水和地下水。这项研究为地方和国家层面的政策提供了参考，同时也为有关土著主权、环境正义和文化遗产保护的全球讨论做出了贡献。它呼吁将土著知识和权利纳入水资源治理，在管理自然资源时促进尊重、公平和可持续性。

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引用次数: 0

Critical minerals mining and Native American sovereignty: Comparing case studies of lithium, copper, antimony, nickel and graphite mining in the United States 关键矿物开采与美国原住民主权：美国锂、铜、锑、镍和石墨开采案例研究比较

IF 3.6 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101557

Macdonald Amoah , Benjamin K. Sovacool , Dustin Mulvaney , Morgan D. Bazilian , Richard Luarkie , Daniel Cardenas

Owing to the historical patterns of colonialism and settlement, many of the remaining undeveloped mineral resources needed for a low-carbon energy transition are located on lands that have historic, ancestral, or cultural significance to Native American Tribes and Indigenous communities, as well as are near environmental-sensitive areas. While some mining projects occur on private land, the majority of mining projects are proposed for lands owned by the United States Federal Government and managed by multiple agencies (United States Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management etc.) with goals across the spectra from natural resource development to cultural resource conservation. Through a comparative case study approach, this study analyzes mining projects seeking to develop these resources. The cases represent a mix of project types from greenfield development to historic mines sites. Mineral resource projects have faced varying degrees of social resistance, continue to face challenges with securing permitting approvals or face litigation, and this can be a source of development uncertainty. These frictions are also important moments for Native American Tribes and environmental conservation groups to lessen impacts on natural resources. Resolving the uncertainties on both sides is crucial for nation building. One of the primary reasons for frequent and sustained litigation among all these projects is establishing a common ground from various competing interests, which is still possible. While current legislations on mining have provisions concerning Tribal engagement, recent legislative proposals contain further action which is needed as part of a more inclusive approach that emphasizes early negotiation, pathways to consent and even various forms of partnerships. This will help resolve some of the nation's critical minerals challenges domestically in a way that protects the environment and preserve Tribal societal values.

由于殖民主义和定居的历史模式，低碳能源转型所需的许多剩余未开发矿产资源都位于对美国原住民部落和土著社区具有历史、祖先或文化意义的土地上，并且靠近环境敏感区域。虽然有些采矿项目发生在私人土地上，但大多数采矿项目都是针对美国联邦政府拥有的土地提出的，并由多个机构（美国林务局、土地管理局等）管理，其目标涵盖从自然资源开发到文化资源保护等各个领域。本研究通过比较案例研究的方法，对寻求开发这些资源的采矿项目进行了分析。这些案例代表了从绿地开发到历史矿址的各种项目类型。矿产资源项目面临着不同程度的社会阻力，在获得许可审批方面继续面临挑战，或面临诉讼，这些都可能成为开发不确定性的来源。这些摩擦也是美国原住民部落和环境保护团体减少对自然资源影响的重要时刻。解决双方的不确定性对国家建设至关重要。在所有这些项目中，诉讼频繁且持续不断的主要原因之一就是从各种相互竞争的利益中找到一个共同点，而这仍然是可能的。虽然目前有关采矿的立法中包含有关部落参与的条款，但最近的立法提案中包含了进一步的行动，作为更具包容性的方法的一部分，这种方法强调早期谈判、获得同意的途径，甚至是各种形式的伙伴关系。这将有助于在国内以保护环境和维护部落社会价值的方式解决国家在矿产方面面临的一些重大挑战。

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引用次数: 0