Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal最新文献_第4页

‘Even if you’re trying to do something good’: more-than-chemical separations of lithium recycling in a Norwegian science laboratory “即使你想做一些好事”：挪威科学实验室对锂回收的化学分离

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101775

Michelle Geraerts

Norway's green shift includes a rapid and large-scale adoption of electric cars, which brings new challenges around the recyclability of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium from car batteries is not recycled on industrial scale today, and is commonly lost in smelters' slag. To reduce the need for mining and wasting lithium, its recyclability presents an increasingly pressing issue. Through ethnographic research in a university laboratory in Norway, this article delves deeper into what 'good recycling' might mean in the eyes of a team of scientists experimenting with lithium recovery using 'green chemistry' methods. The article foregrounds hopes, doubts, questions and concerns expressed by the scientists aspiring a green process for lithium recycling, and highlights the imaginative and material separations to which envisioned 'closed loop' lithium currently relates, beyond chemical processes. Key challenges identified, using the ethnographic concept 'more-than-chemical separations', are that closed loop lithium recycling knowledge is accumulated and concentrated in oil-wealthy Norway, through dynamics of appropriation that perpetuate uneven geographies of green transitions; that lithium recycling processes are tied to often-forgotten material requirements and additions - identified as 'open ends' of the closed loop; and that 'greening' lithium recycling may legitimise overconsumption of lithium in a vicious cycle that reproduces or even increases rather than minimises the need for primary mining. The article closes with reflections on the need for more-than-chemical connections, as openings for imagining a liveable future together in which green lithium recycling could have a key role.

挪威的绿色转型包括电动汽车的快速和大规模采用，这给锂离子电池的可回收性带来了新的挑战。汽车电池中的锂目前还没有实现工业规模的回收，通常会在冶炼厂的炉渣中丢失。为了减少对锂的开采和浪费，锂的可回收性是一个日益紧迫的问题。通过在挪威一所大学实验室进行的人种学研究，本文深入探讨了在一组使用“绿色化学”方法进行锂回收试验的科学家眼中，“良好的回收”可能意味着什么。这篇文章展望了科学家们所表达的希望、怀疑、问题和担忧，他们渴望锂的绿色回收过程，并强调了想象中的“闭环”锂目前所涉及的想象力和物质分离，超越了化学过程。使用人种学概念“超越化学分离”，确定的关键挑战是，闭环锂回收知识的积累和集中在石油丰富的挪威，通过动态的挪用，使绿色过渡的地理分布不均匀；锂的回收过程与经常被遗忘的材料需求和补充有关——被认为是闭环的“开放端”；而这种“绿色”锂回收可能会使锂的过度消费合法化，从而形成恶性循环，再现甚至增加而不是减少对初级开采的需求。文章以对化学联系之外的需求的反思作为结束，作为想象一个共同宜居的未来的开端，绿色锂回收可能在其中发挥关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of sustainable business model innovation and green competencies on business sustainability in the mining sector: Moderating role of green creativity 可持续商业模式创新和绿色能力对矿业企业可持续发展的影响：绿色创造力的调节作用

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101784

Helen Inseng Duh , NomKhosi Radebe , Nelson Chipangamate

Value created from sustainable business model innovation (SBMI), green creativity, and dimensions of green competencies (GC) are vital for business sustainability (BS). Yet scales of SBMI and GC to be used, examination of interrelationships and holistic contributions of these key elements to generate BS are lacking. Thus, this study seeks to achieve three objectives: (1) test the SBMI and GC scales in the mining sector; (2) borrow ideas from the dynamic capability, stakeholder and value-network theories to examine the impact of three SBMI dimensions and six GC dimensions on BS; 3) examine the moderating role of employee green creativity on the relationship between BS and the six GC dimensions. Data was collected from 219 employees at two large mining companies in South Africa and Botswana. The SBMI and GC scales were aptly applicable in the mining sector. Structural equation modelling results revealed that two of the three SBMI dimensions (sustainable value proposition and capture) and three of the six GC dimensions (green knowledge, abilities and attitudes) positively impacted BS. Although green creativity significantly impacted all six GC dimensions (green awareness, knowledge, abilities, skills, attitudes and behaviours), it moderated in the BS and GC relationships only for four of GC dimensions.

可持续商业模式创新（SBMI）、绿色创造力和绿色能力（GC）维度所创造的价值对企业可持续发展（BS）至关重要。然而，要使用的SBMI和GC量表，对这些产生BS的关键因素的相互关系和整体贡献的检查是缺乏的。因此，本研究旨在实现三个目标：(1)对矿业部门的SBMI和GC规模进行测试；(2)借鉴动态能力理论、利益相关者理论和价值网络理论，考察SBMI三个维度和GC六个维度对企业绩效的影响；3)考察员工绿色创造力对企业绩效与六个GC维度之间关系的调节作用。数据收集自南非和博茨瓦纳两家大型矿业公司的219名员工。SBMI和GC量表适用于采矿业。结构方程建模结果显示，SBMI的三个维度中的两个（可持续价值主张和捕获）和GC的六个维度中的三个（绿色知识、能力和态度）对BS有积极影响。尽管绿色创造力显著影响了所有六个GC维度（绿色意识、知识、能力、技能、态度和行为），但它仅在四个GC维度中调节了BS和GC之间的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Rethinking artisanal mining in Africa through empirical insights from Ghana and Ethiopia 通过加纳和埃塞俄比亚的经验见解重新思考非洲的手工采矿

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101809

Raymond Kudzawu-D’Pherdd , Ekow Bartels , Majjid Afom Issah

This paper re-examines the evolving and contested role of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) in developing economies, with a particular focus on Ghana’s recent macroeconomic dynamics and comparative insights from Ethiopia. Although ASM is frequently associated with informality and environmental degradation, this study demonstrates its broader contributions to macroeconomic stability, industrial growth, and mineral resource discovery; dimensions that remain underexplored in the literature. Employing a mixed-methods approach that integrates a scoping review, policy analysis, and secondary data, we applied thematic policy analysis and introduce the Max-Hilson Multiplier to estimate ASM’s socioeconomic footprint. The findings reveal a strong correlation between Africa’s demographic expansion and the growth of ASM employment, affirming the sector’s increasing socioeconomic relevance. Our projections indicate that by 2030, approximately two out of every five Africans will be employed, directly or indirectly, through ASM-related activities. In Ghana, ASM has consistently accounted for 30%–43% of national gold output, even during periods of regulatory suspension. The recent restructuring of gold purchasing through the newly established GoldBod reportedly generated over US$8 billion within its first ten months of operation in 2025, reflecting the subsector’s expanding formal contribution. Ethiopia’s cooperative-based ASM framework, though smaller in scale, generated approximately US$419 million in formal mineral export revenue within a single year. The study concludes by proposing a contextualized policy framework for Ghana. It advocates for robust formalization strategies that integrate essential environmental safeguards. Furthermore, it promotes cooperative governance models tailored to the local socioeconomic context to enhance sustainability.

本文重新审视了发展中经济体中手工和小规模采矿（ASM）不断演变的和有争议的作用，特别关注加纳最近的宏观经济动态和埃塞俄比亚的比较见解。虽然ASM经常与非正式性和环境退化联系在一起，但本研究表明，它对宏观经济稳定、工业增长和矿产资源发现的贡献更广泛；在文献中仍未被充分探索的维度。我们采用综合范围评估、政策分析和二手数据的混合方法，应用主题政策分析并引入Max-Hilson乘数来估计ASM的社会经济足迹。研究结果揭示了非洲人口扩张与ASM就业增长之间的强烈相关性，肯定了该行业日益增长的社会经济相关性。我们的预测表明，到2030年，大约五分之二的非洲人将直接或间接地通过与asm相关的活动就业。在加纳，即使在监管暂停期间，ASM也一直占全国黄金产量的30%-43%。据报道，最近通过新成立的GoldBod对黄金购买进行了重组，在其2025年运营的前十个月内产生了超过80亿美元的收入，反映了该分部门不断扩大的正式贡献。埃塞俄比亚以合作为基础的ASM框架虽然规模较小，但在一年内产生了大约4.19亿美元的正式矿物出口收入。该研究最后为加纳提出了一个情境化的政策框架。它提倡整合基本环境保障措施的强有力的正规化战略。此外，它还推广适合当地社会经济背景的合作治理模式，以提高可持续性。

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引用次数: 0

Mining-induced displacements and the ontological (in)security of local communities: Experiences of the Chiadzwa people in Zimbabwe 采矿引起的流离失所和当地社区的本体论安全：津巴布韦Chiadzwa人的经验

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101781

Simbarashe Gukurume

This article applies the concept of ontological (in)security to displacement studies to show how the process of being uprooted or displaced from familiar to unfamiliar spaces reconfigures the ontological security of the displaced Chiadzwa people in eastern Zimbabwe. I use ontological (in)security to unpack the everyday anxieties, uncertainties and precariousness of displaced people. Drawing from qualitative and ethnographic research and in-depth interviews with 30 displaced participants, this article shows how the establishment of large-scale neoliberal enclaves ruptures displaced people’s quotidian routines and socialities which unsettle their sense of being, belonging and placemaking. As such, displacement disrupts both the livelihoods and ‘lifeworlds’ of the displaced people, compelling them to rethink and renegotiate who they are, their imaginings of ‘home’ and what it means to exist and belong. I argue that displacement is not just a material process with which loss is experienced materially through land dispossession, loss of homes and other livelihood assets, but displacement is also a temporal dislocation marked by uncertainty on the present and the future as well as a loss of continuity with the past. Consequently, displacement becomes a complex configuration signified by profound existential rupture. I also argue that while displacement disrupts the material anchors of everyday life such as land, property, homes and livelihoods, it also ruptures the symbolic and affective existential foundations of being and identity.

本文将本体安全的概念应用于流离失所研究，以显示从熟悉的空间被连根拔起或流离失所到不熟悉的空间的过程如何重新配置津巴布韦东部流离失所的Chiadzwa人的本体安全。我用本体论（in）安全来揭示流离失所者的日常焦虑、不确定性和不稳定性。通过定性和民族志研究以及对30名流离失所者的深入访谈，本文展示了大规模新自由主义飞地的建立如何破坏了流离失所者的日常生活和社会，扰乱了他们的存在感、归属感和场所创造感。因此，流离失所破坏了流离失所者的生计和“生活世界”，迫使他们重新思考和重新谈判他们是谁，他们对“家”的想象以及存在和归属的意义。我认为，流离失所不仅仅是一个物质过程，在这个过程中，人们通过剥夺土地、失去家园和其他生计资产而经历了物质上的损失，而且流离失所也是一种时间上的错位，其特征是现在和未来的不确定性，以及与过去的连续性的丧失。因此，位移成为一种复杂的结构，其标志是深刻的存在断裂。我还认为，虽然流离失所破坏了日常生活的物质支柱，如土地、财产、家园和生计，但它也破坏了存在和身份的象征性和情感存在基础。

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引用次数: 0

Oil governance and institutional development in de facto states: A comparative study of the Kurdistan Regional Government and Rojava 事实上国家的石油治理和制度发展：库尔德斯坦地区政府和罗贾瓦的比较研究

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101818

Shwan Jamal Azeez

The contested status of de facto states poses major challenges to the development of an extractive oil industry. This article uses a Most Similar Systems Design to compare the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq and Rojava in Syria, two de facto states that share structural similarities but have experienced divergent outcomes in oil sector development. Drawing on expert interviews and secondary sources, this study identifies three key explanatory factors: the degree of patron state support, the constraints imposed by parent states, and the security conditions in each entity. The study finds that the KRG built a functioning oil industry due to sustained patron state support, limited interference from the parent state, and relative security. By contrast, Rojava struggled to develop its oil sector amid fragmented and inconsistent external backing, aggressive parent-state opposition, and repeated military threats that undermined institutional and infrastructural development. The study contributes to debates on state-building and resource governance by demonstrating how geopolitical support, legal autonomy, and a stable security environment shape the capacity of de facto states to manage and export natural resources.

事实上的国家有争议的地位对采掘石油工业的发展构成了重大挑战。本文使用最相似的系统设计来比较伊拉克的库尔德斯坦地区政府（KRG）和叙利亚的罗贾瓦，这两个事实上的国家在结构上具有相似性，但在石油部门发展方面却经历了不同的结果。通过专家访谈和二手资料，本研究确定了三个关键的解释因素：保护国的支持程度、母国施加的约束以及每个实体的安全状况。研究发现，由于赞助国的持续支持，母国的干预有限，以及相对安全，KRG建立了一个运作良好的石油工业。相比之下，罗贾瓦在支离破碎、前后不一致的外部支持、激进的国家反对和一再破坏制度和基础设施发展的军事威胁下，努力发展其石油部门。该研究通过展示地缘政治支持、法律自治和稳定的安全环境如何塑造事实国家管理和出口自然资源的能力，为国家建设和资源治理的辩论做出了贡献。

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引用次数: 0

From (De)regulation to Industrialization?: Chilean Lithium Policy in Comparative Perspective, Sebastián Carrasco (Palgrave Macmillan, 2025), 220 pages, ISBN 978-3-031-77129-3 从（去）管制到工业化？：比较视角下的智利锂政策，Sebastián Carrasco (Palgrave Macmillan, 2025)， 220页，ISBN 978-3-031-77129-3

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101799

Sören Scholvin

引用次数: 0

Plugging the gaps: Sustainable resource policy and revenue leakages in Nigeria’s small-scale lithium mining 填补缺口：尼日利亚小规模锂矿的可持续资源政策和收入泄漏

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101788

Olushola Daniel Eniowo , Hendrik Grobler , Antoine F. Mulaba-Bafubiandi , Moshood Onifade , Olasumbo Makinde , Sunday Olabisi Daramola

The rapid global demand for lithium, driven by the energy transition and the adoption of green technologies, has intensified interest in Nigeria's lithium-rich mineral deposits. However, the burgeoning small-scale lithium mining sector is plagued by significant revenue leakages that undermine the country’s economic potential and sustainable development efforts. This study examines the root causes and mechanisms of revenue losses in Nigeria’s small-scale lithium mining, with a focus on regulatory loopholes, informal trading networks, inadequate monitoring systems, and weak institutional enforcement. The study employed a qualitative research method, which involved a grounded theory approach using inductive reasoning to analyse semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in the Nigerian small-scale lithium sector, including miners, buyers, and regulatory officials. The field data, which were collected through interviews, were transcribed, coded and thematically analysed using Atlas.ti to identify patterns of leakage in royalty collection and governance. The findings reveal six major drivers of revenue leakage: false production disclosure, inadequate logistics for monitoring, lack of data collection, lack of export disclosure, lack of incentives for royalty payment-compliant miners, and mineral smuggling by foreigners. Additionally, the study identified six counterproductive policies and regulatory challenges affecting revenue generation in the sector, which include weak monitoring, bureaucracy, policy change and inconsistencies, extortion by enforcement agencies, regulatory inefficiency, and multiple taxation by different levels of government. The study concludes by underscoring the urgent need for policy reform, capacity building in regulatory institutions, and the formalisation of artisanal and small-scale mining operations. By addressing these structural gaps, Nigeria can not only curb revenue leakages but also position itself as a key player in the global lithium supply chain while advancing economic diversification and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

在能源转型和采用绿色技术的推动下，全球对锂的需求迅速增长，加剧了人们对尼日利亚富含锂的矿藏的兴趣。然而，蓬勃发展的小规模锂采矿部门受到严重收入泄漏的困扰，这破坏了该国的经济潜力和可持续发展努力。本研究考察了尼日利亚小规模锂矿收入损失的根本原因和机制，重点关注监管漏洞、非正式交易网络、监测系统不足和机构执行不力。该研究采用了定性研究方法，其中包括基于理论的方法，使用归纳推理来分析与尼日利亚小型锂行业利益相关者（包括矿工、买家和监管官员）的半结构化访谈。通过访谈收集的实地数据被转录、编码并使用Atlas进行主题分析。确定版税征收和治理中的泄漏模式。调查结果揭示了收入泄漏的六大驱动因素：虚假的生产披露、监控物流不足、缺乏数据收集、缺乏出口披露、缺乏对遵守特许权使用费支付的矿工的激励，以及外国人的矿产走私。此外，该研究还确定了影响该行业创收的六项适得其反的政策和监管挑战，包括监督不力、官僚主义、政策变化和不一致、执法机构敲诈勒索、监管效率低下以及各级政府的多重征税。研究报告最后强调，迫切需要进行政策改革、管理机构的能力建设以及手工和小规模采矿业务的正规化。通过解决这些结构性差距，尼日利亚不仅可以遏制收入泄漏，还可以将自己定位为全球锂供应链的关键参与者，同时推进经济多元化和联合国可持续发展目标（sdg）。

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引用次数: 0

Public acceptance of the mineral extraction industry in Mozambique: A critical perspective 莫桑比克公众对采矿业的接受程度：一个批判的观点

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101807

Manuel Nopeia , Mário Deus , Lopo Vasconcelos , Belo José Malumuge

The rapidly expanding mineral extraction industry in Mozambique faces various risks, one of which is the lack of public acceptance. The lack of public acceptance of mineral extraction has resulted in interruptions of mining activities, vandalization of mining companies' properties, and public uprisings against large-scale mining operators and the central government, occasionally leading to political instability. Through a comprehensive literature review and assessment of company performance, along with field surveys in the Namuno and Gilé Districts of northeastern Mozambique, and personal experiences, we identify and discuss the key factors that influence public acceptance of mineral extraction in the country. Among several factors, we emphasize (1) the level of understanding and educational background of the local communities, (2) level of trust, (3) the effectiveness of the current formalization scheme for artisanal mining — a labor-intensive mineral exploration and processing that involves small mining deposits and utilizes low-tech equipment, and (4) local cultural and personal values. This contribution explores these factors in detail and proposes practical actions to foster a more publicly accepted and sustainable mineral extraction industry in Mozambique.

莫桑比克迅速发展的矿产开采行业面临着各种风险，其中之一是缺乏公众的接受度。公众对矿产开采的不接受导致了采矿活动的中断，破坏矿业公司的财产，以及公众对大型矿业运营商和中央政府的起义，偶尔会导致政治不稳定。通过全面的文献回顾和对公司绩效的评估，以及在莫桑比克东北部的Namuno和gil地区的实地调查，以及个人经验，我们确定并讨论了影响该国公众接受矿物开采的关键因素。在几个因素中，我们强调(1)当地社区的理解水平和教育背景，(2)信任水平，(3)目前手工采矿正规化方案的有效性，手工采矿是一种劳动密集型的矿产勘探和加工，涉及小矿藏并使用低技术设备，以及(4)当地文化和个人价值观。本报告详细探讨了这些因素，并提出了切实可行的行动建议，以便在莫桑比克建立一个更为公众接受和可持续的矿物开采工业。

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引用次数: 0

Circular economy in the extractive frontier: Tensions and pathways for transformative change in mining 采掘前沿的循环经济：采矿业变革的紧张局势和途径

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101764

Cali Nuur , Solmaz Filiz Karabag , Andreas Feldmann

The mining sector, like other sectors of the economy, is under increasing pressure to adopt circular economy (CE) principles across its value chains and core operations. This paper offers a critical and conceptually grounded contribution to understanding how CE can support systemic transformation in one of the most resource-intensive and path-dependent sectors of the global economy. It examines the structural and institutional conditions that shape the adoption of CE in mining and identifies key tensions that constrain or enable transformative change. In parallel, the paper explores emerging pathways informed by technological innovation, shifts in production routines, and the rise of new circular business models. These insights are synthesised into a multi-level framework that captures the dynamic interactions between micro-, meso-, and macro-level processes shaping CE transitions. In addition to offering a diagnostic perspective, the framework outlines concrete action points for advancing systemic change.

与其他经济部门一样，采矿业也面临着越来越大的压力，需要在其价值链和核心业务中采用循环经济（CE）原则。本文提供了一个关键的和概念基础的贡献，以理解CE如何支持全球经济中最资源密集型和路径依赖性最强的部门之一的系统性转型。它审查了影响采矿业采用行政管理的结构和体制条件，并确定了限制或促成变革的关键紧张关系。与此同时，本文还探讨了技术创新、生产流程转变和新型循环商业模式兴起所带来的新兴途径。这些见解被综合成一个多层次的框架，捕捉微观、中观和宏观层面过程之间的动态相互作用，形成CE转换。除了提供诊断视角外，该框架还概述了推进系统性变革的具体行动要点。

引用次数: 0

Limbo in Lindi: Liquified natural gas, local content and displacement in Tanzania 林迪的悬而未决：坦桑尼亚的液化天然气，当地含量和排量

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101813

Siri Lange , Festo Gabriel

This article examines the interplay between international standards and national regulations in land acquisition for extractive projects, using the planned Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) project in Tanzania as a case study. Drawing on 69 qualitative interviews conducted between 2016 and 2023, complemented by secondary sources, the study explores how differing priorities of multinational oil and gas companies and Tanzanian authorities shaped displacement and compensation processes. While investors sought to adhere to IFC Performance Standard 5 to minimise displacement, government-led initiatives for local content and industrialisation expanded land acquisition beyond the LNG site, creating confusion and frustration among project-affected people (PAP). The study highlights gaps in grievance mechanisms, contested land rights, and the limitations of “top-up” compensation strategies, which may mitigate reputational risks for investors but exacerbate local inequalities. Government acquisition of adjacent land for industrial and housing purposes disrupted local livelihoods yet aimed to generate long-term benefits through ripple effects and employment - outcomes unlikely to arise from the LNG plant itself once operational. These findings contribute to debates on resource governance, involuntary displacement, and the social impacts of pre-extraction phases in resource-rich countries.

本文以坦桑尼亚计划中的液化天然气（LNG）项目为例，探讨了采掘项目征地中国际标准与国家法规之间的相互作用。根据2016年至2023年间进行的69次定性访谈，辅以二手资料，该研究探讨了跨国油气公司和坦桑尼亚当局的不同优先事项如何影响流离失所和补偿过程。虽然投资者试图遵守IFC绩效标准5，以尽量减少流离失所，但政府主导的本地内容和工业化倡议将土地征用扩大到液化天然气站点之外，在项目受影响的人群中造成了混乱和沮丧。该研究强调了申诉机制的差距、有争议的土地权利以及“补足”补偿策略的局限性，这可能会减轻投资者的声誉风险，但会加剧地方不平等。政府征用邻近的土地用于工业和住房目的，扰乱了当地的生计，但其目的是通过连锁反应和就业产生长期效益——液化天然气工厂本身一旦投入运营，不太可能产生这样的结果。这些发现有助于就资源丰富国家的资源治理、非自愿流离失所以及开采前阶段的社会影响展开辩论。

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引用次数: 0