Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal最新文献_第7页

Mining-induced displacements and the ontological (in)security of local communities: Experiences of the Chiadzwa people in Zimbabwe 采矿引起的流离失所和当地社区的本体论安全：津巴布韦Chiadzwa人的经验

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101781

Simbarashe Gukurume

This article applies the concept of ontological (in)security to displacement studies to show how the process of being uprooted or displaced from familiar to unfamiliar spaces reconfigures the ontological security of the displaced Chiadzwa people in eastern Zimbabwe. I use ontological (in)security to unpack the everyday anxieties, uncertainties and precariousness of displaced people. Drawing from qualitative and ethnographic research and in-depth interviews with 30 displaced participants, this article shows how the establishment of large-scale neoliberal enclaves ruptures displaced people’s quotidian routines and socialities which unsettle their sense of being, belonging and placemaking. As such, displacement disrupts both the livelihoods and ‘lifeworlds’ of the displaced people, compelling them to rethink and renegotiate who they are, their imaginings of ‘home’ and what it means to exist and belong. I argue that displacement is not just a material process with which loss is experienced materially through land dispossession, loss of homes and other livelihood assets, but displacement is also a temporal dislocation marked by uncertainty on the present and the future as well as a loss of continuity with the past. Consequently, displacement becomes a complex configuration signified by profound existential rupture. I also argue that while displacement disrupts the material anchors of everyday life such as land, property, homes and livelihoods, it also ruptures the symbolic and affective existential foundations of being and identity.

本文将本体安全的概念应用于流离失所研究，以显示从熟悉的空间被连根拔起或流离失所到不熟悉的空间的过程如何重新配置津巴布韦东部流离失所的Chiadzwa人的本体安全。我用本体论（in）安全来揭示流离失所者的日常焦虑、不确定性和不稳定性。通过定性和民族志研究以及对30名流离失所者的深入访谈，本文展示了大规模新自由主义飞地的建立如何破坏了流离失所者的日常生活和社会，扰乱了他们的存在感、归属感和场所创造感。因此，流离失所破坏了流离失所者的生计和“生活世界”，迫使他们重新思考和重新谈判他们是谁，他们对“家”的想象以及存在和归属的意义。我认为，流离失所不仅仅是一个物质过程，在这个过程中，人们通过剥夺土地、失去家园和其他生计资产而经历了物质上的损失，而且流离失所也是一种时间上的错位，其特征是现在和未来的不确定性，以及与过去的连续性的丧失。因此，位移成为一种复杂的结构，其标志是深刻的存在断裂。我还认为，虽然流离失所破坏了日常生活的物质支柱，如土地、财产、家园和生计，但它也破坏了存在和身份的象征性和情感存在基础。

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引用次数: 0

Artisanal diamond mining: An untold story of Basotho women 手工钻石开采：巴索托妇女不为人知的故事

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101794

Esther Makhetha

This article aims to critically analyse the role of women in mining in southern Africa, looking at the case study of Lesotho. Basotho women from the rural highlands of Lesotho used diamonds to sustain their livelihoods in the peak of migrant labour in South Africa. They joined artisanal diamond mining to support their households in the absence of men, and as remittances sent from South Africa were not enough to sustain the household. In this gender dynamic women played and continue to play a central economic role in their households. This conceptual paper demonstrates how Basotho women have been central to ASM. This is contrary to the dominant narrative which positions diamond mining as men’s work and activity. The paper draws on ethnographic data¹ on artisanal diamond mining in the highlands of Lesotho and extant literature to explore women’s experiences of violence, exploitation, and marginalisation in artisanal diamond mining.

本文旨在以莱索托为例，批判性地分析妇女在南部非洲采矿业中的作用。在南非移民劳工高峰时期，来自莱索托农村高地的巴索托妇女用钻石维持生计。在没有男人的情况下，她们参加手工钻石开采来养家糊口，而从南非寄来的汇款不足以维持家庭生计。在这种性别动态中，妇女在其家庭中发挥并继续发挥中心经济作用。这篇概念性论文展示了巴索托妇女如何成为ASM的核心。这与将钻石开采定位为男性工作和活动的主流叙事相反。本文利用莱索托高地手工钻石开采的民族志数据和现存文献，探索手工钻石开采中妇女遭受暴力、剥削和边缘化的经历。

引用次数: 0

‘Even if you’re trying to do something good’: more-than-chemical separations of lithium recycling in a Norwegian science laboratory “即使你想做一些好事”：挪威科学实验室对锂回收的化学分离

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2025-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101775

Michelle Geraerts

Norway's green shift includes a rapid and large-scale adoption of electric cars, which brings new challenges around the recyclability of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium from car batteries is not recycled on industrial scale today, and is commonly lost in smelters' slag. To reduce the need for mining and wasting lithium, its recyclability presents an increasingly pressing issue. Through ethnographic research in a university laboratory in Norway, this article delves deeper into what 'good recycling' might mean in the eyes of a team of scientists experimenting with lithium recovery using 'green chemistry' methods. The article foregrounds hopes, doubts, questions and concerns expressed by the scientists aspiring a green process for lithium recycling, and highlights the imaginative and material separations to which envisioned 'closed loop' lithium currently relates, beyond chemical processes. Key challenges identified, using the ethnographic concept 'more-than-chemical separations', are that closed loop lithium recycling knowledge is accumulated and concentrated in oil-wealthy Norway, through dynamics of appropriation that perpetuate uneven geographies of green transitions; that lithium recycling processes are tied to often-forgotten material requirements and additions - identified as 'open ends' of the closed loop; and that 'greening' lithium recycling may legitimise overconsumption of lithium in a vicious cycle that reproduces or even increases rather than minimises the need for primary mining. The article closes with reflections on the need for more-than-chemical connections, as openings for imagining a liveable future together in which green lithium recycling could have a key role.

挪威的绿色转型包括电动汽车的快速和大规模采用，这给锂离子电池的可回收性带来了新的挑战。汽车电池中的锂目前还没有实现工业规模的回收，通常会在冶炼厂的炉渣中丢失。为了减少对锂的开采和浪费，锂的可回收性是一个日益紧迫的问题。通过在挪威一所大学实验室进行的人种学研究，本文深入探讨了在一组使用“绿色化学”方法进行锂回收试验的科学家眼中，“良好的回收”可能意味着什么。这篇文章展望了科学家们所表达的希望、怀疑、问题和担忧，他们渴望锂的绿色回收过程，并强调了想象中的“闭环”锂目前所涉及的想象力和物质分离，超越了化学过程。使用人种学概念“超越化学分离”，确定的关键挑战是，闭环锂回收知识的积累和集中在石油丰富的挪威，通过动态的挪用，使绿色过渡的地理分布不均匀；锂的回收过程与经常被遗忘的材料需求和补充有关——被认为是闭环的“开放端”；而这种“绿色”锂回收可能会使锂的过度消费合法化，从而形成恶性循环，再现甚至增加而不是减少对初级开采的需求。文章以对化学联系之外的需求的反思作为结束，作为想象一个共同宜居的未来的开端，绿色锂回收可能在其中发挥关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of sustainable business model innovation and green competencies on business sustainability in the mining sector: Moderating role of green creativity 可持续商业模式创新和绿色能力对矿业企业可持续发展的影响：绿色创造力的调节作用

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101784

Helen Inseng Duh , NomKhosi Radebe , Nelson Chipangamate

Value created from sustainable business model innovation (SBMI), green creativity, and dimensions of green competencies (GC) are vital for business sustainability (BS). Yet scales of SBMI and GC to be used, examination of interrelationships and holistic contributions of these key elements to generate BS are lacking. Thus, this study seeks to achieve three objectives: (1) test the SBMI and GC scales in the mining sector; (2) borrow ideas from the dynamic capability, stakeholder and value-network theories to examine the impact of three SBMI dimensions and six GC dimensions on BS; 3) examine the moderating role of employee green creativity on the relationship between BS and the six GC dimensions. Data was collected from 219 employees at two large mining companies in South Africa and Botswana. The SBMI and GC scales were aptly applicable in the mining sector. Structural equation modelling results revealed that two of the three SBMI dimensions (sustainable value proposition and capture) and three of the six GC dimensions (green knowledge, abilities and attitudes) positively impacted BS. Although green creativity significantly impacted all six GC dimensions (green awareness, knowledge, abilities, skills, attitudes and behaviours), it moderated in the BS and GC relationships only for four of GC dimensions.

可持续商业模式创新（SBMI）、绿色创造力和绿色能力（GC）维度所创造的价值对企业可持续发展（BS）至关重要。然而，要使用的SBMI和GC量表，对这些产生BS的关键因素的相互关系和整体贡献的检查是缺乏的。因此，本研究旨在实现三个目标：(1)对矿业部门的SBMI和GC规模进行测试；(2)借鉴动态能力理论、利益相关者理论和价值网络理论，考察SBMI三个维度和GC六个维度对企业绩效的影响；3)考察员工绿色创造力对企业绩效与六个GC维度之间关系的调节作用。数据收集自南非和博茨瓦纳两家大型矿业公司的219名员工。SBMI和GC量表适用于采矿业。结构方程建模结果显示，SBMI的三个维度中的两个（可持续价值主张和捕获）和GC的六个维度中的三个（绿色知识、能力和态度）对BS有积极影响。尽管绿色创造力显著影响了所有六个GC维度（绿色意识、知识、能力、技能、态度和行为），但它仅在四个GC维度中调节了BS和GC之间的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Global syndrome at the local level: The politics of illicit financial flows in Ghana’s artisanal small-scale gold mining sector 地方层面的全球综合症：加纳手工小规模金矿部门非法资金流动的政治

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101791

Abigail A. Tetteh Yankey , Fritz Brugger , Fred M. Dzanku

Most existing studies on illicit financial flows (IFFs) tend to conceptualise it as a global issue, often overlooking the nuanced local complexities that facilitate IFF activities. This qualitative study focuses on Ghana's Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Sector (ASGM), utilising conceptual analysis and fieldwork data to examine the dynamics of IFFs and their implications within local mining fields, the gold trading hubs, and the regulatory sector from the Western, Ashanti, and Greater Accra Regions. The findings reveal operations involving both legal and illegal miners, traders and highlight local discrepancies that incentivise illicit mining and gold trading activities. Key issues identified include challenges in land acquisition, registration, mining license acquisition processes, and illegal trading and use of mercury. The study also uncovers the complex interplay between local and foreign actors in the gold trading network, who often interact with both licit and illicit miners and traders. Furthermore, the study identifies structural and capacity weaknesses within regulatory institutions which create opportunities for illicit activities and concludes with policy and practical recommendations to curb IFFs and ASGM in Ghana to curb IFFs in the ASGM sector.

大多数关于非法资金流动的现有研究倾向于将其概念化为一个全球性问题，往往忽视了促进非法资金流动活动的细微的地方复杂性。本定性研究的重点是加纳的手工和小规模黄金开采部门（ASGM），利用概念分析和实地调查数据来研究iff的动态及其对当地采矿区、黄金交易中心和西部、阿散蒂和大阿克拉地区监管部门的影响。调查结果揭示了涉及合法和非法采矿者、贸易商的业务，并强调了鼓励非法采矿和黄金交易活动的地方差异。确定的关键问题包括在土地征用、登记、采矿许可证获取过程以及汞的非法交易和使用方面的挑战。该研究还揭示了黄金交易网络中本地和外国参与者之间复杂的相互作用，他们经常与合法和非法的矿工和交易商互动。此外，该研究还确定了监管机构的结构和能力弱点，这些弱点为非法活动创造了机会，并在结论中提出了遏制加纳境内的非法行为和ASGM的政策和实际建议，以遏制ASGM行业的非法行为。

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引用次数: 0

Review of sustainability challenges for lithium production: The case of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile in the Lithium Triangle 回顾锂生产的可持续性挑战：阿根廷、玻利维亚和智利在锂三角中的案例

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101789

Raphael Deberdt , Maria Sol Saavedra , Nicole M. Smith , Morgan Bazilian

This review article examines the sustainability challenges facing lithium extraction and production in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. These three countries form the “Lithium Triangle” and hold approximately 50 % of the world’s known lithium resources. As the global demand for lithium surges with the booming battery industry for electric vehicles and electronics, these countries face the challenge of managing their vast resources to maximize economic benefits while addressing sustainability concerns. We identify a total of 123 articles published between 2015 and 2025, which encompassed at least one dimension of sustainability, conceptualized in terms of environmental, social and governance categories. From these, we identified two well-known dimensions linked to environmental, social, and governance impacts in the South American lithium industry – water use and Indigenous rights. However, our study also points to a more complex set of sustainability concerns that are often sidelined. These include impacts on biodiversity, health, and the governance mechanisms through which lithium is governed in the three countries.

这篇综述文章考察了阿根廷、玻利维亚和智利锂开采和生产面临的可持续性挑战。这三个国家形成了“锂三角”，拥有世界上已知锂资源的约50%。随着电动汽车和电子产品电池行业的蓬勃发展，全球对锂的需求激增，这些国家面临着管理其巨大资源的挑战，以最大限度地提高经济效益，同时解决可持续性问题。我们确定了2015年至2025年间发表的123篇文章，其中至少包含了可持续性的一个维度，以环境，社会和治理类别为概念。由此，我们确定了与南美锂产业的环境、社会和治理影响相关的两个众所周知的维度——用水和土著权利。然而，我们的研究也指出了一组更复杂的可持续性问题，这些问题往往被边缘化。这些影响包括对生物多样性、健康以及三国管理锂的治理机制的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond closure: Just transition, environmental values and vital expectations in post- coal Spain 超越关闭：只是过渡，环境价值和重要的期望后煤炭西班牙

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101783

Alexia Sanz-Hernández , Manuel García Docampo , Xaquín S. Pérez Sindín , María Andrade-Suárez

This article compares environmental sensitivity, life expectations, and perceptions of the Just Transition between Spanish municipalities affected and unaffected by decarbonization. In the context of coal mine and thermal power plant closures, it analyzes public attitudes through a nationally representative survey (n=1,800) that includes an oversampling of post-industrial territories. Based on three synthetic indicators, the results systematically compare affected and non-affected populations. The findings reveal a sociological paradox: despite displaying a more pessimistic view of the present and future, and expressing greater disagreement with the institutional mechanisms of the Just Transition, decarbonized municipalities maintain equal or even higher levels of environmental concern than the national average. This suggests that adherence to ecological values can coexist with criticism of the specific territorial implementation of climate policies. The study engages with debates on energy justice, the ecology of discontent, and post-extractive adaptive capacity. It offers empirical evidence to rethink the legitimacy frameworks of green transitions and challenges the assumption that structural decline necessarily leads to ecological disengagement, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of post-industrial subjectivities within the framework of climate justice.

本文比较了受脱碳影响和未受脱碳影响的西班牙城市之间的环境敏感性、寿命预期和对公正过渡的看法。在煤矿和火力发电厂关闭的背景下，它通过一项具有全国代表性的调查（n=1,800）分析了公众的态度，其中包括对后工业地区的过采样。基于三个综合指标，结果系统地比较了受影响和未受影响的人口。调查结果揭示了一个社会学悖论：尽管对现在和未来表现出更悲观的看法，并对公正过渡的体制机制表达了更大的分歧，但脱碳城市的环境关注水平与全国平均水平持平，甚至更高。这表明，对生态价值的坚持可以与对特定地区气候政策实施的批评共存。该研究涉及能源正义、不满生态和采掘后的适应能力等问题。它为重新思考绿色转型的合法性框架提供了经验证据，并挑战了结构性衰退必然导致生态脱离的假设，有助于在气候正义的框架内更细致地理解后工业主体性。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainability assessment of Las Bambas copper mine: Reviewing disclosures Las Bambas铜矿的可持续性评估：回顾披露

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101787

Fatemeh Hassanpourroudbeneh , Pouya Zangeneh

Mining plays a significant role in social development, contributing directly or indirectly to almost all aspects of modern life and economic sectors. However, while mining generates significant economic benefits, it often creates environmental and social challenges. This study focuses on the Las Bambas copper mine in Peru, one of the largest open-pit mines in South America and a focal point of socio-environmental conflict. Using a longitudinal dataset of sustainability reports published between 2014 and 2023, the study develops and applies a four-step content analysis framework that integrates the ICMM principles, GRI standards, SDGs, and stakeholder concerns. This framework enables a systematic evaluation of the scope, consistency, and depth of reporting across environmental, social, and economic dimensions. The analysis highlights both achievements and reporting gaps, showing how sustainability disclosures can simultaneously clarify and obscure mining impacts. The Las Bambas case demonstrates the value of critical application of a framework for assessing corporate sustainability practices and provides insights applicable to other extractive industries where the credibility of reporting remains contested.

采矿在社会发展中起着重要作用，直接或间接地对现代生活和经济部门的几乎所有方面作出贡献。然而，尽管采矿产生了巨大的经济效益，但它往往会带来环境和社会挑战。本研究的重点是秘鲁的拉斯班巴斯铜矿，这是南美洲最大的露天矿之一，也是社会环境冲突的焦点。该研究利用2014年至2023年间发布的可持续发展报告的纵向数据集，开发并应用了一个四步内容分析框架，该框架整合了ICMM原则、GRI标准、可持续发展目标和利益相关者关注的问题。该框架能够对环境、社会和经济各方面报告的范围、一致性和深度进行系统评估。该分析强调了成就和报告差距，显示了可持续性披露如何同时澄清和模糊采矿影响。拉斯邦巴斯的案例证明了关键应用框架评估企业可持续发展实践的价值，并提供了适用于报告可信度仍有争议的其他采掘业的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Putting in place to extract: Infrastructures of extractivism and the case of lithium extraction in Chile 开采到位：智利的开采基础设施和锂开采案例

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101778

Dr. Daniela Soto-Hernández

Extractivism has become a widely used concept in the field of research as the extensive and intensive extraction of natural resources increasingly undergirds capital accumulation. However, most of the existing literature on extractivism has focused mainly on how to define it and how to identify its consequences (conflicts, violence, discourses, power imbalances); the emphasis thus has been on looking at what comes out of the process. Less attention has been paid to what goes in to the process of extraction, its pre-requisites, and those material and immaterial enablers that need to be “in place” for extraction to occur. This article corrects this oversight by highlighting what has been glossed over in the literature: the critical role played by cultural (namely, narratives, knowledge, capital, law, and bureaucracy) and material infrastructures, and the ontologies that make extraction possible over time. I argue extractivism would not exist without a one-world world (Law, 2015) notion that by positing a nature/civilization divide makes it both possible and legitimate to instrumentalise socionatures (both human and non-human) by constituting them as open for human exploitation. Drawing on anti-colonial thinking, critical cultural political economy, and critical geography of resources, this article analyzes the case study of lithium extraction in Chile so as to render visible the infrastructures that enable extraction. Lithium extraction constitutes a fruitful example of both how old extractivism has worked to enable new extractive frontiers and how to better understand the challenges that must be overcome if we are to move towards post-extractive futures.

随着对自然资源的广泛和集约开采日益成为资本积累的基础，“榨取主义”已成为研究领域广泛使用的概念。然而，大多数关于榨取主义的现有文献主要集中在如何定义榨取主义以及如何确定其后果（冲突、暴力、话语、权力失衡）；因此，重点一直放在观察这个过程的结果上。很少有人关注提取过程中的内容、它的先决条件，以及那些需要“到位”才能进行提取的物质和非物质的使能因素。本文通过强调文献中被掩盖的内容来纠正这一疏忽：文化（即叙事、知识、资本、法律和官僚主义）和物质基础设施所起的关键作用，以及随着时间的推移使提取成为可能的本体论。我认为，如果没有一个世界（Law, 2015）的概念，榨取主义就不会存在，即通过假设自然/文明鸿沟，通过将社会属性（包括人类和非人类）构成对人类剥削的开放，使其工具化既可能又合法。借鉴反殖民思想、批判性文化政治经济学和资源的批判性地理，本文分析了智利锂开采的案例研究，从而使能够提取的基础设施变得可见。锂的开采是一个富有成效的例子，既说明了传统的采掘活动如何推动了新的采掘领域，也说明了如果我们要走向后采掘未来，如何更好地理解必须克服的挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Unlocking the subsurface through knowledge controversy : how earthquakes induced by deep geothermal drilling have politicized the subsurface environment 通过知识争议解开地下：深层地热钻探引发的地震如何使地下环境政治化

IF 4.3 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal

Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2025.101780

Justin Missaghieh--Poncet, Xavier Arnauld de Sartre

The expansion of geothermal energy extraction from new geological contexts in France is prompting the development of ‘enhanced’ geothermal systems (EGS). However, the subsurface is a complex environment in which multiple uncertainties arise because of its confinement, both physical and in terms of access to knowledge and power, and which cannot easily be modified. We analyse how the seismicity induced by geothermal drilling in the Strasbourg region (France) has given rise to a public debate that has brought the subsurface out of its confinement and into political and civic arenas in particular. To attempt to understand how this occurred, we analysed interviews, press reports and grey literature, from which it transpired, firstly, that the cause of the earthquakes can be traced back to negligence and a culture of confidentiality on the part of the operating company, which underestimated certain models and failed to seek any outside opinion. Secondly, failures in the enforcement of subsurface regulations at the central government level were found to be due to a loss of expertise in the relevant government departments as a result of government reforms, which subsequently led to a reform of the mining code to re-establish a measure of control. Thirdly, we found that the earthquakes triggered the involvement of new interested parties, particularly from the civic and political spheres, which brought out issues relating to environmental and risk management through demands for more open access to knowledge about the subsurface. In effect, these earthquakes were the catalyst that enabled subsurface issues to break out of the expert sphere and into political and citizens’ arenas. However, what emerges is a process of politicization of subsurface environments that is still incomplete : the positions of the various players are open to question as regards governance, which, notwithstanding emerging demands, remains in the hands of central government and industrialists with little prospect of broader involvement.

在法国，从新的地质环境中提取地热能的扩展正在推动“增强型”地热系统（EGS）的发展。然而，地下是一个复杂的环境，由于其局限性，在物理和知识和权力的获取方面产生了多种不确定性，并且不容易改变。我们分析了斯特拉斯堡地区（法国）地热钻探引起的地震活动是如何引起公众辩论的，这场辩论使地下活动走出了它的局限，特别是进入了政治和公民领域。为了试图理解这种情况是如何发生的，我们分析了采访、新闻报道和灰色文献，从中发现，首先，地震的原因可以追溯到运营公司的疏忽和保密文化，他们低估了某些模型，没有寻求任何外部意见。第二，在中央政府一级未能执行地下法规的原因是由于政府改革导致有关政府部门缺乏专门知识，这随后导致了采矿法的改革，以重新建立一种控制措施。第三，我们发现地震引发了新的利益相关者的参与，特别是来自公民和政治领域的利益相关者，他们通过要求更开放地获取地下知识，提出了与环境和风险管理有关的问题。实际上，这些地震是一种催化剂，使地下问题从专家领域突破，进入政治和公民领域。然而，出现的是一个地下环境政治化的过程，这个过程仍然是不完整的：不同参与者的立场在治理方面是开放的，尽管出现了新的要求，但仍然掌握在中央政府和实业家手中，几乎没有更广泛参与的前景。

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引用次数: 0