Criminology & Public Policy最新文献_第2页

Diverting 911 calls: Lessons from early adopting urban jurisdictions 转移 911 电话：早期采用城市管辖区的经验教训

IF 3.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12680

Greg Midgette, Peter Reuter

Research Summary

Two perceptions drive interest in finding ways of diverting more 911 calls from police to civilian first responders: (1) police responses can result in inadvertent harm to citizens and (2) many calls to which police respond require services that police often cannot provide. Thus, using other personnel may improve police–citizen relations and strengthen crime fighting by reducing extraneous police burden. Using a case study design, we conducted formative evaluations of programs that have developed beyond pilots in three large U.S. cities: Albuquerque, Atlanta, and Houston. In each city, we interviewed officials, program operators, and other stakeholders and reviewed program documents and statistics. We detail the events and forces that led to the establishment of each program, the way in which the programs have been institutionalized, and the way they interact with the police department. We then discuss key lessons learned for these jurisdictions.

Policy Implications

Many U.S. cities are considering diverting some emergency calls for service from police to civilian first responders. This analysis provides evidence to aid policy makers, researchers, and other stakeholders in the development and evaluation of community responder programs. In all respects, we find that cities’ unique experiences inform program design. For example, in Albuquerque, a City Hall-driven initiative established a new city agency parallel to the police department. In Atlanta, decarceration activists drove the initiative; the program is a city/county-funded nonprofit, more fragile in its funding. Risk aversion among call takers and dispatchers has led to low call diversion rates across all sites, but training and collaboration have shown promise to resolve this problem. Public safety officials external to the diversion programs commonly expressed concerns about first responder safety and perceptions that police are expected when 911 is called. This risk aversion has led to slower-than-expected expansion of the program within each city.

研究摘要有两种观点促使人们关注如何将更多的 911 报警电话从警方转给民事急救人员：(1) 警方的回应可能会对公民造成意外伤害，(2) 警方回应的许多报警电话所需要的服务往往是警方无法提供的。因此，使用其他人员可能会改善警民关系，并通过减少警察的额外负担来加强打击犯罪。我们采用案例研究的设计方法，对美国三个大城市试点后发展起来的项目进行了形成性评估：阿尔伯克基、亚特兰大和休斯顿。在每个城市，我们都采访了官员、项目运营者和其他利益相关者，并查阅了项目文件和统计数据。我们详细介绍了导致每项计划建立的事件和力量、计划制度化的方式以及与警察局互动的方式。然后，我们讨论了这些辖区的主要经验教训。政策影响美国许多城市都在考虑将一些紧急求助电话从警方转给民事急救人员。本分析为决策者、研究人员和其他利益相关者提供了制定和评估社区急救人员项目的证据。我们发现，在所有方面，城市的独特经验都为项目设计提供了参考。例如，在阿尔伯克基，由市政厅推动的一项倡议建立了一个与警察局平行的新城市机构。在亚特兰大，非监禁活动家推动了该计划的实施；该计划是由市/县资助的非营利性机构，资金较为脆弱。电话接线员和调度员的风险规避导致所有地点的电话分流率都很低，但培训和合作已显示出解决这一问题的希望。分流计划外部的公共安全官员普遍对第一响应者的安全表示担忧，并认为在拨打 911 时，警察就会出现。这种风险规避心理导致该计划在各城市的推广速度低于预期。

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引用次数: 0

Police reform in public housing contexts: Body-worn cameras, surveillance, and harm reduction in New York City Housing Authority developments 公共住房背景下的警务改革：纽约市住房管理局开发项目中的随身摄像头、监控和减少伤害

IF 3.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12679

Anthony A. Braga, John M. MacDonald, James E. McCabe

Research summary

The concern of crime in New York City public housing complexes motivated heightened police patrol of buildings and the enforcement of trespass laws. The 2013 federal court settlement of Davis et al. v. City of New York et al. mandated that the New York City Police Department (NYPD) implement a series of reforms, including the deployment of body-worn cameras (BWCs) on officers, to address unconstitutional use of criminal trespass enforcement and stop and frisk practices in public housing developments. This study employed a stepped wedge quasi-experimental design that involved the sequential crossover of public housing service area clusters from control to BWC implementation until all NYPD housing bureau officers were equipped with BWCs. Panel regression models at the individual officer and service area levels were used to estimate BWC program impacts on outcomes between 2015 and 2019. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the impact of the BWCs on the lawfulness of officer stop reports that were randomly selected for audit between 2017 and 2019. Results show that BWC deployment in public housing reduced excessive enforcement, citizen complaints, and use of force by NYPD housing officers. Findings further suggest that BWCs can help reduce constitutionally problematic stops and frisks of citizens.

Policy implications

Problematic police activities in public housing contexts can be reformed using BWCs. When coupled with routine supervisory review of video footage, the deployment of BWCs on public housing officers can improve compliance with department directives to reduce enforcement actions and increase documentation of citizen stops.

研究摘要纽约市公共住宅区的犯罪问题引起了人们的关注，这促使警方加强了对建筑物的巡逻，并执行了有关非法入侵的法律。2013 年戴维斯等人诉纽约市政府等人一案在联邦法院达成和解，要求纽约市警察局（NYPD）实施一系列改革措施，包括在警察身上安装随身摄像头（BWC），以解决在公共住宅区违宪使用非法入侵执法和拦截搜身的问题。本研究采用了阶梯式楔形准实验设计，将公共住房服务区分组从对照组到 BWC 实施组依次交叉，直到纽约市警察局住房局的所有警官都配备了 BWC。采用警官个人和服务区层面的面板回归模型来估算 BWC 计划在 2015 年至 2019 年期间对结果的影响。逻辑回归模型用于估算 BWC 对 2017 年至 2019 年期间随机抽取进行审计的警员拦截报告合法性的影响。结果表明，在公共住房中部署 BWC 减少了纽约市警察局住房警官的过度执法、市民投诉和武力使用。研究结果进一步表明，BWC 可以帮助减少在宪法上存在问题的拦截和搜身。在对视频录像进行例行监督审查的同时，在公共住房警员身上部署 BWCs 可以改善对部门指令的遵守情况，从而减少执法行动，并增加对拦截公民行为的记录。

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引用次数: 0

The role of race, gender, and poverty on length of pretrial jail stays: A multi‐site analysis 种族、性别和贫困对审前羁押时间的影响：多地点分析

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12678

Heather M. Ouellette, Beth M. Huebner, Andrea Giuffre, Lee Ann Slocum, Brian P. Schaefer

Research SummaryThe average length of jail stays is increasing despite national efforts to reduce these populations. The current study examines variations in lengths of stay, differentiating between short and long pretrial stays. Using data from two large jails in metropolitan jurisdictions, we take an intersectional perspective and model potential differences among race, gender, and residing in a high‐poverty area. In both locations, we find that Black men are the most likely to have long lengths of stay, but that length of stay varies depending on the intersection of gender, race, and neighborhood poverty.Policy Implications:The human costs of pretrial detention are paid unequally by different groups of people. Given the downstream costs of pretrial detention, this work suggests that focusing policy efforts on the barriers to release among people of color, particularly Black men, would be fruitful. There is evidence that bail reform can reduce some barriers to release without increases in crime. Further, attending to obstacles to case processing could lead to pretrial system reform. This work also highlights another area of the criminal legal system where Black males, compared to their White counterparts, are disparately affected and denotes the continuing need for intersectional perspectives on reform.

研究摘要尽管全国都在努力减少监狱服刑人口，但监狱服刑的平均时间却在不断延长。本研究探讨了审前羁押时间的长短差异，并对短期和长期审前羁押进行了区分。利用大都市辖区内两所大型监狱的数据，我们从交叉视角出发，模拟了种族、性别和居住在贫困地区之间的潜在差异。我们发现，在这两个地方，黑人男子最有可能被长期关押，但关押时间的长短会因性别、种族和贫困社区的交叉而有所不同。考虑到审前拘留的下游成本，这项研究表明，将政策重点放在有色人种，尤其是黑人男子的释放障碍上将会取得成效。有证据表明，保释改革可以在不增加犯罪的情况下减少一些释放障碍。此外，关注案件处理过程中的障碍可以促成审前制度改革。这项工作还凸显了刑事法律系统的另一个领域，在这个领域中，黑人男性与白人男性相比受到了不同程度的影响，这也表明在改革中仍然需要交叉视角。

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引用次数: 0

State efforts to enforce firearm dispossession through relinquishment laws 各州通过放弃法律强制执行枪支处置的努力

IF 3.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12677

Stephen N. Oliphant, April M. Zeoli

Research Summary

Although federal law prohibits firearm possession by individuals who have been convicted of a disqualifying offense and those who are subject to certain domestic violence protective orders (DVPOs), it does not provide a mechanism for enforcing firearm dispossession. Some states have adopted relinquishment laws to enforce firearm possession restrictions among prohibited persons following a disqualifying status or conviction. To date, limited research has assessed the statutory characteristics of firearm relinquishment laws related to DVPOs. We build on this work by assessing DVPO and conviction-based relinquishment statutes, including legislative changes through time, to identify gaps in policy.

Policy Implications

Our analysis revealed that many states still lack statutory elements that are expected to increase the likelihood of firearm dispossession, such as requiring the court to order relinquishment, strict standards for providing proof of firearm transfer or some form of compliance verification, and provisions that authorize law enforcement to recover unrelinquished firearms. The absence of such elements may facilitate unlawful firearm retention by those who become prohibited possessors. States might consider adopting relinquishment provisions that outline clear requirements for actors (i.e., judges, prohibited possessors, law enforcement) at each stage of the process to ensure that firearms are relinquished following a disqualifying conviction or DVPO.

研究摘要虽然联邦法律禁止被判定犯有不合格罪行的个人和受某些家庭暴力保护令（DVPO）约束的个人持有枪支，但并未提供强制执行枪支剥夺的机制。一些州已经通过了放弃枪支的法律，对被禁止持有枪支的人在被取消资格或定罪后实施枪支持有限制。迄今为止，对与 DVPO 相关的枪支放弃法的法定特征进行评估的研究十分有限。我们的分析表明，许多州仍然缺乏有望提高枪支剥夺可能性的法定要素，例如要求法院下令放弃、提供枪支转让证明或某种形式的合规验证的严格标准，以及授权执法部门收回未被放弃枪支的条款。缺乏这些要素可能会助长那些成为违禁持有者的人非法保留枪支。各国可考虑通过放弃条款，在程序的每个阶段对行为者（即法官、被禁持有者、执法部门）提出明确要求，以确保在取消资格的定罪或《家庭暴力和预防家庭暴力法》之后放弃枪支。

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引用次数: 0

Finding the path of least resistance: An examination of officer communication tactics and their impact on suspect compliance 寻找阻力最小的途径：考察警官的沟通策略及其对嫌疑人遵纪守法的影响

IF 3.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12676

Jacob T. Foster, Laura Zimmerman, William Terrill, Logan J. Somers

Research Summary

This study investigated the impact of patrol officer communication tactics on suspect compliance by using Systematic Social Observation (SSO) to code 438 body-worn camera and dashcam video recordings from two police agencies. Specifically, we examined officer tenor/demeanor, use of noncoercive directives, use of verbal coercion, and accusations, while controlling for a host of suspect and situational factors. Results showed that when officers presented a positive tenor/demeanor or employed noncoercive verbal tactics, suspects were significantly more likely to comply. Conversely, use of coercive verbal tactics and accusatory language did not have a significant impact on suspect compliance. In addition, negative suspect demeanor, suspect impairment, and suspect elevated emotional state negatively affected compliance.

Policy Implications

Recent calls for police reform have focused on producing less coercive outcomes by explicitly recognizing the role that officers have in managing encounters rather than simply reacting to suspect behaviors. An increased focus on officer communication strategies in both police training and practice is likely to promote suspect compliance while reducing the need for officer use of force. Similarly, it is likely that more coercive verbal strategies have little impact on suspect compliance and may lead to negative perceptions of police interactions and law enforcement in general.

本研究通过使用系统社会观察（SSO）对来自两个警察机构的 438 个随身摄像头和仪表盘视频记录进行编码，调查了巡警的沟通策略对嫌疑人服从命令的影响。具体来说，我们考察了警官的语气/举止、非胁迫性指令的使用、口头胁迫的使用以及指控，同时控制了一系列嫌疑人和情景因素。结果表明，当警官表现出积极的态度/举止或使用非胁迫性口头策略时，嫌疑人服从命令的可能性明显增加。相反，使用胁迫性言语策略和指责性语言对嫌疑人的服从性没有显著影响。此外，疑犯的负面举止、疑犯的损伤和疑犯情绪的高涨也会对疑犯的服从性产生负面影响。最近关于警察改革的呼吁主要集中在通过明确认识到警官在管理冲突中的作用，而不是简单地对疑犯的行为做出反应，来减少胁迫性结果。在警察培训和实践中加强对警官沟通策略的关注很可能会促进嫌疑人服从，同时减少警官使用武力的必要性。同样，更具胁迫性的口头策略很可能对疑犯的服从性影响甚微，并可能导致对警察互动和执法的总体负面看法。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of formal de-policing on police traffic stop behavior and crime: Early evidence from LAPD's policy to restrict discretionary traffic stops 正式的非警务化对警方交通拦截行为和犯罪的影响：来自洛杉矶警察局限制酌情拦截交通的政策的早期证据

IF 3.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12673

Hunter M. Boehme, Scott M. Mourtgos

Research Summary

On March 1, 2022, correspondence from the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) headquarters stated that officers can no longer use minor infractions (e.g., equipment violations) as a pretextual reason to further investigate drivers for criminal behavior. If LAPD officers are to execute a discretionary stop, they must activate their body-worn cameras and reasonably articulate to the civilian why they are being investigated. The intent is to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in stops and build trust of the police within the community. Critics of the policy argue that elevated crime rates will result due to the crime suppression effect of such stops. This study examines racial differences in stops before and after the policy change, as well as whether Part 1 violent and property crimes increased. Descriptive findings show that while the counts of stops, arrests, and contraband seizures during stops decreased, the percentage of non-White civilians stopped decreased only minimally following the intervention. Results from using Bayesian synthetic control methods indicate an increase in both violent and property crimes post-intervention compared with the synthetic counterfactual. The increase in violent crimes has a low probability of being different from the counterfactual, whereas the increase in property crimes has a high probability, suggesting that the intervention led to a real change in property crimes compared with what would have been expected under the counterfactual.

Policy Implications

This study provides preliminary evidence that emerging policies intended to restrict discretionary stops may not have the intended effect on racial disparities in police traffic stops. Instead, agencies passing similar policies may expect to see the potential unintended consequence of a spike in jurisdictional property crimes. We argue that such types of stops across a jurisdiction may have a general deterrent effect on more common and calculative crimes such as property crimes. To combat violent crimes, agencies should consider focusing discretionary stops in known hot spots. Further, our findings offer implications for research on the effects of de-policing on crime. Police agencies should monitor potential unintended impacts of these policies if enacted and be prepared to deal with such consequences.

2022 年 3 月 1 日，洛杉矶警察局（LAPD）总部来函称，警察不能再以轻微违规（如违反设备规定）为借口，进一步调查司机的犯罪行为。如果洛杉矶警察局的警官要酌情拦截，他们必须启动随身携带的摄像机，并向平民合理地说明为什么要对他们进行调查。该政策旨在减少拦截中的种族/民族差异，并在社区内建立对警察的信任。该政策的批评者认为，由于这种拦截的犯罪抑制效果，会导致犯罪率上升。本研究考察了政策改变前后拦截的种族差异，以及第一部分暴力犯罪和财产犯罪是否增加。描述性研究结果表明，虽然拦截、逮捕和没收违禁品的次数减少了，但非白人平民被拦截的比例在干预措施实施后只出现了极小程度的下降。使用贝叶斯合成控制方法得出的结果表明，与合成反事实相比，干预后暴力犯罪和财产犯罪都有所增加。暴力犯罪增加与反事实不同的概率较低，而财产犯罪增加的概率较高，这表明与反事实下的预期相比，干预导致了财产犯罪的实际变化。这项研究提供了初步证据，表明旨在限制酌情拦截的新兴政策可能不会对警察拦截交通中的种族差异产生预期效果。相反，通过类似政策的机构可能会看到潜在的意外后果，即辖区内财产犯罪激增。我们认为，在整个辖区内实施此类拦截，可能会对财产犯罪等更常见、更易计算的犯罪产生普遍的威慑作用。为打击暴力犯罪，各机构应考虑将酌情拦截的重点放在已知的热点地区。此外，我们的研究结果还为研究非警务化对犯罪的影响提供了启示。警察机构应监控这些政策颁布后可能产生的意外影响，并做好应对这些后果的准备。

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引用次数: 0

Speaking of reform: Experimental insights into influencing police executives' perspectives on civilian oversight 谈到改革：通过实验了解如何影响警察管理人员对文职监督的看法

IF 3.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12674

Scott M. Mourtgos, Ian T. Adams, Joshua McCrain, Kaylyn Jackson Schiff, Daniel S. Schiff

Research summary

This study investigates how information about public opinion and peer practices influences police executives' views on civilian review boards. We applied structural topic modeling in an experimental paradigm, a novel approach diverging from traditional experimental survey methods, to the open-ended responses of 1331 police executives collected in an original survey experiment. This technique enables the capture of subtle shifts in belief directly from the executives' own words. The experiment systematically varied the information provided to police executives, including state-level public opinion data from a representative sample of 16,840 U.S. residents, and peer practices in major city police agencies. Our findings reveal that police executives, although generally aligned in their views, demonstrate a readiness to update their beliefs when presented with cohesive local public opinion and information about peer practices in policing.

Policy implications

In a democratic society, the core policy beliefs of police executives critically shape the existence and efficacy of civilian oversight mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate the adaptability of police executives in updating their policy positions, reflecting their commitment to informed decision making in response to the dynamic nature of police governance. We find that police executives are willing to update their beliefs related to the public's ability to oversee policing in an unbiased and qualified manner when presented with information about reforms adopted by peer agencies. In contrast, information about public demand for more aggressive forms of oversight can lead to a backlash, increasing the likelihood of police executives to favor existing oversight mechanisms and to doubt the public's qualification. For executives, reformers, and scholars, these findings highlight the limitations of public opinion and benefits of peer influence as mechanisms for policy learning in policing.

本研究调查了有关公众舆论和同行做法的信息如何影响警察管理人员对文职审查委员会的看法。我们将实验范式中的结构主题建模（一种有别于传统实验调查方法的新方法）应用于在原始调查实验中收集到的 1331 名警察高管的开放式回答。这种技术能够直接从高管的话语中捕捉到信念的微妙变化。实验系统地改变了提供给警察主管的信息，包括来自 16840 个美国居民代表性样本的州一级民意数据，以及主要城市警察机构的同行做法。我们的研究结果表明，尽管警察行政人员的观点总体上是一致的，但当他们看到当地具有凝聚力的公众舆论和有关同行警务实践的信息时，就会表现出更新其信念的意愿。在民主社会中，警察行政人员的核心政策信念对公民监督机制的存在和效力起着至关重要的作用。我们的研究结果表明，警务人员在更新其政策立场时具有很强的适应性，这反映出他们致力于根据警务管理的动态性质做出明智决策。我们发现，当获得有关同行机构所采取的改革措施的信息时，警察行政人员愿意更新他们对公众是否有能力以公正、合格的方式监督警务工作的看法。与此相反，有关公众要求更积极的监督形式的信息则会导致反弹，使警察行政人员更倾向于现有的监督机制，并怀疑公众的监督资格。对于行政人员、改革者和学者来说，这些研究结果凸显了公众舆论的局限性和同行影响作为警务政策学习机制的益处。

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引用次数: 0

Informing the recruitment crisis in policing: Evaluating which incentives can entice the best candidates among college students 为警务人员招聘危机提供信息：评估哪些激励措施能吸引大学生中的最佳人选

IF 3.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12668

Mateus R. Santos, Chae M. Jaynes, Danielle M. Thomas

Research Summary

Scrutiny over the quality of police work continues to increase, at the same time that a recruitment crisis may hinder policing services. Moreover, this crisis exists despite numerous work incentives for officers, which are potentially competitive salaries, early pensions, and legal protections. Using a sample of 604 undergraduate students—a natural recruiting pool for police agencies—this study explores the predictors of students’ interest in a career in policing. In addition, we conducted a randomized survey experiment to identify the effect of work incentives on students’ willingness to apply to be a police officer upon graduation. Specifically, we manipulated the starting salary, years of service until pension eligibility, and the protection afforded against lawsuits. Finally, we tested whether the effect of these incentives differs across the quality of applicants (i.e., grade point average [GPA], ability to pass existing application criteria, and subjective qualities that comprise honesty, teamwork, and compassion) and their preexisting interest in a career in policing. We found that students are generally uninterested in becoming police officers, particularly when their GPA is high. Though the starting salary was the most impactful of all incentives, some lawsuit protection is key for enticing the best students. In contrast, conditions for pension had only modest if any effects.

Policy Implications

Recruiting is key to improving the quality of policing, particularly when many potential candidates are overlooking the career. However, research on the causes and consequences of police recruitment strategies is limited. This study implements rigorous research methods to investigate how to increase the pool of high-quality applicants to police agencies. Findings support sensible and potentially cost-effective policy decisions in regard to police recruiting, which should focus on increasing the starting salary, and on more effectively communicating the value of other existing benefits of the career that comprise lawsuit protection and attractive pension plans.

研究摘要对警察工作质量的监督不断加强，与此同时，招聘危机可能会阻碍警务工作。此外，尽管对警察有许多工作激励措施，包括有竞争力的工资、提前退休金和法律保护，但这种危机依然存在。本研究以 604 名本科生为样本--他们是警察机构的天然招聘人才库--探讨了学生对警察职业兴趣的预测因素。此外，我们还进行了一项随机调查实验，以确定工作激励对学生毕业后申请成为警察的意愿的影响。具体来说，我们对起薪、领取养老金前的服务年限以及诉讼保护进行了操作。最后，我们测试了这些激励措施的效果是否会因申请者的素质（即平均绩点[GPA]、通过现有申请标准的能力以及包括诚实、团队合作和同情心在内的主观品质）和他们对警察职业的原有兴趣而有所不同。我们发现，学生普遍对成为警察不感兴趣，尤其是当他们的 GPA 较高时。虽然起薪在所有激励措施中影响最大，但一些诉讼保护也是吸引优秀学生的关键。相比之下，养老金条件即使有影响，也是微乎其微。政策启示招聘是提高警务质量的关键，尤其是在许多潜在候选人忽视警察职业的情况下。然而，有关警察招聘策略的原因和后果的研究却十分有限。本研究采用严谨的研究方法，调查如何增加警察机构的高素质申请人。研究结果支持在警察招聘方面做出明智且具有潜在成本效益的政策决定，这些决定应侧重于提高起薪，以及更有效地宣传警察职业的其他现有福利价值，包括诉讼保护和有吸引力的养老金计划。

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引用次数: 0

Disorder policing to reduce crime: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis 维持治安以减少犯罪：最新系统回顾和荟萃分析

IF 3.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12667

Anthony A. Braga, Cory Schnell, Brandon C. Welsh

Research Summary

Broken windows theory suggests that police can prevent serious crime by addressing social and physical disorder in neighborhoods. In many U.S. cities, recent increases in disorder, fear, and crime have initiated calls for an intensification of disorder policing efforts. Disorder policing programs can be controversial, with evaluations yielding conflicting results. Further, a growing number of descriptive analyses of aggressive order maintenance programs raise concerns over varied negative consequences, such as increased racial disparities in arrests of citizens. Systematic review and meta-analytic techniques were used to conduct an updated analysis of the effects of disorder policing on crime. Fifty-six eligible studies including 59 independent tests of disorder policing interventions were identified, representing almost twice the number included in the previous review. As part of the meta-analysis, new effect size metrics were used. The updated meta-analysis suggests that policing disorder strategies are associated with overall statistically significant crime reduction effects that spill over into surrounding areas. The strongest program effect sizes were generated by community and problem-solving interventions designed to change social and physical disorder conditions at crime hot spots. Conversely, aggressive order maintenance strategies did not generate significant crime reductions.

Policy Implications

The types of strategies used by police departments to address disorder seem to matter in controlling crime, and this holds important implications for police–community relations, justice, and crime prevention. Further research is needed to understand the key programmatic elements that maximize the capacity of these strategies to prevent crime.

研究摘要 "破窗理论 "认为，警方可以通过解决社区的社会和物质混乱问题来预防严重犯罪。在美国许多城市，近来无序、恐惧和犯罪的增加引发了加强无序治安工作的呼声。治安混乱计划可能会引起争议，评估结果也相互矛盾。此外，越来越多关于积极维护秩序计划的描述性分析对各种负面影响表示担忧，例如在逮捕公民方面的种族差异加大。本研究采用了系统回顾和元分析技术，对治安混乱对犯罪的影响进行了最新分析。共确定了 56 项符合条件的研究，其中包括 59 项对扰乱治安干预措施的独立测试，几乎是上一次综述所包含研究数量的两倍。作为荟萃分析的一部分，使用了新的效应大小指标。更新后的荟萃分析表明，治安混乱策略在统计学上具有显著的总体减少犯罪的效果，并会波及周边地区。旨在改变犯罪热点地区社会和物质混乱状况的社区和问题解决干预措施产生了最强的计划效应。政策启示警察部门解决混乱局面的策略类型似乎对控制犯罪很重要，这对警民关系、司法和犯罪预防具有重要意义。需要进一步研究，以了解最大限度地发挥这些策略预防犯罪能力的关键计划要素。

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引用次数: 0

Do progressive prosecutors increase crime? A quasi-experimental analysis of crime rates in the 100 largest counties, 2000–2020 进步检察官会增加犯罪吗？对 2000-2020 年 100 个最大县犯罪率的准实验分析

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12666

Nick Petersen, Ojmarrh Mitchell, Shi Yan

Research summary

In recent years, there has been a rise in so-called “progressive prosecutors” focused on criminal justice reforms. Although there has been considerable debate about the relationship between progressive prosecution policies and crime rates, there has been surprisingly little empirical research on the topic. Building on the limited extant research, we examined whether the inauguration of progressive prosecutors in the nation's 100 most populous counties impacted crime rates during a 21-year period (2000 to 2020). After developing an original database of progressive prosecutors in the 100 largest counties, we used heterogeneous difference-in-differences regressions to examine the influence of progressive prosecutors on crime rates. Results show that the inauguration of progressive prosecutors led to statistically higher index property (∼7%) and total crime rates (driven by rising property crimes), and these effects were strongest since 2013—a period with an increasing number of progressive prosecutors. However, violent crime rates generally were not higher after a progressive prosecutor assumed control.

Policy implications

Despite concerns that the election of progressive prosecutors leads to “surging” levels of violence, these findings suggest that progressive-oriented prosecutorial reforms led to relatively higher rates of property crime but had limited impact on rates of violent crime. In fact, in absolute terms, crime rates fell in jurisdictions with traditional and progressive prosecutors. Yet, relative property crime rates were greater after the inauguration of progressive prosecutors. Given that prior research shows progressive prosecutors reduce mass incarceration and racial inequalities, our findings indicate that higher property crime rates may be the price for these advancements.

研究摘要近年来，关注刑事司法改革的所谓 "进步检察官 "越来越多。尽管人们对进步检察官政策与犯罪率之间的关系进行了大量讨论，但有关这一主题的实证研究却少得令人吃惊。在有限的现有研究基础上，我们研究了在美国人口最多的 100 个县中，进步检察官的就职是否会影响 21 年内（2000 年至 2020 年）的犯罪率。在建立了 100 个人口最多的县的进步检察官原始数据库后，我们使用异质性差异回归来考察进步检察官对犯罪率的影响。结果表明，进步检察官就职后，财产犯罪率指数（∼7%）和总犯罪率指数（由财产犯罪率上升驱动）在统计上有所上升，而且自2013年以来，这些影响最为强烈--在此期间，进步检察官的人数不断增加。尽管人们担心进步检察官的当选会导致暴力水平 "飙升"，但这些研究结果表明，以进步为导向的检察改革导致财产犯罪率相对上升，但对暴力犯罪率的影响有限。事实上，从绝对值来看，拥有传统检察官和进步检察官的司法管辖区的犯罪率都有所下降。然而，进步检察官上任后，财产犯罪率相对较高。鉴于之前的研究表明，进步检察官减少了大规模监禁和种族不平等，我们的研究结果表明，较高的财产犯罪率可能是这些进步的代价。

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引用次数: 0