Criminology & Public Policy最新文献_第5页

Speaking of reform: Experimental insights into influencing police executives' perspectives on civilian oversight 谈到改革：通过实验了解如何影响警察管理人员对文职监督的看法

IF 3.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12674

Scott M. Mourtgos, Ian T. Adams, Joshua McCrain, Kaylyn Jackson Schiff, Daniel S. Schiff

Research summary

This study investigates how information about public opinion and peer practices influences police executives' views on civilian review boards. We applied structural topic modeling in an experimental paradigm, a novel approach diverging from traditional experimental survey methods, to the open-ended responses of 1331 police executives collected in an original survey experiment. This technique enables the capture of subtle shifts in belief directly from the executives' own words. The experiment systematically varied the information provided to police executives, including state-level public opinion data from a representative sample of 16,840 U.S. residents, and peer practices in major city police agencies. Our findings reveal that police executives, although generally aligned in their views, demonstrate a readiness to update their beliefs when presented with cohesive local public opinion and information about peer practices in policing.

Policy implications

In a democratic society, the core policy beliefs of police executives critically shape the existence and efficacy of civilian oversight mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate the adaptability of police executives in updating their policy positions, reflecting their commitment to informed decision making in response to the dynamic nature of police governance. We find that police executives are willing to update their beliefs related to the public's ability to oversee policing in an unbiased and qualified manner when presented with information about reforms adopted by peer agencies. In contrast, information about public demand for more aggressive forms of oversight can lead to a backlash, increasing the likelihood of police executives to favor existing oversight mechanisms and to doubt the public's qualification. For executives, reformers, and scholars, these findings highlight the limitations of public opinion and benefits of peer influence as mechanisms for policy learning in policing.

本研究调查了有关公众舆论和同行做法的信息如何影响警察管理人员对文职审查委员会的看法。我们将实验范式中的结构主题建模（一种有别于传统实验调查方法的新方法）应用于在原始调查实验中收集到的 1331 名警察高管的开放式回答。这种技术能够直接从高管的话语中捕捉到信念的微妙变化。实验系统地改变了提供给警察主管的信息，包括来自 16840 个美国居民代表性样本的州一级民意数据，以及主要城市警察机构的同行做法。我们的研究结果表明，尽管警察行政人员的观点总体上是一致的，但当他们看到当地具有凝聚力的公众舆论和有关同行警务实践的信息时，就会表现出更新其信念的意愿。在民主社会中，警察行政人员的核心政策信念对公民监督机制的存在和效力起着至关重要的作用。我们的研究结果表明，警务人员在更新其政策立场时具有很强的适应性，这反映出他们致力于根据警务管理的动态性质做出明智决策。我们发现，当获得有关同行机构所采取的改革措施的信息时，警察行政人员愿意更新他们对公众是否有能力以公正、合格的方式监督警务工作的看法。与此相反，有关公众要求更积极的监督形式的信息则会导致反弹，使警察行政人员更倾向于现有的监督机制，并怀疑公众的监督资格。对于行政人员、改革者和学者来说，这些研究结果凸显了公众舆论的局限性和同行影响作为警务政策学习机制的益处。

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引用次数: 0

Informing the recruitment crisis in policing: Evaluating which incentives can entice the best candidates among college students 为警务人员招聘危机提供信息：评估哪些激励措施能吸引大学生中的最佳人选

IF 3.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12668

Mateus R. Santos, Chae M. Jaynes, Danielle M. Thomas

Research Summary

Scrutiny over the quality of police work continues to increase, at the same time that a recruitment crisis may hinder policing services. Moreover, this crisis exists despite numerous work incentives for officers, which are potentially competitive salaries, early pensions, and legal protections. Using a sample of 604 undergraduate students—a natural recruiting pool for police agencies—this study explores the predictors of students’ interest in a career in policing. In addition, we conducted a randomized survey experiment to identify the effect of work incentives on students’ willingness to apply to be a police officer upon graduation. Specifically, we manipulated the starting salary, years of service until pension eligibility, and the protection afforded against lawsuits. Finally, we tested whether the effect of these incentives differs across the quality of applicants (i.e., grade point average [GPA], ability to pass existing application criteria, and subjective qualities that comprise honesty, teamwork, and compassion) and their preexisting interest in a career in policing. We found that students are generally uninterested in becoming police officers, particularly when their GPA is high. Though the starting salary was the most impactful of all incentives, some lawsuit protection is key for enticing the best students. In contrast, conditions for pension had only modest if any effects.

Policy Implications

Recruiting is key to improving the quality of policing, particularly when many potential candidates are overlooking the career. However, research on the causes and consequences of police recruitment strategies is limited. This study implements rigorous research methods to investigate how to increase the pool of high-quality applicants to police agencies. Findings support sensible and potentially cost-effective policy decisions in regard to police recruiting, which should focus on increasing the starting salary, and on more effectively communicating the value of other existing benefits of the career that comprise lawsuit protection and attractive pension plans.

研究摘要对警察工作质量的监督不断加强，与此同时，招聘危机可能会阻碍警务工作。此外，尽管对警察有许多工作激励措施，包括有竞争力的工资、提前退休金和法律保护，但这种危机依然存在。本研究以 604 名本科生为样本--他们是警察机构的天然招聘人才库--探讨了学生对警察职业兴趣的预测因素。此外，我们还进行了一项随机调查实验，以确定工作激励对学生毕业后申请成为警察的意愿的影响。具体来说，我们对起薪、领取养老金前的服务年限以及诉讼保护进行了操作。最后，我们测试了这些激励措施的效果是否会因申请者的素质（即平均绩点[GPA]、通过现有申请标准的能力以及包括诚实、团队合作和同情心在内的主观品质）和他们对警察职业的原有兴趣而有所不同。我们发现，学生普遍对成为警察不感兴趣，尤其是当他们的 GPA 较高时。虽然起薪在所有激励措施中影响最大，但一些诉讼保护也是吸引优秀学生的关键。相比之下，养老金条件即使有影响，也是微乎其微。政策启示招聘是提高警务质量的关键，尤其是在许多潜在候选人忽视警察职业的情况下。然而，有关警察招聘策略的原因和后果的研究却十分有限。本研究采用严谨的研究方法，调查如何增加警察机构的高素质申请人。研究结果支持在警察招聘方面做出明智且具有潜在成本效益的政策决定，这些决定应侧重于提高起薪，以及更有效地宣传警察职业的其他现有福利价值，包括诉讼保护和有吸引力的养老金计划。

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引用次数: 0

Disorder policing to reduce crime: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis 维持治安以减少犯罪：最新系统回顾和荟萃分析

IF 3.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12667

Anthony A. Braga, Cory Schnell, Brandon C. Welsh

Research Summary

Broken windows theory suggests that police can prevent serious crime by addressing social and physical disorder in neighborhoods. In many U.S. cities, recent increases in disorder, fear, and crime have initiated calls for an intensification of disorder policing efforts. Disorder policing programs can be controversial, with evaluations yielding conflicting results. Further, a growing number of descriptive analyses of aggressive order maintenance programs raise concerns over varied negative consequences, such as increased racial disparities in arrests of citizens. Systematic review and meta-analytic techniques were used to conduct an updated analysis of the effects of disorder policing on crime. Fifty-six eligible studies including 59 independent tests of disorder policing interventions were identified, representing almost twice the number included in the previous review. As part of the meta-analysis, new effect size metrics were used. The updated meta-analysis suggests that policing disorder strategies are associated with overall statistically significant crime reduction effects that spill over into surrounding areas. The strongest program effect sizes were generated by community and problem-solving interventions designed to change social and physical disorder conditions at crime hot spots. Conversely, aggressive order maintenance strategies did not generate significant crime reductions.

Policy Implications

The types of strategies used by police departments to address disorder seem to matter in controlling crime, and this holds important implications for police–community relations, justice, and crime prevention. Further research is needed to understand the key programmatic elements that maximize the capacity of these strategies to prevent crime.

研究摘要 "破窗理论 "认为，警方可以通过解决社区的社会和物质混乱问题来预防严重犯罪。在美国许多城市，近来无序、恐惧和犯罪的增加引发了加强无序治安工作的呼声。治安混乱计划可能会引起争议，评估结果也相互矛盾。此外，越来越多关于积极维护秩序计划的描述性分析对各种负面影响表示担忧，例如在逮捕公民方面的种族差异加大。本研究采用了系统回顾和元分析技术，对治安混乱对犯罪的影响进行了最新分析。共确定了 56 项符合条件的研究，其中包括 59 项对扰乱治安干预措施的独立测试，几乎是上一次综述所包含研究数量的两倍。作为荟萃分析的一部分，使用了新的效应大小指标。更新后的荟萃分析表明，治安混乱策略在统计学上具有显著的总体减少犯罪的效果，并会波及周边地区。旨在改变犯罪热点地区社会和物质混乱状况的社区和问题解决干预措施产生了最强的计划效应。政策启示警察部门解决混乱局面的策略类型似乎对控制犯罪很重要，这对警民关系、司法和犯罪预防具有重要意义。需要进一步研究，以了解最大限度地发挥这些策略预防犯罪能力的关键计划要素。

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引用次数: 0

Do progressive prosecutors increase crime? A quasi-experimental analysis of crime rates in the 100 largest counties, 2000–2020 进步检察官会增加犯罪吗？对 2000-2020 年 100 个最大县犯罪率的准实验分析

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12666

Nick Petersen, Ojmarrh Mitchell, Shi Yan

Research summary

In recent years, there has been a rise in so-called “progressive prosecutors” focused on criminal justice reforms. Although there has been considerable debate about the relationship between progressive prosecution policies and crime rates, there has been surprisingly little empirical research on the topic. Building on the limited extant research, we examined whether the inauguration of progressive prosecutors in the nation's 100 most populous counties impacted crime rates during a 21-year period (2000 to 2020). After developing an original database of progressive prosecutors in the 100 largest counties, we used heterogeneous difference-in-differences regressions to examine the influence of progressive prosecutors on crime rates. Results show that the inauguration of progressive prosecutors led to statistically higher index property (∼7%) and total crime rates (driven by rising property crimes), and these effects were strongest since 2013—a period with an increasing number of progressive prosecutors. However, violent crime rates generally were not higher after a progressive prosecutor assumed control.

Policy implications

Despite concerns that the election of progressive prosecutors leads to “surging” levels of violence, these findings suggest that progressive-oriented prosecutorial reforms led to relatively higher rates of property crime but had limited impact on rates of violent crime. In fact, in absolute terms, crime rates fell in jurisdictions with traditional and progressive prosecutors. Yet, relative property crime rates were greater after the inauguration of progressive prosecutors. Given that prior research shows progressive prosecutors reduce mass incarceration and racial inequalities, our findings indicate that higher property crime rates may be the price for these advancements.

研究摘要近年来，关注刑事司法改革的所谓 "进步检察官 "越来越多。尽管人们对进步检察官政策与犯罪率之间的关系进行了大量讨论，但有关这一主题的实证研究却少得令人吃惊。在有限的现有研究基础上，我们研究了在美国人口最多的 100 个县中，进步检察官的就职是否会影响 21 年内（2000 年至 2020 年）的犯罪率。在建立了 100 个人口最多的县的进步检察官原始数据库后，我们使用异质性差异回归来考察进步检察官对犯罪率的影响。结果表明，进步检察官就职后，财产犯罪率指数（∼7%）和总犯罪率指数（由财产犯罪率上升驱动）在统计上有所上升，而且自2013年以来，这些影响最为强烈--在此期间，进步检察官的人数不断增加。尽管人们担心进步检察官的当选会导致暴力水平 "飙升"，但这些研究结果表明，以进步为导向的检察改革导致财产犯罪率相对上升，但对暴力犯罪率的影响有限。事实上，从绝对值来看，拥有传统检察官和进步检察官的司法管辖区的犯罪率都有所下降。然而，进步检察官上任后，财产犯罪率相对较高。鉴于之前的研究表明，进步检察官减少了大规模监禁和种族不平等，我们的研究结果表明，较高的财产犯罪率可能是这些进步的代价。

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引用次数: 0

Attempting to reduce traffic stop racial disparities: An experimental evaluation of an internal dashboard intervention 试图减少交通拦截中的种族差异：对内部仪表板干预措施的实验评估

IF 3.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12664

Travis Carter, Scott Wolfe, Jed Knode, Grace Henry

Research Summary

We conducted a group randomized-controlled trial of an internal dashboard system deployed by the Michigan State Police to determine its effectiveness in reducing traffic stop racial disparities. Informed by a difference-in-differences design, analyses of traffic stop data from 2019–2022 indicated that the dashboard had no impact on traffic stop racial disparities. Additional analyses of traffic stops, crashes, and crime revealed that the dashboard had no “de-policing” effect on traffic patrols, nor were there any significant changes in traffic safety or crime in treatment patrol areas relative to control patrol areas. Qualitative analyses of interview data from more than 40 troopers in the agency revealed unique barriers to program implementation and opportunities for future improvement.

Policy Implications

In an era of policing where the capacity and demand for data-driven decision-making is on the rise, evidence-based policy and practice can provide police agencies with informed solutions for addressing traffic stop racial disparities. Yet, the increased demand for evidence-based reform is fueled by a relatively low supply of evidence-based research. This study adds to this evidence base by providing unique insights into the effectiveness of a program built specifically to reduce racial disparities in traffic stops, while also highlighting implementation challenges.

研究摘要我们对密歇根州警察局部署的内部仪表盘系统进行了一次小组随机对照试验，以确定其在减少交通拦截种族差异方面的有效性。在差异设计的指导下，对 2019-2022 年的交通拦截数据进行的分析表明，仪表盘对交通拦截的种族差异没有影响。对交通拦截、车祸和犯罪的其他分析表明，仪表板对交通巡逻没有 "去警务化 "的影响，相对于对照巡逻区，治疗巡逻区的交通安全或犯罪也没有显著变化。对该机构 40 多名警察的访谈数据进行的定性分析揭示了项目实施的独特障碍和未来改进的机会。政策启示在警务时代，数据驱动决策的能力和需求都在上升，以证据为基础的政策和实践可以为警察机构提供明智的解决方案，解决交通拦截中的种族差异问题。然而，对循证改革的需求不断增加，但对循证研究的需求却相对较少。本研究为这一循证基础添砖加瓦，对一项专为减少交通拦截中的种族差异而制定的计划的有效性提供了独特的见解，同时也强调了实施过程中的挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Can increasing preventive patrol in large geographic areas reduce crime? A systematic review and meta-analysis 在大片地区增加预防性巡逻能否减少犯罪？系统回顾和荟萃分析

IF 3.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12665

David Weisburd, Kevin Petersen, Cody W. Telep, Sydney A. Fay

Research summary

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis examining whether increasing preventive patrol in large areas reduces crime. Our review included experimental and quasi-experimental studies that focused on areas such as beats, precincts, or entire jurisdictions and that measured a crime outcome either through official data or surveys. We identified 17 studies to include in our review. We used two methods for assessing study impacts: an approach which identified a primary/general outcome measure and a second approach which used robust variance estimation (RVE) and included all effect sizes across each study. Both approaches showed small crime prevention benefits (RVE: 9% decline; primary/general: 6% decline), but only the RVE model was significant at conventional levels (p < 0.05). There was no significant evidence of displacement. Moderator analyses suggest that as dosage increases so do the crime prevention impacts. In RVE models, preventive patrol was associated with significant reductions in property and violent crime, but nonsignificant increases in drug and disorder offenses.

Policy implications

Increasing preventive patrol activities has the potential to reduce crime in large administrative areas. At the same time, existing studies offer little guidance as to how such preventive patrol should be carried out. Deterrence theory, as well as evidence from studies of hot spots policing, suggests that the greatest benefits will be gained from informing patrol efforts about where and when crime occurs. Although more research is needed regarding patrol allocations in large areas, present knowledge suggests that the more such patrols can be targeted at specific places at specific times, the greater will be the crime control benefits. In this context, we argue that police agencies may want to apply a hybrid approach to police patrol, which would include a combination of hot spots policing units and general patrol units informed by data on where crime is concentrated.

研究摘要我们进行了一项系统综述和荟萃分析，研究在大面积区域增加预防性巡逻是否会减少犯罪。我们的综述包括实验性和准实验性研究，这些研究关注的区域包括节拍、辖区或整个辖区，并通过官方数据或调查来衡量犯罪结果。我们确定了 17 项研究纳入审查范围。我们使用了两种方法来评估研究的影响：一种是确定主要/一般结果衡量标准的方法，另一种是使用稳健方差估计（RVE）并包含每项研究的所有效应大小的方法。两种方法都显示了较小的犯罪预防效益（RVE：下降 9%；主要/一般：下降 6%），但只有 RVE 模型在常规水平上具有显著性（p < 0.05）。没有明显的替代证据。调节分析表明，随着剂量的增加，预防犯罪的影响也在增加。在 RVE 模型中，预防性巡逻与财产犯罪和暴力犯罪的显著减少有关，但与毒品犯罪和扰乱治安犯罪的显著增加无关。与此同时，现有研究对如何开展这种预防性巡逻几乎没有提供指导。威慑理论以及热点地区警务研究的证据表明，将犯罪发生的时间和地点作为巡逻工作的依据将获得最大收益。虽然还需要对大面积区域的巡逻分配进行更多研究，但目前的知识表明，越是能够在特定时间针对特定地点进行巡逻，犯罪控制的效益就越大。在这种情况下，我们认为，警察机构可能希望采用一种混合的警察巡逻方法，其中包括结合热点地区的治安单位和一般巡逻单位，并根据犯罪集中地点的数据提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Scaling up effective juvenile delinquency programs by focusing on change levers: Evidence from a large meta-analysis 通过关注变革杠杆来推广有效的青少年犯罪计划：大型荟萃分析的证据

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12663

David B. Wilson, Mark W. Lipsey

Research summary

The primary outcome desired for juvenile delinquency programs is the cessation of delinquent and related problematic behaviors. However, this outcome is almost always pursued by attempting to change intermediate outcomes, such as family functioning, improved mental health, or peer relations. We can conceptualize intermediate outcomes that are related to reduced delinquency as change levers for effective intervention. A large meta-analysis identified several school-related change levers, including school engagement (i.e., improved attendance and reduced truancy), nondelinquent problem behaviors, and attitudes about school and teachers. In addition, family functioning and reducing substance use were also effective change levers. In contrast, effects on youth getting/keeping a job, peer relationships, and academic achievement were not associated with reduced delinquency.

Policy implications

Only a small percentage of rehabilitative programs provided to youth involved in the juvenile justice system have been established as evidence based. Moreover, there are constraints on what local policy makers and practitioners can do regarding the selection, adoption, and implementation of programs from the available lists of evidence-based programs. Adopting programs that focus on effective change levers and avoiding those that concentrate on ineffective ones has the potential to increase the likelihood that a local agency is engaged in effective programming. Based on our data, programs known to improve family functioning, attachment to and involvement in schooling, and reducing substance use are justified by the change lever evidence, even if these programs’ effectiveness in reducing delinquency has not been directly proven. In contrast, programs focusing on vocational skills, academic achievement, and peer relations are less likely to be beneficial. Furthermore, a change lever perspective can help frontline staff select appropriate programs for different juvenile offenders and focus their quality control efforts on those aspects of a program that are likely to be essential to maintaining effectiveness.

研究摘要青少年犯罪计划所期望的主要结果是停止犯罪和相关的问题行为。然而，为了实现这一结果，几乎总是要试图改变中间结果，如家庭功能、改善心理健康或同伴关系。我们可以将与减少犯罪相关的中间结果概念化，作为有效干预的变革杠杆。一项大型荟萃分析确定了几种与学校相关的改变杠杆，包括学校参与（即提高出勤率和减少逃学）、非犯罪问题行为以及对学校和教师的态度。此外，家庭功能和减少药物使用也是有效的改变杠杆。与此相反，对青少年找到/保住工作、同伴关系和学业成绩的影响与犯罪率的降低无关。此外，地方决策者和从业人员在从现有的循证项目清单中选择、采纳和实施项目时，也会受到一些限制。采用那些注重有效变革杠杆的计划，避免那些注重无效变革杠杆的计划，有可能增加地方机构参与有效计划的可能性。根据我们的数据，众所周知的改善家庭功能、依恋和参与学校教育以及减少药物使用的计划，即使这些计划在减少青少年犯罪方面的有效性尚未得到直接证明，但从变革杠杆的证据来看，这些计划是合理的。相比之下，以职业技能、学业成绩和同伴关系为重点的计划不太可能带来益处。此外，改变杠杆的观点可以帮助一线工作人员为不同的青少年罪犯选择合适的计划，并将他们的质量控制工作集中在计划中可能对保持有效性至关重要的那些方面。

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引用次数: 0

Criminal background check laws and labor market inequality in the United States 犯罪背景调查法与美国劳动力市场的不平等

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12662

David McElhattan

Research summary

A growing literature documents the effect of criminal justice contact on inequalities in the labor market. While ample evidence indicates that a criminal record itself imposes considerable disadvantage, the formal legal mechanisms that may contribute to criminal record-based exclusion have received less empirical attention. The present study examines how one such mechanism—legal requirements for employers and license boards to perform criminal background checks—shapes labor market outcomes among formerly incarcerated people. The study draws from novel longitudinal data on the extensiveness of background check requirements at the state level, as well as individual-level data on incarceration, wages, and unemployment from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Results show that while the extensiveness of state-level background check requirements does not significantly affect the likelihood of unemployment, formerly incarcerated people residing in states where background check requirements are extensive are estimated to earn significantly lower wages than their counterparts in states with few screening mandates.

Policy implications

Criminal background check requirements stand as significant policy barriers that diminish the earning potential of formerly incarcerated people. Policy makers seeking to mitigate the collateral consequences of criminal convictions should narrow the scope of these laws to target specific, highly sensitive occupations, as opposed to broader workplace contexts. Reforms should also address persistent data quality issues in state criminal history record systems and shift the burdens imposed by incomplete or erroneous rap sheets. To minimize adverse self-selection, background check procedures should clarify for applicants the role that a criminal history record may play in clearance decisions. Finally, future research should assess the marginal benefit of criminal background checks compared with other methods of screening prospective hires and licensees.

研究摘要越来越多的文献记录了刑事司法接触对劳动力市场不平等的影响。虽然有大量证据表明犯罪记录本身会造成相当大的不利影响，但可能会导致基于犯罪记录的排斥的正式法律机制却较少受到实证研究的关注。本研究探讨了这样一种机制--对雇主和执照委员会进行犯罪背景调查的法律要求--如何影响曾被监禁者的劳动力市场结果。本研究利用了州一级背景调查要求广泛性的新型纵向数据，以及《收入动态面板研究》（Panel Study of Income Dynamics）中关于监禁、工资和失业的个人层面数据。结果表明，虽然州一级背景调查要求的广泛性对失业的可能性没有显著影响，但据估算，居住在背景调查要求广泛的州的曾被监禁者的工资收入明显低于那些很少有筛查要求的州的同类人。政策含义犯罪背景调查要求是削弱曾被监禁者收入潜力的重要政策障碍。寻求减轻刑事定罪附带后果的政策制定者应缩小这些法律的适用范围，使其针对特定的、高度敏感的职业，而不是更广泛的工作场所。改革还应解决各州犯罪历史记录系统中长期存在的数据质量问题，并转移不完整或错误的犯罪记录所带来的负担。为尽量减少不利的自我选择，背景调查程序应向申请人说明犯罪历史记录在审批决定中可能发挥的作用。最后，未来的研究应评估犯罪背景调查与其他筛选潜在雇员和持证人的方法相比的边际效益。

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引用次数: 0

Right to counsel? A mixed-methods evaluation of the St. Louis County initial appearance program 获得律师帮助的权利？圣路易斯县初次出庭计划的混合方法评估

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12660

Lauren A. Morgan, Faraneh Shamserad, Beth M. Huebner

Research summary

Legal representation is a critical right in the criminal legal process, yet it is unclear when representation is guaranteed. Further, many individuals find obtaining legal representation difficult and expensive. The current study is an evaluation of an initial appearance program implemented in St. Louis County, Missouri. This mixed-methods study focuses on understanding if and how providing counsel at initial appearance affects the bond amount, release type, and length of pretrial detention. Data from official court records and interviews with project staff and stakeholders suggest that early, free representation at arraignment can facilitate release on recognizance and lowered bail amounts. Results from a series of interaction models suggest that this type of programming may be able to help reduce some racial disparities. Our thematic analysis indicates that courtroom stakeholders see value in the program for the defendants, the criminal process, and the courtroom workgroup dynamics during pretrial stages.

Policy implications

The results reflect the need for early representation in the legal process. Representation can potentially reduce some of the racial and ethnic disparities in case processing, which are relatively stark and can lead to downstream effects like a greater likelihood of recidivism and conviction. Currently, most funding for public defenders is inequitable to that of the prosecutor's office, and this work speaks to the necessity of providing representation that begins with the initial appearance and continues throughout the life of the case. This work also highlights how outside funding can be used to support more equitable and fair case processing in the criminal legal system.

研究摘要法律代理是刑事法律程序中的一项重要权利，但何时保证法律代理却并不明确。此外，许多人认为获得法律代理既困难又昂贵。本研究是对密苏里州圣路易斯县实施的初次出庭计划的评估。这项混合方法研究的重点是了解在初次出庭时提供律师是否以及如何影响保释金数额、释放类型和审前拘留期限。来自官方法庭记录的数据以及对项目工作人员和利益相关者的访谈表明，提审时提前提供免费律师服务有助于担保释放和降低保释金金额。一系列互动模型的结果表明，这种类型的计划可能有助于减少一些种族差异。我们的专题分析表明，法庭利益相关者认为该计划对被告、刑事诉讼程序以及审前阶段的法庭工作组动态都有价值。代理服务有可能减少案件处理过程中的一些种族和民族差异，这些差异相对明显，并可能导致下游影响，如更有可能重犯和定罪。目前，对公设辩护律师的资助大多与检察官办公室的资助不平等，这项工作表明，有必要从初次出庭开始并在整个案件审理过程中提供代理服务。这项工作还强调了如何利用外部资金来支持刑事法律系统更公平、更公正地处理案件。

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Challenges in creating humane and equitable policing: A focus on the Global South 创建人道和公平的警务工作所面临的挑战：聚焦全球南部

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12661

Beatriz Magaloni

<div> <section> <h3> Research Summary</h3> <p>Police brutality is a widespread phenomenon around the world. Particularly gruesome human rights abuses in the course of policing take place in Latin America, the world's most violent region outside war zones. Democratic institutions such as competitive elections, checks and balances, and judicial independence are insufficient to prevent police from abusing their power. What factors explain that police engage in abusive behaviors, including illegal arrest, the fabrication of evidence, the use of torture to extract confessions, and the excessive use of force causing injury or death? How can societies restrain these abusive behaviors and subject police to the rule of law? Police behavior is shaped by a combination of institutional, societal, political, organizational, and individual factors. Inquisitorial criminal justice institutions, inherited from the colonial past, have persisted in Latin America until very recently. This meant that democracies in the region were born with weak due process protections that have enabled state authorities and police to abuse their coercive powers as they investigate and prosecute crimes. Police brutality is further the product of security policies. High crime rates and the presence of highly organized criminal groups have pushed many Latin American governments to adopt militarized security interventions -including deploying the armed forces to control crime and militarizing police forces. Populist demands for harsh policies, moreover, generate incentives for politicians to adopt security strategies that violate human rights and which, in the long run, increase violence in society. The most affected groups are the poor, people of color, and those living in impoverished minoritized communities.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Policy Implications</h3> <p>It is essential to strengthen due process protections and judicial oversight over police to reduce torture and other forms of police brutality. Police demilitarization and, under some conditions, community-oriented policing approaches can sharply reduce the use of excessive force causing injury or death. Body-worn cameras (BWC), moreover, can effectively be used to reduce police abusive behavior —and violence against police officers — even in high violence situations and where toxic police-community relations prevail. One limitation of this technology is that it gives too much leeway to frontline officers to turn their cameras on. Poor supervision can further undermine police compliance with camera protocols. These problems can be overcome by assigning cameras to supervisors and using more advanced technologies that allow turning cameras on from the main station. Monetary incentives that reward police officers “to kill less” is another effective policy intervention

警察施暴是全世界普遍存在的现象。拉丁美洲是世界上除战争地区外暴力最严重的地区，在警务过程中发生的践踏人权事件尤其令人发指。竞争性选举、制衡机制和司法独立等民主制度不足以防止警察滥用权力。是什么因素导致了警察的滥用权力行为，包括非法逮捕、伪造证据、刑讯逼供以及过度使用武力造成人员伤亡？社会如何才能约束这些滥用权力的行为，让警察服从法治？警察的行为是由制度、社会、政治、组织和个人因素共同决定的。从殖民时代继承下来的审问式刑事司法体制在拉丁美洲一直延续到最近。这意味着该地区的民主国家在诞生之初对正当程序的保护薄弱，使得国家当局和警察在调查和起诉犯罪时滥用强制权力。警察施暴也是安全政策的产物。高犯罪率和高度有组织犯罪团伙的存在促使许多拉美国家政府采取军事化的安全干预措施--包括部署武装部队来控制犯罪和将警察部队军事化。此外，民粹主义对严厉政策的要求也促使政治家采取侵犯人权的安全策略，从长远来看，这些策略会加剧社会暴力。受影响最大的群体是穷人、有色人种和生活在贫困的少数民族社区的人。

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引用次数: 0