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Making military conscription count? Converting competencies between the civilian and military spheres in a neoliberal Estonia 征兵有意义吗?新自由主义的爱沙尼亚在民事和军事领域之间转换能力
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1177/00113921231159433
Eleri Lillemäe, Kairi Kasearu, E. Ben‐Ari
While past decades Western societies have been shifting from mandatory military service toward all-volunteer forces, a number of them have retained conscription. A growing emphasis on individualization and neoliberalist ideas results in a tension for youths between fulfilling a duty and the need for constant self-development. We argue that a central mechanism for addressing this challenge is convertibility, the ability to use competencies gained in one sphere in another, and thus increasing the individual value of conscription for recruits. By linking convertibility to societal expectations, we demonstrate how societies shape ideas of what is convertible and why, and by relating convertibility to agency and motivation, we extend the concept to the individual level. We argue that as material rewards are limited and conscripts cannot rely on occupational motivations, convertibility has a potential to increase the value of conscription for recruits and enable them to combine institutional motivators with utilitarian motives.
在过去的几十年里,西方社会一直在从义务兵役转向所有志愿军,但其中一些社会保留了征兵制。对个性化和新自由主义思想的日益重视导致年轻人在履行职责和不断自我发展之间的紧张关系。我们认为,应对这一挑战的一个核心机制是可兑换性,即将在一个领域获得的能力用于另一个领域的能力,从而提高征兵的个人价值。通过将可兑换性与社会期望联系起来,我们展示了社会如何形成什么是可兑换的以及为什么可兑换的想法,并通过将可兑换与代理和动机联系起来,将这一概念扩展到个人层面。我们认为,由于物质奖励是有限的,应征入伍者不能依赖职业动机,可兑换性有可能增加应征入伍者的价值,并使他们能够将制度动机与功利动机相结合。
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引用次数: 1
Exploring biographical case reconstructions of women with housing instability experience in South Brazil 探索南巴西有住房不稳定经历的妇女的传记案例重建
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.1177/00113921231154725
Priscila Susin, Naida Menezes
How do women who have faced housing instability interpret and set up strategies to access housing? This article reflects on biographical narrative interviews conducted with women who have experienced compulsory housing removal and with women who were living in squats organized by social movements in the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. These interviews were further analysed through the use of the biographical case reconstruction method. This method aims to comprehend the interviewees’ past and present perspectives on experiences of struggle related to housing, and its connection to individual and family stories and broader socio-historical processes. The two cases discussed in this article show that to access formal housing through social policy, not rarely women confront socially and politically legitimate discourses and practices by adopting strategies beyond legal or formal means. The selected cases have demonstrated distinct perspectives on similar conditions, revealing that women who have faced housing instability can interpret and experience the consequent processes of temporariness and of changing geographical and social ties in different ways.
面临住房不稳定的妇女如何解释和制定获得住房的战略?本文反映了对巴西南部城市阿雷格里港(Porto Alegre)经历过强制拆迁的妇女和生活在社会运动组织下的蹲屋中的妇女进行的传记式访谈。通过使用传记案例重建方法对这些访谈进行进一步分析。这种方法旨在理解受访者对与住房有关的斗争经历的过去和现在的观点,以及它与个人和家庭故事以及更广泛的社会历史进程的联系。本文讨论的两个案例表明,为了通过社会政策获得正式住房,妇女很少通过采取超越法律或正式手段的策略来面对社会和政治上合法的话语和做法。选定的案例表明了对类似情况的不同看法,表明面临住房不稳定的妇女能够以不同的方式解释和经历随之而来的临时性和不断变化的地理和社会关系的过程。
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引用次数: 0
Brokering immigrant transnationalism: Remittances, family reunification, and private refugee sponsorship in neoliberal Canada 中介移民跨国主义:新自由主义加拿大的汇款、家庭团聚和私人难民赞助
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.1177/00113921231155652
E. F. Elcioglu, Tahseen Shams
Using the case study of Canada’s private refugee sponsorship program, we show how neoliberalization heightens the power of non-immigrant civilians to broker immigrants’ transnationalism. Private sponsors respond differently to two common and interrelated forms of refugee transnationalism in which they are structurally empowered to intervene. They encourage family reunification while discouraging remittances, although the former often depends on the fulfillment of the latter. Reflecting on these power imbalances, we classify private refugee sponsorship as part of a North American trend to devolve the management of noncitizens from state actors to ordinary citizens. We conclude by encouraging scholars of transnationalism to look down and investigate how non-immigrant private civilians in receiving countries increasingly shape newcomers’ cross-border linkages. We also urge them to look up and attend to the broader neoliberal context empowering and structuring the behavior of citizen brokers.
通过对加拿大私人难民赞助计划的案例研究,我们展示了新自由主义如何增强非移民平民的力量,以促成移民的跨国主义。私人赞助者对两种常见且相互关联的难民跨国主义形式的反应不同,他们在结构上有权进行干预。他们鼓励家庭团聚,同时不鼓励汇款,尽管前者往往取决于后者的实现。考虑到这些权力失衡,我们将私人难民赞助归类为北美将非公民管理权从国家行为者移交给普通公民的趋势的一部分。最后,我们鼓励跨民族主义学者向下看,调查接受国的非移民私人平民如何越来越多地影响新移民的跨境联系。我们还敦促他们正视并关注更广泛的新自由主义背景,赋予公民经纪人权力并构建其行为。
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引用次数: 0
Self-optimisation: Conceptual, discursive and historical perspectives 自我优化:概念、话语和历史视角
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-12 DOI: 10.1177/00113921221146575
Daniel Nehring, Anja Röcke
Self-optimisation has arguably become a central socio-cultural trend in contemporary Western societies. The imperative to optimise our ways of thinking, feeling and interacting with others features prominently in public discourse, and a range of commercial products and services are available to assist us in our quest to become the best version of our selves. However, self-optimisation has so far received scant attention in sociological research. Addressing this knowledge gap, we aim to introduce self-optimisation as a concept for sociological analysis. We first situate self-optimisation in several closely linked strands of academic debate, on transformations of self-identity under conditions of globalisation and neo-liberal capitalism, and on the spread of a therapeutic culture. We then map the socio-cultural antecedents of self-optimisation, survey its rise as a salient public discourse and as a form of everyday practice and consider some political implications. In the conclusion, we set out an agenda for further research on self-optimisation and discuss its conceptual and empirical relevance beyond the Global Northwest.
自我优化可以说已经成为当代西方社会的一种核心社会文化趋势。优化我们的思维、感受和与他人互动方式的必要性在公共话语中占有突出地位,我们可以获得一系列商业产品和服务来帮助我们追求最好的自我。然而,到目前为止,自我优化在社会学研究中很少受到关注。针对这一知识差距,我们旨在引入自我优化作为社会学分析的一个概念。我们首先将自我优化置于几个密切相关的学术辩论中,关于全球化和新自由资本主义条件下自我认同的转变,以及治疗文化的传播。然后,我们绘制了自我优化的社会文化前因,调查了它作为一种突出的公共话语和日常实践形式的兴起,并考虑了一些政治含义。在结论中,我们提出了进一步研究自我优化的议程,并讨论了其在全球西北地区之外的概念和经验相关性。
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引用次数: 1
Re-imagining what counts as femicide 重新定义何为杀害女性
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/00113921221106502
Elizabeth A. Cook, S. Walklate, Kate Fitz‐Gibbon
This Special Subsection on Re-imagining what counts as femicide brings together five original articles which, from different perspectives, seek to push, challenge, and redefine what counts as femicide. The contributions offered here excavate the conceptual issues of what, who, and where femicide ‘counts’. In order to do so, the articles engage with epistemological and methodological questions regarding how different bodies of evidence on femicide are formed and which take priority, the ethical implications of including or excluding deaths from counts of femicide, and prospects for legal intervention, specifically in Latin America, in contributing to who and what is counted as femicide. Together, these articles seek to challenge how existing concepts of femicide and approaches to counting have focused policy and practice attention on some women’s lives whilst neglecting to count (and thereby acknowledge) others.
这个关于重新想象何为杀害女性的特别分节汇集了五篇原创文章,这些文章从不同的角度寻求推动、挑战和重新定义何为杀害女性。这里提供的贡献挖掘了什么,谁,以及在哪里杀害妇女“计数”的概念问题。为此,这些文章涉及认识论和方法论问题,涉及关于杀害妇女的不同证据体系是如何形成的,哪些证据优先,将死亡包括或排除在杀害妇女的罪名中所涉伦理问题,以及法律干预的前景,特别是在拉丁美洲,对判定谁和什么被视为杀害妇女作出贡献。总之,这些文章试图挑战现有的杀害妇女的概念和计算方法如何将政策和实践的注意力集中在一些妇女的生活上,而忽视了计算(从而承认)其他妇女的生活。
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引用次数: 1
A Black feminist approach to antiracist qualitative research methods: Commemorating the legacy of bell hooks 反种族主义定性研究方法的黑人女权主义方法:纪念钟钩的遗产
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.1177/00113921221146583
Anson Au
This article commemorates the legacy of bell hooks by bringing core themes in her oeuvre to bear on several debates on the conceptualization and use of qualitative research methods in sociology. Despite the uptake of qualitative research methods in sociology as a launching point for critical inquiry with analytical and political overtones, they have been fragmented threefold by debates about their politics (whether to humanize research subjects), practice (whether to intervene in field research), and epistemology (procedural, craft, and bricolage orientations). Reflecting on the legacy of bell hooks, this article articulates a Black feminist approach by unearthing methodological and epistemological themes underwritten in hooks’ work (inclusive pedagogy, creative dialogue, and reflexive accountability) to offer new perspectives on the three debates and, in so doing, to identify ways to better qualitative research methods as tools for emancipating the marginalized – by invigorating cross-professional and transdisciplinary dialogue, collaboration, and love.
本文通过将贝尔胡克作品中的核心主题与社会学中定性研究方法的概念化和使用的几场辩论联系起来,来纪念贝尔胡克的遗产。尽管社会学中采用了定性研究方法,将其作为具有分析和政治色彩的批判性探究的起点,但由于关于其政治性(是否使研究对象人性化)、实践性(是否干预实地研究)和认识论(程序性、工艺性和拼凑性取向)的争论,这些方法已经被割裂了三重。反思贝尔胡克的遗产,本文通过挖掘胡克作品中所包含的方法论和认识论主题(包容性教育学、创造性对话和反射性问责),阐明了黑人女权主义的方法,为这三场辩论提供了新的视角,通过激发跨专业和跨学科的对话、合作和爱,找出更好的定性研究方法,将其作为解放边缘化群体的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Planned meetings: Multiplicity, boxed-in dialogues, and deliberative bureaucracy as social form 有计划的会议:多样性、封闭的对话和作为社会形式的审议官僚主义
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-04 DOI: 10.1177/00113921221141472
Alexander Paulsson
In what ways are meetings a social form? How are meetings organized and how do organizations structure meetings to produce consensus around visions of the future? In this article, planning meetings, which gather representatives from the regional Public Transport Authority and the municipalities involved in public transport planning in Stockholm, Sweden, is probed as a social form. By structuring the meetings as collaborative planning processes, the Public Transport Authority’s ambition is to draw on the municipalities’ multiplicity of experiences and views but then arrive at a consensus, on which a strategic document is produced. However, these meetings are perplexing as a social form. While expectations of their outcomes vary, dialogues in the meetings are boxed-in as they follow standardized protocols for agendas, discussions, and decision points. Planned meetings, as this article shows, are an undertheorized aspect of attempts at future-making among formally independent bureaucracies. The article concludes by proposing that deliberative ideals in bureaucratic settings allude to deliberative bureaucracy through the social form of planned meetings.
会议在哪些方面是一种社交形式?会议是如何组织的,各组织如何组织会议以就未来愿景达成共识?在本文中,规划会议作为一种社会形式进行了探讨,该会议汇集了瑞典斯德哥尔摩地区公共交通管理局和参与公共交通规划的市政当局的代表,公共交通管理局的目标是借鉴市政当局的丰富经验和观点,然后达成共识,并就此制定战略文件。然而,作为一种社交形式,这些会议令人困惑。虽然对会议结果的期望各不相同,但由于会议遵循议程、讨论和决策点的标准化协议,因此会议中的对话受到限制。正如本文所示,计划中的会议是正式独立的官僚机构未来决策的一个理论不足的方面。文章最后提出,官僚环境中的协商理想通过计划会议的社会形式暗指协商官僚。
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引用次数: 0
The diverging gender inequality across households: The case of Palestinian-Arab families in Israel 不同家庭的性别不平等:以以色列的巴勒斯坦阿拉伯家庭为例
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-04 DOI: 10.1177/00113921221141471
Maha Sabbah-Karkabi
This article focuses on how the family’s position in the stratification system affects the division of housework and childcare in Palestinian-Arab society in Israel; a highly gendered society experiencing socioeconomic change. Recent studies carried out in economically developed countries have shown that the household position indicated by education, income, and employment, related to the way the household tasks are shared by the spouses. However, less is known about the phenomenon in the context of societies that maintain gendered norms regarding family roles while women improved their education and employment status. A multilogistic regression analysis for household tasks and logistic regression analysis for childcare were applied to data from Israeli Social Surveys to examine the effect of household strata in the social stratification system regarding the way Palestinian-Arab families in Israel manage their household’s demands. The main results show that upper-class households and couples with a higher education pose their gender roles as more egalitarian, which demonstrates selective gender equality. The gender boundaries in the sharing of caring tasks are less rigid by class in Palestinian-Arab families while they continued to be determined mainly by the couple’s relative education and attitudes toward gender roles.
本文关注的是以色列巴勒斯坦阿拉伯社会中家庭在分层体系中的地位如何影响家务劳动和育儿的分工;一个正在经历社会经济变革的高度性别化的社会。最近在经济发达国家进行的研究表明,教育、收入和就业所表明的家庭地位与配偶分担家务的方式有关。然而,在妇女改善教育和就业状况的同时,在维持关于家庭角色的性别规范的社会背景下,人们对这一现象知之甚少。将家庭任务的多元逻辑回归分析和儿童保育的逻辑回归分析应用于以色列社会调查的数据,以检验社会分层系统中家庭阶层对以色列巴勒斯坦阿拉伯家庭管理家庭需求方式的影响。主要结果表明,上层家庭和受过高等教育的夫妇将他们的性别角色定位为更加平等,这表明了选择性的性别平等。在巴勒斯坦阿拉伯家庭中,分担照顾任务的性别界限不那么严格,而它们仍然主要由这对夫妇的相对教育和对性别角色的态度决定。
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引用次数: 1
Anti-consumerism as a class practice: Parental investment in a private kindergarten in Israel 反消费主义作为一种阶级实践:以色列一家私立幼儿园的家长投资
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-04 DOI: 10.1177/00113921221141469
Amit Rottman, Amalia Sa'ar
This article documents a cultural script of ‘non-materialistic parental investment’ in a private kindergarten in Israel, and the paradoxes that accompany it. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, the analysis reveals an inherent tension between an anti-materialistic ideology and the immersion of the kindergarten in a hyper-consumerist culture. While the explicit discourse emphasizes simplicity and unmediated emotional nurturing, the kindergarten in effect comprises an arena of intense elite consumerism of upper-middle-class parents who wish to give their children high-quality, expensive education. As a prestigious private business, it, therefore, plays a direct role in class differentiation processes, although ‘social-class’ is not part of the conscious pedagogical agenda.
本文记录了以色列一所私立幼儿园“非物质父母投资”的文化脚本,以及伴随而来的悖论。通过民族志田野调查,分析揭示了反物质意识形态与幼儿园沉浸在超消费主义文化中之间的内在张力。虽然明确的话语强调简单和无中介的情感培养,但幼儿园实际上是一个由中上层父母组成的强烈精英消费主义的舞台,他们希望给孩子提供高质量、昂贵的教育。因此,作为一家享有盛誉的私营企业,它在阶级分化过程中发挥着直接作用,尽管“社会阶级”不是有意识的教学议程的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Reconstructing biographical knowledge: Biographical policy evaluation toward a structural understanding of transnational migration 重构传记性知识:传记性政策评价对跨国移民的结构性理解
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1177/00113921221132515
U. Apitzsch, L. Inowlocki
In our article, we address how migrants in transnational spaces are affected by policies of citizenship, language policies, labor market, and education and training policies, among others. The analysis of autobiographical narrative interviews can provide methodical access to latently effective structures of transnational spaces. Transnational spaces can be conceptualized as opaque structures of multiply interconnected state, legal, and cultural transitions toward which individuals orient themselves biographically and in which they are simultaneously intertwined as collectives of experience. Transnational biographical knowledge is not only a result of subjective agency, but at the same time produces the structure of migration biographies, which are experienced and repeatedly reconstructed by migrating subjects. Through biographical policy evaluation we analyze policies and their simultaneous and sometimes paradoxical effects that force family members to find solutions for shaping their life practice. Thus, members of a family of several generations might be affected differently by policies due to their incomplete rights and family status, age, and gender. In reconstructing biographical evaluations, typical effects of the underlying policies can be discerned and critically assessed.
在我们的文章中,我们讨论了跨国空间的移民如何受到公民政策、语言政策、劳动力市场以及教育和培训政策等的影响。对自传体叙事访谈的分析可以提供对跨国空间潜在有效结构的系统访问。跨国空间可以被概念化为多重相互关联的国家、法律和文化转型的不透明结构,个人以传记的方式将自己定位在这些转型中,同时作为经验的集体交织在一起。跨国传记知识不仅是主体能动性的结果,同时也产生了移民传记的结构,这些结构是移民主体经历和反复重构的。通过传记式的政策评估,我们分析了政策及其同时产生的、有时是矛盾的影响,这些影响迫使家庭成员找到塑造他们生活实践的解决方案。因此,一个几代人的家庭成员可能会因其不完整的权利和家庭地位、年龄和性别而受到不同政策的影响。在重建传记评价时,可以辨别和批判性地评估基本政策的典型影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Current Sociology
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