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Introduction to the SETI special issue SETI特刊简介
IF 2.9 3区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2023.101361
Stefan Ambec , Céline Nauges , Subhrendu K. Pattanayak
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引用次数: 0
Energy transition under mineral constraints and recycling: A low-carbon supply peak 矿产约束与循环利用下的能源转型:低碳供应峰值
IF 2.9 3区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2023.101356
Simon Chazel , Sophie Bernard , Hassan Benchekroun

What are the implications of primary mineral constraints for the energy transition? Low-carbon energy production uses green capital, which requires primary minerals. We build on the seminal framework for the transition from a dirty to a clean energy in Golosov et al. (2014) to incorporate the role played by primary minerals and their potential recycling. We characterize the optimal paths of the energy transition under various mineral constraint scenarios. Mineral constraints limit the development of green energy in the long run: Low-carbon energy production eventually reaches a plateau. We run our simulations using copper as the limiting mineral and we allow for its full recycling. Even in the limiting case of a 100% recycling rate, after five to six decades green energy production is 50% lower than in the scenario with unlimited primary copper, and after 30 decades, GDP is 3–8% lower. In extension scenarios, we confirm that a longer life duration of green capital delays copper extraction and the green energy peak, whereas reduced recycling caps moves the peak in green energy production forward.

初级矿物限制对能源转型的影响是什么?低碳能源生产使用绿色资本,而绿色资本需要初级矿产。我们建立在Golosov等人(2014)关于从肮脏能源向清洁能源过渡的开创性框架的基础上,以纳入初级矿物所发挥的作用及其潜在的回收利用。我们刻画了在各种矿物约束情景下能量转换的最优路径。从长远来看,矿产限制限制了绿色能源的发展:低碳能源生产最终达到平稳期。我们使用铜作为限制性矿物进行模拟,并允许其完全回收。即使在100%回收率的有限情况下,在五到六十年后,绿色能源产量也比一次铜不受限制的情况下低50%,30年后,GDP也低3-8%。在扩展场景中,我们证实,绿色资本的寿命延长会延迟铜提取和绿色能源峰值,而回收上限的降低会推动绿色能源生产的峰值。
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引用次数: 1
The effect of China's driving restrictions on air pollution: The role of a policy announcement without a stated expiration 中国限制驾驶对空气污染的影响:无期限政策公告的作用
IF 2.9 3区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2023.101360
Wenbo Li

Driving restrictions keep cars off the street largely on the basis of the last digit of the license plate number. This paper evaluates how different driving restriction policies affected the air quality of the 17 cities in Henan, one of China’s most populous provinces, from 2017 to 2019. I offer a novel way to categorize driving restrictions by making a distinction between cities that announced driving restrictions without a stated expiration and other cities that announced driving restrictions with a stated expiration. I provide some suggestive evidence on the exogeneity of timing, and using two-way fixed effects, I find significant heterogeneity in policy effectiveness. The policy reduced particulate matter concentration in cities that announced driving restrictions without a stated expiration, but had no effect in cities that announced driving restrictions with a stated expiration. To explain this difference, I build a model, which implies that driving restrictions announced without a stated expiration can induce people to pay a high fixed cost in exchange for a low transit time and not to choose non-compliance, two behavioral changes with the potential to further reduce air pollution. Thus, managing the duration of a policy and people’s expectations of its duration can matter crucially for the policy’s effectiveness.

驾驶限制在很大程度上是根据车牌号码的最后一位来禁止汽车上路的。本文评估了2017年至2019年,不同的限驾政策对中国人口最多的省份之一河南17个城市空气质量的影响。我提供了一种新的方法来对驾驶限制进行分类,方法是区分宣布驾驶限制未到期的城市和其他宣布驾驶限制已到期的城市。我提供了一些关于时间异质性的提示性证据,并使用双向固定效应,我发现政策有效性存在显著的异质性。该政策降低了未规定有效期内宣布限驾的城市的颗粒物浓度,但对宣布规定有效期的城市没有影响。为了解释这种差异,我建立了一个模型,这意味着在没有规定期限的情况下宣布的驾驶限制可以诱导人们支付高昂的固定成本来换取较低的过境时间,而不是选择不遵守规定,这两种行为变化有可能进一步减少空气污染。因此,管理政策的持续时间和人们对其持续时间的期望对政策的有效性至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Dust storms and human well-being 沙尘暴与人类福祉
IF 2.9 3区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2023.101362
Benjamin A. Jones

Dust storms are extreme weather events that can lead to sharp short-duration reductions in environmental quality. Is the US and elsewhere, dust storms are becoming more frequent due to climate change and altered land-use patterns. However, our present understanding of their impacts to social welfare is limited. To address this gap, I undertake the first nationwide US study of dust storm impacts on subjective well-being using life satisfaction (LS) data from the CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) over 2005–2010. I find that LS is lower by 0.008 points on a 4-point scale on days when a dust storm occurred in a respondent’s county-of-residence, as identified by the National Weather Service. The observed LS impact is precisely estimated; occurring only on a dust storm event day and not the days immediately before or after. I calculate that individuals are willing-to-pay $111 to avoid a single dust storm event day, on the basis of the estimated well-being externality. I also show that public dust storm alerts on event days can offset more than 50% of the negative LS effect, suggestive of an important role for public risk communication.

沙尘暴是极端天气事件,可导致环境质量在短时间内急剧下降。在美国和其他地方,由于气候变化和土地利用模式的改变,沙尘暴变得越来越频繁。然而,我们目前对其对社会福利影响的理解是有限的。为了解决这一差距,我利用美国疾病控制与预防中心行为风险因素监测系统(BRFSS)2005-2010年的生活满意度(LS)数据,在美国范围内进行了第一项沙尘暴对主观幸福感影响的全国性研究。我发现,根据国家气象局的确定,在被调查者居住的县发生沙尘暴的日子里,LS在4分制上降低了0.008分。观测到的LS影响是精确估计的;仅发生在沙尘暴事件当天,而不是紧接在沙尘暴之前或之后的几天。我计算出,根据估计的幸福外部性,个人愿意支付111美元来避免一天的沙尘暴事件。我还表明,活动日的公共沙尘暴警报可以抵消50%以上的负面LS效应,这表明公共风险沟通具有重要作用。
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引用次数: 1
Is high-speed rail heading towards a low-carbon industry? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China 高铁正在走向低碳产业吗?来自中国一个准自然实验的证据
IF 2.9 3区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2023.101355
Liang Nie , ZhongXiang Zhang

Existing studies have investigated the environmental dividends of substituting high-speed rail (HSR) for other energy-intensive vehicles from an engineering standpoint, but they have yet to explore the economic effects of HSR and the associated carbon emissions reduction benefits. To fill the research gap, we use panel data from 285 Chinese cities between 2004 and 2014, and employ a spatial difference-in-differences model to empirically examine the impact of HSR opening on industrial CO2 emissions. After controlling for spillover effects from neighboring HSR cities, our results show that cities offering HSR services significantly reduce their own industrial CO2 emissions. This finding is robust and is unaffected by outliers, control group selection, time trends, geography and expectation factors, or endogeneity. The mechanism test reveals that the structural transformation effect, technological innovation effect, and investment attractiveness effect are three intermediate influence channels. Further research finds that the emissions reduction benefit increases as the spatial and temporal intensities of HSR openings ascend the ladder, and HSR services have a spillover effect within a 300-kilometer radius. Moreover, the carbon benefit of China’s HSR far surpasses its carbon footprint, indicating that China’s HSR is green after accounting for economic emissions reductions that were often neglected in prior research. Based on these findings, we recommend that China accelerate HSR expansion in order to reduce carbon emissions in a scientific and responsible manner.

现有研究从工程角度调查了用高铁取代其他能源密集型车辆的环境红利,但尚未探索高铁的经济影响和相关的碳减排效益。为了填补研究空白,我们使用了2004年至2014年间来自285个中国城市的面板数据,并采用差异中的空间差异模型实证检验了高铁开放对工业二氧化碳排放的影响。在控制了邻近高铁城市的溢出效应后,我们的研究结果表明,提供高铁服务的城市显著减少了其工业二氧化碳排放。这一发现是稳健的,不受异常值、对照组选择、时间趋势、地理和预期因素或内生性的影响。机制检验表明,结构转型效应、技术创新效应和投资吸引力效应是三个中介影响渠道。进一步研究发现,随着高铁开通的空间和时间强度的上升,减排效益增加,高铁服务在300公里半径内具有溢出效应。此外,中国高铁的碳效益远远超过其碳足迹,这表明中国高铁在考虑了先前研究中经常忽视的经济减排后是绿色的。基于这些发现,我们建议中国加快高铁的扩建,以科学和负责任的方式减少碳排放。
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引用次数: 4
Coordination of sectoral climate policies and life cycle emissions 协调部门气候政策和生命周期排放
IF 2.9 3区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2023.101359
Quentin Hoarau , Guy Meunier

Drastically reducing greenhouse gas emissions involves numerous specific actions in each sector of the economy. The costs and abatement potential of these measures are interdependent because of sectoral linkages. For instance, the carbon footprint of electric vehicles depends on the electricity mix. This issue has received large attention in the literature on Life Cycle Assessments (LCA). This paper analyzes how life cycle considerations should be integrated into policy design. We model a partial equilibrium with two vertically connected sectors, an upstream (e.g. electricity) and a downstream (e.g. transportation) one. In each sector, a dirty and a clean technology are available. The clean downstream technology consumes the upstream good and may thus shift emissions to the upstream sector. Our main contribution is to detail how optimal subsidies on clean technologies should incorporate life cycle emissions when carbon pricing is limited. The optimal downstream subsidy should be corrected for all external costs generated in the upstream sector, not only unpriced pollution but also the fiscal externality due to the subsidy to the clean upstream technology. We also analyze the joint optimization of upstream and downstream policies. The upstream subsidy should not incorporate features of the downstream sector, whereas the downstream optimal subsidy depends upon the upstream sector characteristics. All results are illustrated using a calibrated example of the electrification of passenger cars.

大幅减少温室气体排放涉及经济各个部门的许多具体行动。由于部门联系,这些措施的成本和减排潜力是相互依存的。例如,电动汽车的碳足迹取决于电力结构。这一问题在生命周期评估(LCA)文献中受到了广泛关注。本文分析了如何将生命周期考虑因素纳入政策设计。我们建立了两个垂直连接部门的部分平衡模型,一个是上游(如电力)部门,另一个是下游(如运输)部门。在每个领域,都有一种肮脏和清洁的技术。清洁的下游技术消耗上游商品,从而可能将排放转移到上游部门。我们的主要贡献是详细说明在碳定价有限的情况下,清洁技术的最佳补贴应如何纳入生命周期排放。最优下游补贴应针对上游部门产生的所有外部成本进行修正,不仅包括未定价的污染,还包括由于对清洁上游技术的补贴而产生的财政外部性。我们还分析了上下游政策的联合优化。上游补贴不应包含下游部门的特征,而下游最优补贴取决于上游部门的特征。所有的结果都是用乘用车电气化的校准例子来说明的。
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引用次数: 0
Extraction rights allocation with liquidity constraints 流动性约束下的采掘权配置
IF 2.9 3区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2022.101345
Jorge Holzer, Kenneth McConnell

We study the optimal allocation of a resource in a second-best world in which parties may be liquidity-constrained due to credit frictions and capital market imperfections. In this setting, common to various natural resource industries, agents are unable to bid more than their budget regardless of their valuation. While auction markets are widely used mechanisms for allocating natural resource extraction rights and conservation contracts, we show that in these circumstances the competitive market –which allocates items based on rank order of bids– fails to achieve the first-best allocation. The market outcome is welfare-dominated by a hybrid mechanism consisting of random assignment followed by resale in a secondary market. Via the initial lottery, the hybrid-mechanism allocates the items with positive probability to high-valuation low-wealth individuals who would not have been able to afford them in a competitive market. High-valuation high-wealth agents, on the other hand, acquire the items in the secondary market if they do not receive them in the initial lottery. Therefore, equity in the allocation of access to the resource may be justified not only by distributional concerns but also by economic efficiency. We illustrate our model using data from buybacks of harvesting rights in the seafood industry.

我们研究了第二好世界中资源的最优配置,在这个世界中,各方可能由于信贷摩擦和资本市场的不完善而受到流动性约束。在这种情况下,各种自然资源行业都很常见,无论估价如何,代理商都无法出价超过预算。虽然拍卖市场是分配自然资源开采权和保护合同的广泛使用的机制,但我们表明,在这种情况下,竞争性市场——根据出价的排名顺序分配项目——无法实现第一最佳分配。市场结果是福利由一种混合机制主导,该机制由随机分配和在二级市场转售组成。通过最初的彩票,混合机制将具有正概率的物品分配给在竞争激烈的市场中无法负担的高估值低财富个人。另一方面,如果高估值高财富代理人在最初的彩票中没有收到这些物品,他们就会在二级市场上获得这些物品。因此,公平分配获得资源的机会不仅可以从分配方面考虑,还可以从经济效率方面考虑。我们使用海鲜行业收割权回购的数据来说明我们的模型。
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引用次数: 0
Optimal policy for environmental goods trade in asymmetric oligopolistic eco-industries 非对称寡占生态产业环境商品贸易的最优政策
IF 2.9 3区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2022.101343
Yasuyuki Sugiyama , Yungho Weng , Kenzo Abe

In this paper, we examine the optimal structure of an environmental tax to pollution, a production subsidy to a domestic eco-industry, and an import tariff on environmental goods (EGs) in a two-country model where the home country imports EGs from the foreign country. Home and foreign firms that produce EGs engage in Cournot competition. We then assume that the number of the home local firms which produce EGs is constant, but that of the foreign firms is variable. Our main findings are as follows: (I) The optimal environmental tax level may be lower than the Pigouvian level even if the tax has a positive impact on the output of EGs produced by a domestic firm. (II) The optimal tariff level may be positive when the country implements the first best policy combination in a closed economy regarding the environmental tax and the subsidy. (III) The optimal subsidy level may be positive, and then the subsidy may be substitutive for the import tariff on EGs.

在本文中,我们考察了在母国从外国进口环境产品的两国模型中,污染环境税、国内生态工业生产补贴和环境产品进口关税的最优结构。生产EG的国内外公司都参与了古诺的竞争。然后,我们假设生产EG的本土公司的数量是恒定的,但外国公司的数量则是可变的。我们的主要发现如下:(I)即使税收对国内企业生产的EG的产量有积极影响,最优环境税水平也可能低于庇古水平。(II) 当一国在封闭经济中实施关于环境税和补贴的第一个最佳政策组合时,最佳关税水平可能是正的。(III) 最优补贴水平可能是正的,然后补贴可能替代EG的进口关税。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Exploring the shelf-life of travel cost methods of valuing recreation for benefits transfer” [Resour. Energy Econ. 63 (2021) 101123] “探索旅行成本的保质期——为利益转移评估娱乐的方法”的更正[Resour.Energy Econ.63(2021)101123]
IF 2.9 3区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2022.101335
Xiaoyang He , Muhammad Jawad Khan , Elizabeth M. Spink , Gregory L. Poe
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引用次数: 0
Discerning trends in international metal prices in the presence of nonstationary volatility 在非平稳波动的情况下辨别国际金属价格的趋势
IF 2.9 3区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2022.101334
Tony Addison , Atanu Ghoshray

In this paper, we develop an empirical framework that allows us to trace out a time path of metal prices. This framework shows that unpredictable shifts in demand, extraction costs and discovery of reserves, make estimation of the slope of this underlying trend an empirical question. Further, the low elasticity of demand and supply cause large volatility in the prices, which makes estimation of the trend difficult. We estimate the trend in metal prices employing econometric procedures that are robust to the underlying order of integration of the data and allow for nonstationary volatility, which we note is a characteristic feature of metal prices. We further analyse whether metal prices are characterised by stochastic trends by conducting unit root tests that allow for nonstationary volatility. Applying these procedures on metal prices for over a century, we draw conclusions that relate to policy.

在本文中,我们开发了一个经验框架,使我们能够追踪金属价格的时间路径。该框架表明,需求、开采成本和储量发现的不可预测的变化,使对这一潜在趋势斜率的估计成为一个经验问题。此外,需求和供应的低弹性导致价格大幅波动,这使得估计趋势变得困难。我们使用计量经济学程序来估计金属价格的趋势,该程序对数据整合的基本顺序是稳健的,并考虑到非平稳波动,我们注意到这是金属价格的一个特征。我们通过进行允许非平稳波动的单位根检验,进一步分析金属价格是否具有随机趋势的特征。将这些程序应用于一个多世纪以来的金属价格,我们得出了与政策有关的结论。
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引用次数: 0
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Resource and Energy Economics
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