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Using panopticism to theorize the social role of the body in competitive gaming and electronic sport 运用全景论理论化身体在竞技游戏和电子运动中的社会作用
IF 2.3 3区 教育学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.1177/10126902231187322
Paolo Riatti, A. Thiel
The role of the body is a common topic for discussions concerning competitive gaming, also known as electronic sport (esport). In esport, the focus on the body shifts from its physical presence towards digitality and therefore differs significantly compared to traditional sports. It is therefore questionable whether disciplinary mechanisms typical for sport that originate from the physical body being surveyed can be observed in competitive gaming as well. This conceptual paper uses Michel Foucault's concept of panopticism to theorize what consequences of deviant or normative behaviour can be derived from a (partially) absent physical corporeality in esport. Our approach reveals that esport and competitive gaming are lacking disciplinary mechanisms typical for traditional sports. We introduce the term dysopticon as a concept where players are not exposed to surveillance like in traditional sports, because of a perceived absence of the players’ physical bodies while competing. This can result in arbitrariness and deviant behaviour but also be an opportunity for inclusion or self-expression regardless of hegemonic corporeal norms and standards. Stakeholders, including players, clubs, associations, and corporations, can build upon these insights to develop and promote esport beneficially for sport and society.
该机构的作用是关于竞技游戏(也称为电子竞技)的讨论的常见话题。在电子竞技中,对身体的关注从身体的存在转向了数字化,因此与传统体育相比有很大不同。因此,在竞技游戏中是否也能观察到源自被调查身体的典型体育纪律机制,这是值得怀疑的。这篇概念性论文使用米歇尔·福柯的全景主义概念来理论化偏离或规范行为的后果可以从体育运动中(部分)缺失的身体中得到。我们的方法表明,电子竞技和竞技游戏缺乏传统体育特有的纪律机制。我们引入了“视功能障碍”一词,这是一个概念,即球员不会像传统体育运动中那样受到监视,因为在比赛时,球员的身体会被感知到缺席。这可能导致任意性和越轨行为,但也可能是一个包容或自我表达的机会,无论霸权的物质规范和标准如何。包括球员、俱乐部、协会和企业在内的利益相关者可以利用这些见解,为体育和社会发展和推广电子竞技。
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引用次数: 0
‘Refugee footballers’: A socioecological exploration of forced migrants in the Italian and German elite football system “难民足球运动员”:对意大利和德国精英足球系统中被迫移民的社会生态学探索
IF 2.3 3区 教育学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.1177/10126902231179071
Alessio Norrito, E. Michelini, R. Giulianotti, Carolynne Mason
Against the background of the recent European ‘refugee crisis’ and its long-term consequences, this article investigates the research question ‘how do footballers with a refugee background experience the process of accessing top-level football?’, using ethnographic material and interviews with competitive footballers with a refugee background in Italy and Germany from two studies. The material was examined using qualitative content analysis and interpreted through the ecological systems theory. The results show that inclusion to professional football is complex for refugee footballers who are faced with the additional hurdles and consequences of a forced migration. Moreover, refugees build their networks within the process of resettlement, without a clear path for inclusion to elite football. Those who ‘make it’ have relied on key enablers within their microsystem and on mesosystemic interactions, further emphasizing the importance of networks for professional development. In contrast, exosystemic and macrosystemic factors further hinder the possibility of a sport career in football, on top of the existing difficulties of a forced migration. The process of seeking inclusion in competitive football however has been identified as a positive element that can provide direction in resettlement and opportunities for socialisation.
在最近欧洲“难民危机”及其长期后果的背景下,本文探讨了“具有难民背景的足球运动员如何经历进入顶级足球的过程”这一研究问题。,该研究使用了人种学材料,并采访了意大利和德国两项研究中具有难民背景的竞技足球运动员。材料是使用定性内容分析和通过生态系统理论解释检查。结果表明,对于面临额外障碍和被迫移民后果的难民足球运动员来说,融入职业足球是很复杂的。此外,难民在重新安置的过程中建立了自己的网络,没有明确的途径融入精英足球。那些“成功”的人依赖于他们微系统内的关键推动者和中观系统的相互作用,进一步强调了网络对专业发展的重要性。相比之下,外部系统和宏观系统因素进一步阻碍了足球运动生涯的可能性,除了现有的强迫移民困难之外。然而,寻求融入竞技足球的过程被认为是一个积极的因素,可以为重新安置和社会化提供方向。
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引用次数: 0
Spaces of football and belonging for people seeking asylum: Resisting policy-imposed liminality in Italy 寻求庇护者的足球空间和归属感:抵制意大利政策强加的限制
IF 2.3 3区 教育学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.1177/10126902231179624
F. Genovesi
As radical right parties capitalise on the salience of immigration among the Italian public, this paper explores solidarity grassroots football as a unique lens to investigate how people seeking asylum resist the effects of policies and discourses of exclusion, and develop senses of belonging in the microscale of their day-to-day lives. Sport and migration studies researchers have primarily considered policy-based questions (e.g. how can sport facilitate integration?). In shifting the focus from integration to belonging, this ethnographic study engages with the embodied and affective experiences of individuals seeking asylum. Employing the analytical framework for the study of belonging advanced by Yuval-Davis and integrated by Antonsich, four themes are discussed: the agency of people seeking asylum in appropriating football to nurture a positive sense of self; the emergence of the material environment of sporting activities as a space of belonging; the negotiation of belonging within and beyond the team; and the local neighbourhood as possible trait d’union between sport-specific attachments and belonging to the wider community. The article contends that involvement in solidarity grassroots football can provide people seeking asylum with opportunities for belonging that go beyond the momentary, and play a vital role in resisting the liminality imposed by autochthonic politics of belonging.
由于激进的右翼政党利用了意大利公众中移民的显著性,本文将团结基层足球作为一个独特的视角来探讨寻求庇护的人如何抵制政策和排斥话语的影响,并在日常生活的微观尺度上发展归属感。体育和移民研究的研究人员主要考虑基于政策的问题(例如,体育如何促进融合?)。在将焦点从整合转移到归属的过程中,这个民族志研究涉及到寻求庇护的个人的具体和情感经历。本文采用尤瓦尔-戴维斯提出的归属研究分析框架和安东西奇整合的归属研究框架,讨论了四个主题:利用足球来培养积极自我意识的寻求庇护者的代理;体育活动物质环境作为归属感空间的出现;团队内外归属感的协商;而当地社区则可能是体育特有的依恋和对更广泛社区的归属感之间的结合。文章认为,参与团结基层足球可以为寻求庇护的人提供超越一时的归属感的机会,并在抵制本土政治归属感强加的限制方面发挥至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Enclaved non-heteronormativity and pragmatic acceptance. The experiences of Polish female football players 包涵的非异性规范性和实用接受。波兰女足运动员的经历
IF 2.3 3区 教育学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2023-06-04 DOI: 10.1177/10126902231180402
Natalia Organista, R. Kossakowski
The aim of this article is to discuss how Polish non-heterosexual female football players cope with institutionalised normative heterosexuality, which functions in Poland on several levels. The study is based on 25 in-depth interviews with professional Polish female football players. The interviewed women experienced heteronormativity within Polish society, which precluded negotiating the status of homosexuality in the broader social context. The processes of de-normalisation of heteronormativity are also difficult in the field of football. Although many football coaches and club managers display ‘pragmatic acceptance’ of non-heterosexual female players, this attitude is not always accompanied by respect for different sexual orientations. The ways in which female football players deal with such circumstances resulted in creating a safe space of ‘enclaved non-heteronormativity’ within the team. It is a space which protects from socially dominant compulsory heterosexuality. We discuss the role of this enclave and its potential for social change in football cultures in Poland.
本文的目的是讨论波兰非异性恋女足球运动员如何应对制度化的规范异性恋,这在波兰的几个层面上起作用。该研究基于对波兰职业女足运动员的25次深度访谈。受访妇女在波兰社会中经历了异性恋的规范,这阻碍了在更广泛的社会背景下就同性恋的地位进行谈判。在足球领域,异规范性的去正常化过程也很困难。尽管许多足球教练和俱乐部经理对非异性恋女球员表现出“务实的接受”,但这种态度并不总是伴随着对不同性取向的尊重。女足球运动员处理这种情况的方式导致在球队内部创造了一个“封闭的非异性恋”的安全空间。这是一个保护人们免受社会主导的强制性异性恋的空间。我们讨论了这块飞地的作用及其在波兰足球文化中社会变革的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Fan responses to ownership change in the English Premier League: Motivated ignorance, social creativity and social competition at Newcastle United F.C. 球迷对英超联赛所有权变更的反应:纽卡斯尔联队的动机性无知、社会创造力和社会竞争
3区 教育学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2023-06-04 DOI: 10.1177/10126902231179067
Ian Jones, Andrew Adams, Joanne Mayoh
Over recent years there has been a significant increase in foreign ownership within the English Premier League, with ‘sportswashing’ being identified as a key motive for some new club owners. Whilst the effects of changes of ownership have received considerable focus, especially in terms of their impacts upon the club, less attention has been paid to the status of the owners themselves, how any perceived sportswashing strategy impacts upon fans, and how that impact is managed, especially in terms of the strategies that are used by fans to maintain a sense of identification. This paper focuses on the takeover of one Premier League football club, Newcastle United, and explores fan responses to its high-profile and controversial takeover by the Saudi Arabian Public Investment Fund (PIF). The paper explores the identity-maintenance strategies used by fans to maintain a positive association with the club using existing frameworks related to social creativity and social competition, as well as through the application of a novel strategy that has yet to be explored within the sport fan literature, that of motivated ignorance. The results demonstrate that whilst social creativity and social competition strategies are evident, motivated ignorance also provides an additional mechanism through which social identities may be protected from identity threat.
近年来,英超的外资所有权有了显著的增长,“体育洗脑”被认为是一些新俱乐部所有者的主要动机。虽然所有权变更的影响受到了相当大的关注,特别是在他们对俱乐部的影响方面,但很少有人关注所有者自己的地位,任何被认为的体育清洗策略如何影响球迷,以及如何管理这种影响,特别是球迷用来保持认同感的策略。本文主要关注英超俱乐部纽卡斯尔联队的收购,并探讨了球迷对沙特阿拉伯公共投资基金(PIF)高调和有争议的收购的反应。本文探讨了球迷使用的身份维护策略,以保持与俱乐部的积极联系,使用与社会创造力和社会竞争相关的现有框架,以及通过应用一种尚未在体育迷文献中探索的新策略,即动机无知。结果表明,虽然社会创造力和社会竞争策略是显而易见的,但动机无知也提供了一种额外的机制,通过这种机制,社会身份可以免受身份威胁。
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引用次数: 0
Drafting behind LGB: Transgender athletes in the sport of cycling 起草后LGB:跨性别运动员在自行车运动
IF 2.3 3区 教育学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1177/10126902231178613
J. Hardwicke, C. J. Roberts, E. Anderson, Rory Magrath
Using data from an online survey of 211 heterosexual and 148 sexual and gender minority-identifying cyclists, this article examines the attitudes of both sexual and gender majorities towards sexual and gender minorities as well as the experiences of sexual and gender minorities in relation to each other, within the sport of cycling. The results show a culture of acceptance for LGB athletes with heightened antipathy towards transgender cyclists. However, this variance is not as large as might be expected given the media attention on transgender athletes in cycling, and sport more broadly. It therefore appears that the transgender social movement is drafting closely behind LGB inclusion within this sport.
本文利用211名异性恋和148名性少数和性别少数自行车手的在线调查数据,研究了性多数和性别多数对性少数和两性少数的态度,以及性少数和性少数在自行车运动中相互关系的经历。研究结果显示,LGB运动员的接受文化对跨性别自行车运动员的反感加剧。然而,考虑到媒体对自行车和更广泛的体育运动中跨性别运动员的关注,这种差异并没有预期的那么大。因此,跨性别者社会运动似乎正密切支持LGB在这项运动中的融入。
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引用次数: 0
Identity negotiation and subculture recognition: Exploration of a sexual minority group in a Chinese grassroots sport 身份协商与亚文化认同:中国草根体育中的性少数群体探索
IF 2.3 3区 教育学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2023-05-29 DOI: 10.1177/10126902231178610
Huan Xiong, Xinyi Guo
This case study delves into the experiences of a women's basketball team situated in Shenzhen, South China, comprised primarily of members of sexual minority groups. Utilizing qualitative research methods, including interviews and observation of team dynamics, this research examines how lesbian and bisexual female basketball players navigate societal norms and negotiate their sexual identities. It also highlights the team's unique strategies for dealing with social interactions, group membership, and power dynamics in resisting heteronormative norms. Team B exemplifies a form of queer resistance in Chinese society and sports that is distinct from the Western pride movements and political advocacy. This strategy involves avoiding confrontation and integrating the nonheteronormative subculture into mainstream sports and society to gain support from families, the general public, and local communities, thereby promoting sports inclusivity and gaining social recognition. This study argues, from a post-structural feminist perspective, that participation in a gender-inclusive sports group provides sexual minority individuals with a unique social position and an empowering means of destabilizing power relations and reducing sexual identity tensions. In addition, it demonstrates the capacity of sports subcultures to foster collective agency and resilience in the face of dominant cultural norms, despite the constraints posed by the unaltered macro-level structure of gender. This case study provides valuable insights into how gender-inclusive sports groups can challenge and reshape preconceived notions of gender and sexuality in Chinese society while serving as a platform for queer resistance.
本案例研究深入探讨了位于中国南方深圳的一支主要由性少数群体成员组成的女子篮球队的经历。本研究采用定性研究方法,包括访谈和观察团队动态,探讨女同性恋和双性恋女篮球运动员如何驾驭社会规范和协商她们的性身份。它还强调了团队在处理社会互动、群体成员关系和抵制异性规范的权力动态方面的独特策略。B队代表了中国社会和体育界对酷儿的一种抵抗,这与西方的骄傲运动和政治倡导截然不同。这一策略包括避免对抗,将非异性恋的亚文化融入主流体育和社会,以获得家庭、公众和当地社区的支持,从而促进体育包容性,获得社会认可。本研究从后结构女权主义的角度认为,参与一个性别包容的体育团体为性少数群体提供了独特的社会地位,并为破坏权力关系和减少性别认同紧张提供了一种赋权手段。此外,它还展示了体育亚文化在面对主流文化规范时培养集体能动性和弹性的能力,尽管受到未改变的性别宏观结构的限制。这个案例研究提供了有价值的见解,说明性别包容性体育团体如何挑战和重塑中国社会对性别和性的先入为主的观念,同时作为酷儿抵抗的平台。
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引用次数: 0
Sensing inclusion among visually impaired and guide runners 视觉障碍者和引导跑步者的包容性
IF 2.3 3区 教育学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1177/10126902231172919
Marit Hiemstra, Jasmijn Rana
People with visual impairments partake in recreational running with sighted guide runners. In the Netherlands, the Running Blind foundation enables blind and visually impaired runners and their guides to experience the social and physical benefits of outdoor recreation together. While sport policies and programs in the Netherlands call for more inclusive sport practices, it is often unclear what ‘inclusion’ means for the people involved. This article explores how a sense of inclusion is constituted, experienced and reflected on within guided running. Based on three months of immersive, sensory ethnographic fieldwork in guided running, we argue that merely integrating disabled sports practitioners into mainstream, that is, ableist sporting contexts does not increase inclusion for people with different abilities. Instead, guided running ensembles challenge ‘the language of inclusion’ by showing how a sense of inclusion evolves from an empathic engagement with the environment, the people and the tethered running bodies.
有视力障碍的人与视力正常的引导跑者一起参加娱乐性跑步。在荷兰,盲人跑步基金会使盲人和视障跑步者及其向导能够一起体验户外娱乐的社会和身体益处。虽然荷兰的体育政策和项目呼吁更具包容性的体育实践,但人们往往不清楚“包容性”对参与者意味着什么。本文探讨了包容性是如何在引导式跑步中形成、体验和反思的。基于三个月在引导跑中进行的沉浸式、感官民族志实地调查,我们认为,仅仅将残疾体育从业者融入主流,即残疾人体育环境,并不能增加不同能力人群的包容性。相反,有指导的跑步组合通过展示包容感是如何从与环境、人和被束缚的跑步身体的移情互动中演变出来的,从而挑战“包容的语言”。
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引用次数: 2
Levelling the field? The English Football Association's promotion of their men's and women's national teams through Twitter 平整场地?英国足球协会通过推特推广他们的男女国家队
IF 2.3 3区 教育学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.1177/10126902231160662
Steven Doehler
This study examines and compares the coverage of both the England men's and women's national football teams by their governing body, The Football Association (FA), immediately before, during and immediately following their respective 2020 and 2022 European Championships. Content analysis of two of the FA's official Twitter accounts demonstrates some positive shifts in the general representation of the women's football team. However, concerns remain regarding the FA's social media strategy whereby they promote the women's team through a discrete profile rather than their general Twitter account, which has a much larger following. This paper argues that social media provides governing bodies with an opportunity to effectively promote their women's teams and, as such, organisations hold significant responsibility to achieve this should they wish to see the more equitable promotion of women athletes in the wider media.
本研究调查并比较了英格兰男足和女足国家足球队的管理机构——足球协会(FA)在2020年和2022年欧洲锦标赛之前、期间和之后的报道。对英足总两个官方推特账户的内容分析显示,女足的总体代表性出现了一些积极的变化。然而,人们仍然对英足总的社交媒体策略感到担忧,他们通过一个独立的个人资料来推广女足,而不是通过一个拥有更多粉丝的通用Twitter账户。本文认为,社交媒体为管理机构提供了一个有效推广其女子团队的机会,因此,如果组织希望在更广泛的媒体中看到更公平地推广女运动员,他们就有责任实现这一目标。
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引用次数: 0
Sport and migration in the age of superdiversity 超多样性时代的体育与移民
IF 2.3 3区 教育学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.1177/10126902231161964
S. Agergaard, P. Darby, Mark Falcous, A. Klein
Taking Steven Vertovec's concept of Superdiversity as a starting point, this special issue examines the dynamic interaction of diversity variables in the field of sport and migration issues. The articles published this Speical Issue span from studies on sports labor migration (sports as migration) to consideration of the role sport plays in the everyday lives of disparate groups of migrants (sport in migration). Considering the contemporary diversification of migration, we argue that it is more relevant than ever to expand the empirical focus of research in sports and migration issues, but also the breadth of theoretical and methodological approaches utilized. To this end, we illustrate the value of postcolonial theory and intersectionality as theoretical frameworks that can focus on multiple axes of differentiation along with structuring conditions that impact sports and migration issues. Further, we call for researchers in the field to consider the value of methodologies that are novel to their work such as participatory action research and approaches that avoid methodological nationalism.
本期特刊以Steven Vertovec的超级多样性(Superdiversity)概念为出发点,探讨了体育和移民问题领域中多样性变量的动态相互作用。这期特刊发表的文章涵盖了从体育劳动力迁移(体育作为迁移)到考虑体育在不同移民群体的日常生活中所扮演的角色(体育在迁移)的研究。考虑到当代移民的多样化,我们认为,扩大体育和移民问题研究的实证重点,以及所采用的理论和方法的广度,比以往任何时候都更有意义。为此,我们说明了后殖民理论和交叉性作为理论框架的价值,可以关注分化的多个轴,以及影响体育和移民问题的结构条件。此外,我们呼吁该领域的研究人员考虑对他们的工作来说新颖的方法的价值,例如参与性行动研究和避免方法论民族主义的方法。
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引用次数: 1
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International Review for the Sociology of Sport
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