Pub Date : 2021-06-07DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1931220
Joseph J. Avery, DongWon Oh, J. Cooper
Abstract In past research on criminal stereotypes, individuals of different races have been stereotyped as being more likely to commit certain types of crimes. In this article, we draw on the “bad is Black” heuristic and identify a fundamental underlying dimension explaining such divergence: offenses deemed immoral were associated with Black individuals, while those deemed wrong but not necessarily immoral were associated with White individuals. Our evidence came from a data-driven method that is novel to applied legal psychological research—reverse correlation to produce classification images—and that enabled us to visualize lay persons’ criminal stereotypes. We interpreted this theoretical advance through the lens of our legal institutional context, exploring applications and implications of the finding.
{"title":"Race and Perceived Immorality in Stereotypes of Criminal Subtypes","authors":"Joseph J. Avery, DongWon Oh, J. Cooper","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2021.1931220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2021.1931220","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In past research on criminal stereotypes, individuals of different races have been stereotyped as being more likely to commit certain types of crimes. In this article, we draw on the “bad is Black” heuristic and identify a fundamental underlying dimension explaining such divergence: offenses deemed immoral were associated with Black individuals, while those deemed wrong but not necessarily immoral were associated with White individuals. Our evidence came from a data-driven method that is novel to applied legal psychological research—reverse correlation to produce classification images—and that enabled us to visualize lay persons’ criminal stereotypes. We interpreted this theoretical advance through the lens of our legal institutional context, exploring applications and implications of the finding.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"43 1","pages":"307 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2021.1931220","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59301348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-09DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1979003
J. Richters
Abstract Variable-oriented, sample-based individual differences research strategies and statistical modeling approaches to causal-theoretical inference depend on their logic, coherence, justification, and presumed heuristic value on the tacit assumption that individuals are qualitatively the same, homogeneous with respect to the psychological structures and processes underlying their overt functioning, and that quantitative differences between them are produced by exactly the same psychological structures functioning in exactly the same way within each individual. This psychological homogeneity assumption, however, is demonstrably false and invalidated by a substantial body of uncontested scientific evidence documenting psychological heterogeneity as a ubiquitous, defining characteristic of human functioning. This irreconcilable mismatch between the psychological homogeneity assumption of the paradigm and the psychologically heterogeneous realities of its phenomena renders the individual differences methodology intrinsically incapable of advancing theoretical knowledge about the causes of psychological and behavioral phenomena. A detailed look at this mismatch reveals also that it holds considerable explanatory power as the root cause of the slow theoretical progress and replication failures of psychological research, as well as the driving force behind psychology's inability to relinquish its controversial reliance on null hypothesis significance testing as a justification standard for evaluating theoretical claims.
{"title":"Incredible Utility: The Lost Causes and Causal Debris of Psychological Science","authors":"J. Richters","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2021.1979003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2021.1979003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Variable-oriented, sample-based individual differences research strategies and statistical modeling approaches to causal-theoretical inference depend on their logic, coherence, justification, and presumed heuristic value on the tacit assumption that individuals are qualitatively the same, homogeneous with respect to the psychological structures and processes underlying their overt functioning, and that quantitative differences between them are produced by exactly the same psychological structures functioning in exactly the same way within each individual. This psychological homogeneity assumption, however, is demonstrably false and invalidated by a substantial body of uncontested scientific evidence documenting psychological heterogeneity as a ubiquitous, defining characteristic of human functioning. This irreconcilable mismatch between the psychological homogeneity assumption of the paradigm and the psychologically heterogeneous realities of its phenomena renders the individual differences methodology intrinsically incapable of advancing theoretical knowledge about the causes of psychological and behavioral phenomena. A detailed look at this mismatch reveals also that it holds considerable explanatory power as the root cause of the slow theoretical progress and replication failures of psychological research, as well as the driving force behind psychology's inability to relinquish its controversial reliance on null hypothesis significance testing as a justification standard for evaluating theoretical claims.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"43 1","pages":"366 - 405"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42804286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-24DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1896520
A. L. Le Grand, Baylee D. Jenkins, J. Golding, J. Neuschatz, Andrea M. Pals, S. A. Wetmore
Abstract This study investigated the impact of jailhouse informant (JI) testimony on mock-jurors’ perceptions of an alcohol-facilitated rape trial. Male and female participants (N = 186) read a rape trial summary of an adult female after attending a concert. The trial varied whether the victim was intoxicated or sober and whether a JI testified that the defendant confessed to the rape. The results indicated that participants were more pro-victim (e.g., voted guilty more) when the JI testified than no JI testimony, and that women were more pro-victim than men. Although victim intoxication negatively impacted perceptions of the defendant, it did not influence verdicts. The results are discussed concerning the legal implications of presenting JI testimony and factors that influence perceptions of rape victims.
{"title":"The Sobering Effects of Jailhouse Informant Testimony on Perceptions of an Intoxicated Rape Victim","authors":"A. L. Le Grand, Baylee D. Jenkins, J. Golding, J. Neuschatz, Andrea M. Pals, S. A. Wetmore","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2021.1896520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2021.1896520","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigated the impact of jailhouse informant (JI) testimony on mock-jurors’ perceptions of an alcohol-facilitated rape trial. Male and female participants (N = 186) read a rape trial summary of an adult female after attending a concert. The trial varied whether the victim was intoxicated or sober and whether a JI testified that the defendant confessed to the rape. The results indicated that participants were more pro-victim (e.g., voted guilty more) when the JI testified than no JI testimony, and that women were more pro-victim than men. Although victim intoxication negatively impacted perceptions of the defendant, it did not influence verdicts. The results are discussed concerning the legal implications of presenting JI testimony and factors that influence perceptions of rape victims.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"43 1","pages":"195 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2021.1896520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49145394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-17DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1889553
M. Osman, Pauline Schwartz, Saul Wodak
Abstract Behavioral change techniques may show positive changes to sustainable consumption, but as with many other domains, how they interact with other typical regulatory measures is unknown. To address the empirical lacuna, the present study uses a discrete-choice set-up to simulate a lunchtime canteen in order to investigate the effects of choice preserving and choice incentivizing interventions on meal choices. Carbon tax (Experiment 1, Experiment 2) alone, behavioral interventions (Experiment 1) alone, as well in combination (Experiment 1, Experiment 2) shifted choices to a less degree than in combination. The most compelling positive behavioral change was found when introducing a redistributive pricing system that combines carbon tax and subsidies (Experiment 2), in combination with choice preserving instruments (Experiment 2, Experiment 3).
{"title":"Sustainable Consumption: What Works Best, Carbon Taxes, Subsidies and/or Nudges?","authors":"M. Osman, Pauline Schwartz, Saul Wodak","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2021.1889553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2021.1889553","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Behavioral change techniques may show positive changes to sustainable consumption, but as with many other domains, how they interact with other typical regulatory measures is unknown. To address the empirical lacuna, the present study uses a discrete-choice set-up to simulate a lunchtime canteen in order to investigate the effects of choice preserving and choice incentivizing interventions on meal choices. Carbon tax (Experiment 1, Experiment 2) alone, behavioral interventions (Experiment 1) alone, as well in combination (Experiment 1, Experiment 2) shifted choices to a less degree than in combination. The most compelling positive behavioral change was found when introducing a redistributive pricing system that combines carbon tax and subsidies (Experiment 2), in combination with choice preserving instruments (Experiment 2, Experiment 3).","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"43 1","pages":"169 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2021.1889553","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42378232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-04DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2020.1863797
Olof Wrede, Erik Mac Giolla
Abstract We framed crime victims as lucky, through downward counterfactual comparisons, and tested this “luck framing” influence on observers’ judgments of the victims. Victims framed as lucky and aware (Experiment 1) or unaware (Experiment 3) of their luck were rated as in need of less social support than victims who were not framed as lucky. This luck framing effect generalized to victim compensation: lucky aware victims were rated as deserving of less compensation compared to unlucky victims (Experiment 2). In contrast, luck framing of victims had little influence on observers’ judgments of the severity of the sentence a perpetrator should receive (Experiment 4). Taken together, for crime victims it can be bad to be thought of as lucky.
{"title":"When It’s Bad to Be Lucky: Observers’ Judgments of Fortuitous Victims","authors":"Olof Wrede, Erik Mac Giolla","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2020.1863797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2020.1863797","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We framed crime victims as lucky, through downward counterfactual comparisons, and tested this “luck framing” influence on observers’ judgments of the victims. Victims framed as lucky and aware (Experiment 1) or unaware (Experiment 3) of their luck were rated as in need of less social support than victims who were not framed as lucky. This luck framing effect generalized to victim compensation: lucky aware victims were rated as deserving of less compensation compared to unlucky victims (Experiment 2). In contrast, luck framing of victims had little influence on observers’ judgments of the severity of the sentence a perpetrator should receive (Experiment 4). Taken together, for crime victims it can be bad to be thought of as lucky.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"43 1","pages":"110 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2020.1863797","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44716012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-04DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1881520
M. Cunningham, P. B. Druen, A. Barbee, John W. Jones, Brian W. Dreschler
Abstract The COVID-19 Behavioral Health Mindset inventory (CVBHM) was designed to protect consumers and workers by assessing biosafety risk through acceptance of responsibility for the protection of oneself and others, social distancing, and adhering to prevention measures. The 30-item inventory was evaluated in two surveys of 1,455 (Time 1) and 431 respondents (Time 2). The CVBHM has strong internal consistency (T1 α = .90, T2 α = .88), test-retest reliability (r = .84) and predictive validity with the criterion of wearing a facemask (T1 β = .64, T2 β= .60). The CVBHM was a stronger predictor of safe behavior than other individual differences, although employment status, vocational interest, personality, and demographics were related. There was a drop in CVBHM scores over the study period, with predictable exceptions.
{"title":"COVID-19 Behavioral Health Mindset Inventory: A Method for Enhancing Employee and Consumer Safety","authors":"M. Cunningham, P. B. Druen, A. Barbee, John W. Jones, Brian W. Dreschler","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2021.1881520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2021.1881520","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The COVID-19 Behavioral Health Mindset inventory (CVBHM) was designed to protect consumers and workers by assessing biosafety risk through acceptance of responsibility for the protection of oneself and others, social distancing, and adhering to prevention measures. The 30-item inventory was evaluated in two surveys of 1,455 (Time 1) and 431 respondents (Time 2). The CVBHM has strong internal consistency (T1 α = .90, T2 α = .88), test-retest reliability (r = .84) and predictive validity with the criterion of wearing a facemask (T1 β = .64, T2 β= .60). The CVBHM was a stronger predictor of safe behavior than other individual differences, although employment status, vocational interest, personality, and demographics were related. There was a drop in CVBHM scores over the study period, with predictable exceptions.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"43 1","pages":"120 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2021.1881520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41408199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-24DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1889552
K. Lam, Mingming Zhou
Abstract Many scholars have emphasized the role of passion and effort in successfully achieving goals, but others have argued that many factors can affect goal achievement. This qualitative study explored Chinese students’ perspectives on how one achieves long-term goals. We conducted individual, in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 13 Chinese university students to capture their past experiences of and perspectives on pursuing long-term goals. A new model in understanding Chinese students’ long-term goal striving was proposed with five elements identified: persistent effort, adaptability, self-confidence, self-talk, and social support. Findings from this study enriched grit research by bringing attention to the role of culture in the conceptualization of goal striving. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
{"title":"Qualitative Exploration of Chinese Students’ Perspectives on Long-Term Goal Striving","authors":"K. Lam, Mingming Zhou","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2021.1889552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2021.1889552","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Many scholars have emphasized the role of passion and effort in successfully achieving goals, but others have argued that many factors can affect goal achievement. This qualitative study explored Chinese students’ perspectives on how one achieves long-term goals. We conducted individual, in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 13 Chinese university students to capture their past experiences of and perspectives on pursuing long-term goals. A new model in understanding Chinese students’ long-term goal striving was proposed with five elements identified: persistent effort, adaptability, self-confidence, self-talk, and social support. Findings from this study enriched grit research by bringing attention to the role of culture in the conceptualization of goal striving. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"43 1","pages":"155 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2021.1889552","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45545409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-09DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2020.1843461
A. af Wåhlberg, G. Madison, U. Aasa, Jeong Jin Yu
Abstract Invariance of surveys across different groups means that the respondents interpret the items in the same way, as reflected in similar factor loadings, for example. Invariance can be assessed using various statistical procedures, such as Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis. However, these analyses require access to raw data. Here, we introduce a meta-analytic method that requires only the factor correlation matrices of samples as input. It compares the structures of intercorrelations of factors by correlating these values across two samples, yielding a value of overall similarity for how the factors intercorrelate in different samples. This method was tested in three different ways. We conclude that the method yields useful results and can assess invariance when raw data are not available.
{"title":"Meta-Analytic Analysis of Invariance Across Samples: Introducing a Method That Does Not Require Raw Data","authors":"A. af Wåhlberg, G. Madison, U. Aasa, Jeong Jin Yu","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2020.1843461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2020.1843461","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Invariance of surveys across different groups means that the respondents interpret the items in the same way, as reflected in similar factor loadings, for example. Invariance can be assessed using various statistical procedures, such as Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis. However, these analyses require access to raw data. Here, we introduce a meta-analytic method that requires only the factor correlation matrices of samples as input. It compares the structures of intercorrelations of factors by correlating these values across two samples, yielding a value of overall similarity for how the factors intercorrelate in different samples. This method was tested in three different ways. We conclude that the method yields useful results and can assess invariance when raw data are not available.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"43 1","pages":"68 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2020.1843461","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44933222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-05DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2020.1843462
Tomás A. Palma, L. Garcia-Marques
Abstract People have a remarkable capacity to process and recognize faces. Yet, they fail to recognize the faces of individuals from other racial groups - the Other-Race Effect (ORE). We investigated the role of repetition - a powerful determinant of learning and memory - in reducing the ORE. We predicted that repetition would improve face learning, particularly for other-race faces, as these are poorly learned based on a single presentation. Because own-race faces are easily learned based on a unique presentation, they should benefit less from repetition. We tested this hypothesis across five experiments. Results showed that repetition not only did not reduce the ORE, but instead, it increased it. We discuss the theoretical implications of these findings for the ORE.
{"title":"Does Repetition Always Make Perfect? Differential Effects of Repetition on Learning of Own-Race and Other-Race Faces","authors":"Tomás A. Palma, L. Garcia-Marques","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2020.1843462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2020.1843462","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract People have a remarkable capacity to process and recognize faces. Yet, they fail to recognize the faces of individuals from other racial groups - the Other-Race Effect (ORE). We investigated the role of repetition - a powerful determinant of learning and memory - in reducing the ORE. We predicted that repetition would improve face learning, particularly for other-race faces, as these are poorly learned based on a single presentation. Because own-race faces are easily learned based on a unique presentation, they should benefit less from repetition. We tested this hypothesis across five experiments. Results showed that repetition not only did not reduce the ORE, but instead, it increased it. We discuss the theoretical implications of these findings for the ORE.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"43 1","pages":"90 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2020.1843462","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45011973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2020.1837134
T. Grzyb, D. Doliński
Abstract Gilbert’s hypothesis regarding the possible effect of the feet-in-the-door procedure on obedience to an authority figure in Milgram’s paradigm was tested in the course of two studies. Neither the first experiment, conducted in a laboratory (N = 80), which was a true copy of the model proposed by Milgram, nor the second study, conducted online (N = 485), validated Gilbert’s hypothesis. Actually, the results demonstrated the opposite–fewer of those subjects who were asked to shock the “learner” with high voltage straight away refused to follow the order than those who reached the same voltage level gradually. In Study 2, we also tested the hypothesis regarding the role of a postponement as a factor in decreasing one’s obedience.
{"title":"Multiple Feet-in-the-Door and Obedience","authors":"T. Grzyb, D. Doliński","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2020.1837134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2020.1837134","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Gilbert’s hypothesis regarding the possible effect of the feet-in-the-door procedure on obedience to an authority figure in Milgram’s paradigm was tested in the course of two studies. Neither the first experiment, conducted in a laboratory (N = 80), which was a true copy of the model proposed by Milgram, nor the second study, conducted online (N = 485), validated Gilbert’s hypothesis. Actually, the results demonstrated the opposite–fewer of those subjects who were asked to shock the “learner” with high voltage straight away refused to follow the order than those who reached the same voltage level gradually. In Study 2, we also tested the hypothesis regarding the role of a postponement as a factor in decreasing one’s obedience.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"43 1","pages":"81 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2020.1837134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47824118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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