Pub Date : 2020-03-06DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2020.1734006
Danfei Hu, Janet N. Ahn, Melissa Vega, Xiaodong Lin-Siegler
Abstract Three experiments examined how role aspirants’ (i.e., people exposed to role models) views of scientists’ exceptional talent affected motivation. Study 1 demonstrated that when exposed to a scientist whose success is associated with effort (i.e., Thomas Edison), rather than inborn talent (i.e., Albert Einstein), role aspirants’ motivation increased. Study 2 found that role aspirants benefitted less from exposure to Einstein than to a non-famous scientist. Study 3 replicated and supplemented Studies 1 and 2 by further examining the directionality of motivation. Exposure to Einstein and Edison had opposing effects on motivation relative to a non-famous scientist, due to the different views role aspirants hold of their success. These results suggest that role aspirants are critical in determining role modeling outcomes.
{"title":"Not All Scientists Are Equal: Role Aspirants Influence Role Modeling Outcomes in STEM","authors":"Danfei Hu, Janet N. Ahn, Melissa Vega, Xiaodong Lin-Siegler","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2020.1734006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2020.1734006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Three experiments examined how role aspirants’ (i.e., people exposed to role models) views of scientists’ exceptional talent affected motivation. Study 1 demonstrated that when exposed to a scientist whose success is associated with effort (i.e., Thomas Edison), rather than inborn talent (i.e., Albert Einstein), role aspirants’ motivation increased. Study 2 found that role aspirants benefitted less from exposure to Einstein than to a non-famous scientist. Study 3 replicated and supplemented Studies 1 and 2 by further examining the directionality of motivation. Exposure to Einstein and Edison had opposing effects on motivation relative to a non-famous scientist, due to the different views role aspirants hold of their success. These results suggest that role aspirants are critical in determining role modeling outcomes.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"42 1","pages":"192 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2020.1734006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46351733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-03DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1695615
B. Dolińska, Jakub Jarząbek, D. Doliński
Abstract In many conducted psychological studies, it has been demonstrated that attitudes towards minority groups can change under the influence of electoral campaigns, as well as terrorist attacks, or street riots. In the first study presented in this article, we have examined whether the level of prejudice towards Muslims increases during the period preceding national and religious holidays. It was assumed that during such periods, issues of identity are accented, which may reinforce negative attitudes towards an external group not included in the category of “we”. The study was carried out following the lost letter procedure. It turned out that the prejudices thus operationalized against Muslims grew modestly in the period preceding a state holiday, and much more so in the period preceding Christmas. In the second study we activated accessibility of concepts of a national or Catholic nature, after which we measured anti-Muslim prejudices. It turned out that activated content of a religious nature influences (to a small degree) the activation of prejudices, while in respect of activation of content of a national character we did not record such an impact.
{"title":"I like You Even Less at Christmas Dinner! Prejudice Level as a Function of an Approaching National or Religious Holiday","authors":"B. Dolińska, Jakub Jarząbek, D. Doliński","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2019.1695615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2019.1695615","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In many conducted psychological studies, it has been demonstrated that attitudes towards minority groups can change under the influence of electoral campaigns, as well as terrorist attacks, or street riots. In the first study presented in this article, we have examined whether the level of prejudice towards Muslims increases during the period preceding national and religious holidays. It was assumed that during such periods, issues of identity are accented, which may reinforce negative attitudes towards an external group not included in the category of “we”. The study was carried out following the lost letter procedure. It turned out that the prejudices thus operationalized against Muslims grew modestly in the period preceding a state holiday, and much more so in the period preceding Christmas. In the second study we activated accessibility of concepts of a national or Catholic nature, after which we measured anti-Muslim prejudices. It turned out that activated content of a religious nature influences (to a small degree) the activation of prejudices, while in respect of activation of content of a national character we did not record such an impact.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"42 1","pages":"88 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2019.1695615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44140485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-03DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1695616
Jamie S Hughes, Rebeca D. Harpster, Naomi C. Gonzales
Abstract In this paper, we examine moral judgments about different entities including individuals, corporations, nonprofits, and governments following a transgression. Although there is some research examining inferences about groups, there is little work addressing attributions about institutional entities such as governments. Across six studies we found that moral character judgments are greater for governmental entities compared to other entities. This effect was driven by moral licensing and the values one shares with the government. The finding was not caused by intuitions about paternalism, the relative age of governments compared to other entities, and was also not explained by nationalism or system justification. Discussion centers on implications of the data for moral licensing theory and moral attribution.
{"title":"The Government Receives Moral License to Commit Transgressions When Compared to Other Entities","authors":"Jamie S Hughes, Rebeca D. Harpster, Naomi C. Gonzales","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2019.1695616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2019.1695616","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we examine moral judgments about different entities including individuals, corporations, nonprofits, and governments following a transgression. Although there is some research examining inferences about groups, there is little work addressing attributions about institutional entities such as governments. Across six studies we found that moral character judgments are greater for governmental entities compared to other entities. This effect was driven by moral licensing and the values one shares with the government. The finding was not caused by intuitions about paternalism, the relative age of governments compared to other entities, and was also not explained by nationalism or system justification. Discussion centers on implications of the data for moral licensing theory and moral attribution.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"42 1","pages":"114 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2019.1695616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46700348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-03DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1702881
N. Hauke, A. Abele
Abstract Negative gossip can negatively influence the gossip target as well as the gossip receiver. Building on the “Big Two” of agency and communion and their facets of assertiveness and competence (agency) and warmth and morality (communion), we show in three studies that negative gossip based on these four types of content differentially affect targets’ and receivers’ reactions. Targets’ identity threat was particularly high after negative assertiveness and warmth gossip, their reputation threat and their negative affect were especially high after negative morality gossip. Receivers’ impressions of and negative affect toward the target were most negative after negative morality gossip. Findings are discussed with respect to the Big Two framework and with respect to the target versus receiver perspective in social cognition.
{"title":"The Impact of Negative Gossip on Target and Receiver. A “Big Two” Analysis","authors":"N. Hauke, A. Abele","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2019.1702881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2019.1702881","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Negative gossip can negatively influence the gossip target as well as the gossip receiver. Building on the “Big Two” of agency and communion and their facets of assertiveness and competence (agency) and warmth and morality (communion), we show in three studies that negative gossip based on these four types of content differentially affect targets’ and receivers’ reactions. Targets’ identity threat was particularly high after negative assertiveness and warmth gossip, their reputation threat and their negative affect were especially high after negative morality gossip. Receivers’ impressions of and negative affect toward the target were most negative after negative morality gossip. Findings are discussed with respect to the Big Two framework and with respect to the target versus receiver perspective in social cognition.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"42 1","pages":"115 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2019.1702881","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45583608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-20DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2020.1716358
Conrad Baldner, Antonio Pierro, A. Kruglanski
Abstract Why do some people help others in need, and some do not? One potential answer is sympathy, which reflects an other-focused desire to help others in need. Consequentially, we posit that sympathy toward a specific target joined with the attainability of successful helping forms a helping goal. In three experiments we found that helping behavior was highest when a helping goal was present, although there was a level of superficial helping when sympathy was high but attainability low. Moreover, locomotion mode, or the tendency to move forward, was associated with a higher importance placed on attainability.
{"title":"Moving Toward Helping Behavior: The Roles of Sympathy, Helping Goal Attainability, and Locomotion Orientation","authors":"Conrad Baldner, Antonio Pierro, A. Kruglanski","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2020.1716358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2020.1716358","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Why do some people help others in need, and some do not? One potential answer is sympathy, which reflects an other-focused desire to help others in need. Consequentially, we posit that sympathy toward a specific target joined with the attainability of successful helping forms a helping goal. In three experiments we found that helping behavior was highest when a helping goal was present, although there was a level of superficial helping when sympathy was high but attainability low. Moreover, locomotion mode, or the tendency to move forward, was associated with a higher importance placed on attainability.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"42 1","pages":"133 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2020.1716358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41670042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2020.1726748
E. Koch
Abstract Self-compassion involves treating oneself kindly, acknowledging that all humans experience suffering, and maintaining a balanced awareness of negative thoughts and feelings. Three studies (N = 614) examined the potential role of self-compassion in response to interpersonal rejection. Study 1 recruited a large, diverse internet sample and explored relationships between general perceived acceptance and several outcome variables (affect, depression, self-esteem), testing whether self-compassion moderates these relationships. Similarly, Study 2 tested whether self-compassion moderates the relationships between daily acceptance/rejection and outcome variables. Finally, Study 3 tested whether a self-compassion manipulation effectively promotes coping with rejection. Taken together, results reveal that self-compassion both predicts (Studies 1 and 2) and promotes (Study 3) relatively adaptive responses to rejection. These results suggest that a self-compassionate mindset may lessen the sting of rejection.
{"title":"Remembering that “Everybody Hurts”: The Role of Self-Compassion in Responses to Rejection","authors":"E. Koch","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2020.1726748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2020.1726748","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Self-compassion involves treating oneself kindly, acknowledging that all humans experience suffering, and maintaining a balanced awareness of negative thoughts and feelings. Three studies (N = 614) examined the potential role of self-compassion in response to interpersonal rejection. Study 1 recruited a large, diverse internet sample and explored relationships between general perceived acceptance and several outcome variables (affect, depression, self-esteem), testing whether self-compassion moderates these relationships. Similarly, Study 2 tested whether self-compassion moderates the relationships between daily acceptance/rejection and outcome variables. Finally, Study 3 tested whether a self-compassion manipulation effectively promotes coping with rejection. Taken together, results reveal that self-compassion both predicts (Studies 1 and 2) and promotes (Study 3) relatively adaptive responses to rejection. These results suggest that a self-compassionate mindset may lessen the sting of rejection.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"42 1","pages":"167 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2020.1726748","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48667343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-13DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2020.1726747
Kenneth E. Vail, Joseph P. Conti, Alexis N. Goad, Dylan E. Horner
Abstract Although mortality salience (MS) typically motivates worldview defensiveness, priming an autonomy/self-determined orientation may attenuate that defensiveness. In Study 1 (n = 156) MS (vs. pain) had higher support for militaristic defense of American interests abroad, unless participants were also primed with autonomy-oriented (vs. controlled) concepts. In Study 2 (n = 205), a pilot survey found participants were strongly aware of and interested in the cultural value of tolerance; MS (vs. neutral) had higher defense of that salient value in the form of support for more expansive/accepting immigration policy, unless participants were primed to recall autonomous/self-determined (vs. controlled) experiences. These findings bear implications for both aggressive and prosocial existential defenses, political ideology, and the intersection of existential defense and growth orientations.
{"title":"Existential Threat Fuels Worldview Defense, but not after Priming Autonomy Orientation","authors":"Kenneth E. Vail, Joseph P. Conti, Alexis N. Goad, Dylan E. Horner","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2020.1726747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2020.1726747","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although mortality salience (MS) typically motivates worldview defensiveness, priming an autonomy/self-determined orientation may attenuate that defensiveness. In Study 1 (n = 156) MS (vs. pain) had higher support for militaristic defense of American interests abroad, unless participants were also primed with autonomy-oriented (vs. controlled) concepts. In Study 2 (n = 205), a pilot survey found participants were strongly aware of and interested in the cultural value of tolerance; MS (vs. neutral) had higher defense of that salient value in the form of support for more expansive/accepting immigration policy, unless participants were primed to recall autonomous/self-determined (vs. controlled) experiences. These findings bear implications for both aggressive and prosocial existential defenses, political ideology, and the intersection of existential defense and growth orientations.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"42 1","pages":"150 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2020.1726747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46081082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-20DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2020.1714622
K. Fiedler
Abstract Virtually all scientific outlets, including the most prestigious journals, have implemented strict rules of α and (1–β) control, supposed to quantify the probability of a significant result assuming H0 and H1, respectively. However, estimation of α and β rests on the untenable assumption that a systematic effect ΔY in the dependent variable cannot be brought about by any other causal influence than the influence ΔX stated in H1 and negated in H0. Yet, in a given study, empirical evidence on ΔY related to ΔX can always reflect extraneous causal influences, because no treatment or measurement tool affords a pure measure of X and Y, respectively. Consequently, α and β cannot quantify error probabilities in specific studies.
{"title":"Elusive Alpha and Beta Control in a Multicausal World","authors":"K. Fiedler","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2020.1714622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2020.1714622","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Virtually all scientific outlets, including the most prestigious journals, have implemented strict rules of α and (1–β) control, supposed to quantify the probability of a significant result assuming H0 and H1, respectively. However, estimation of α and β rests on the untenable assumption that a systematic effect ΔY in the dependent variable cannot be brought about by any other causal influence than the influence ΔX stated in H1 and negated in H0. Yet, in a given study, empirical evidence on ΔY related to ΔX can always reflect extraneous causal influences, because no treatment or measurement tool affords a pure measure of X and Y, respectively. Consequently, α and β cannot quantify error probabilities in specific studies.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"42 1","pages":"79 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2020.1714622","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44302470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1689364
Magnus Bergquist
Abstract People tend to perceive themselves as better than average in various contexts. In this article I test if the better-than-average effect (BTAE) also holds for pro-environmental behavioral engagement. Experiment 1 supported that the majority of participants report to be more pro-environmental than others, using a large representative sample. Experiment 2 validated these findings in 3 additional cultures (United States, United Kingdom, and India) and showed that BTAE held for both abstract (other Americans) and concrete (my friends) comparisons. Experiment 3 found that participants overestimated both how “much” and how “often” they engage in pro-environmental actions. Finally, Experiment 4 found weak support for the hypothesis that inducing BTAE are inhibiting future pro-environmental behaviors.
{"title":"Most People Think They Are More Pro-Environmental than Others: A Demonstration of the Better-than-Average Effect in Perceived Pro-Environmental Behavioral Engagement","authors":"Magnus Bergquist","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2019.1689364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2019.1689364","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract People tend to perceive themselves as better than average in various contexts. In this article I test if the better-than-average effect (BTAE) also holds for pro-environmental behavioral engagement. Experiment 1 supported that the majority of participants report to be more pro-environmental than others, using a large representative sample. Experiment 2 validated these findings in 3 additional cultures (United States, United Kingdom, and India) and showed that BTAE held for both abstract (other Americans) and concrete (my friends) comparisons. Experiment 3 found that participants overestimated both how “much” and how “often” they engage in pro-environmental actions. Finally, Experiment 4 found weak support for the hypothesis that inducing BTAE are inhibiting future pro-environmental behaviors.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"42 1","pages":"50 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2019.1689364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44819378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1689363
P. Norlander, Geoffrey C. Ho, M. Shih, Daniel J. Walters, Todd L. Pittinsky
Abstract Discrimination against the unemployed operates through attributions, is unjustifiable, and is nearly instantaneous. Experimental Studies 1 and 2 find that unemployment discrimination operates through attributions, as emphasizing an uncontrollable and external cause for unemployment onset alleviates discrimination. Experimental Studies 3 and 4 find that unemployment stigma is unjustifiable on productivity grounds, as formerly unemployed workers are judged negatively once on the job, even when we control for on-the-job performance. Across the studies, unemployed workers are perceived not only as less competent but also as less warm. Study 5 is a field study in which fictionalized resumes are sent to real employers. Controlling for qualifications, it finds that discrimination against the unemployed occurs nearly instantaneously to becoming unemployed.
{"title":"The Role of Psychological Stigmatization in Unemployment Discrimination","authors":"P. Norlander, Geoffrey C. Ho, M. Shih, Daniel J. Walters, Todd L. Pittinsky","doi":"10.1080/01973533.2019.1689363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2019.1689363","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Discrimination against the unemployed operates through attributions, is unjustifiable, and is nearly instantaneous. Experimental Studies 1 and 2 find that unemployment discrimination operates through attributions, as emphasizing an uncontrollable and external cause for unemployment onset alleviates discrimination. Experimental Studies 3 and 4 find that unemployment stigma is unjustifiable on productivity grounds, as formerly unemployed workers are judged negatively once on the job, even when we control for on-the-job performance. Across the studies, unemployed workers are perceived not only as less competent but also as less warm. Study 5 is a field study in which fictionalized resumes are sent to real employers. Controlling for qualifications, it finds that discrimination against the unemployed occurs nearly instantaneously to becoming unemployed.","PeriodicalId":48014,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology","volume":"42 1","pages":"29 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01973533.2019.1689363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41428237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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