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How Digital Platforms Organize Immaturity: A Sociosymbolic Framework of Platform Power 数字平台如何组织不成熟:平台力量的社会主体框架
IF 3 2区 哲学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.1017/beq.2022.40
Martín Harracá, Itziar Castelló, A. Gawer
The power of the digital platforms and the increasing scope of their control over individuals and institutions have begun to generate societal concern. However, the ways in which digital platforms exercise power and organize immaturity—defined as the erosion of the individual’s capacity for public use of reason—have not yet been theorized sufficiently. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concepts of field, capitals, and habitus, we take a sociosymbolic perspective on platforms’ power dynamics, characterizing the digital habitus and identifying specific forms of platform power and counterpower accumulation. We make two main contributions. First, we expand the concept of organized immaturity by adopting a sociological perspective, from which we develop a novel sociosymbolic view of platforms’ power dynamics. Our framework explains fundamental aspects of immaturity, such as self-infliction and emergence. Second, we contribute to the platform literature by developing a three-phase model of platform power dynamics over time.
数字平台的力量及其对个人和机构的控制范围越来越大,已经开始引起社会的关注。然而,数字平台行使权力和组织不成熟的方式——被定义为侵蚀个人公开使用理性的能力——尚未得到充分的理论化。借鉴布迪厄关于领域、资本和习惯的概念,我们从社会象征的角度看待平台的权力动态,刻画数字习惯,并确定平台权力和反权力积累的具体形式。我们有两个主要贡献。首先,我们采用社会学的视角扩展了组织不成熟的概念,从中我们发展了一种新的平台权力动态的社会符号观。我们的框架解释了不成熟的基本方面,比如自我施加和出现。其次,我们通过开发平台功率随时间动态的三阶段模型,为平台文献做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 1
Hiring, Algorithms, and Choice: Why Interviews Still Matter 招聘、算法和选择:为什么面试仍然很重要
IF 3 2区 哲学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.1017/beq.2022.41
Vikram R. Bhargava, Pooria Assadi
Why do organizations conduct job interviews? The traditional view of interviewing holds that interviews are conducted, despite their steep costs, to predict a candidate’s future performance and fit. This view faces a twofold threat: the behavioral and algorithmic threats. Specifically, an overwhelming body of behavioral research suggests that we are bad at predicting performance and fit; furthermore, algorithms are already better than us at making these predictions in various domains. If the traditional view captures the whole story, then interviews seem to be a costly, archaic human resources procedure sustained by managerial overconfidence. However, building on T. M. Scanlon’s work, we offer the value of choice theory of interviewing and argue that interviews can be vindicated once we recognize that they generate commonly overlooked kinds of noninstrumental value. On our view, interviews should thus not be entirely replaced by algorithms, however sophisticated algorithms ultimately become at predicting performance and fit.
为什么组织要进行面试?传统的面试观点认为,尽管面试成本很高,但面试是为了预测候选人未来的表现和适合程度。这种观点面临着双重威胁:行为威胁和算法威胁。具体来说,大量的行为研究表明,我们不善于预测表现和契合度;此外,在许多领域,算法已经比我们更擅长做出这些预测。如果传统观点抓住了整个故事,那么面试似乎是一种昂贵的、过时的人力资源程序,由管理层的过度自信维持。然而,在T. M.斯坎伦工作的基础上,我们提出了面试的选择价值理论,并认为,一旦我们认识到面试产生了通常被忽视的非工具价值,面试就可以被证明是正确的。在我们看来,面试不应该完全被算法所取代,尽管复杂的算法最终会在预测表现和契合度方面发挥作用。
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引用次数: 1
Corporate Moral Credit 企业道德信用
IF 3 2区 哲学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-02-07 DOI: 10.1017/beq.2022.33
Grant J. Rozeboom
When do companies deserve moral credit for doing what is right? This question concerns the positive side of corporate moral responsibility, the negative side of which is the more commonly discussed issue of when companies are blameworthy for doing what is wrong. I offer a broadly functionalist account of how companies can act from morally creditworthy motives, which defuses the following Strawsonian challenge to the claim that they can: morally creditworthy motivation involves being guided by attitudes of “goodwill” for others, and these attitudes involve affect and/or phenomenal consciousness, which corporate agents cannot maintain. In response, I show that what matters about being guided by attitudes of goodwill is being directly concerned for others in one’s practical deliberation. Companies can achieve this direct concern through their decision-making procedures without affect or phenomenal consciousness. I also explore how a company’s moral creditworthiness, or lack thereof, should shape stakeholders’ relationship with it.
什么时候公司应该因为做了正确的事情而得到道德上的赞扬?这个问题涉及企业道德责任的积极方面,而消极方面则是更常被讨论的问题,即公司什么时候应该为做错的事情而受到谴责。我提供了一个广泛的功能主义的解释,说明公司如何从道德上值得信赖的动机行动,这消除了以下斯特劳森对他们可以的说法的挑战:道德上值得信赖的动机包括由对他人的“善意”态度引导,这些态度涉及到影响和/或现象意识,这是公司代理人无法维持的。作为回应,我表明,在善意的态度指导下,重要的是在一个人的实际考虑中直接关心他人。企业可以通过其决策程序实现这种直接关注,而不需要影响或现象意识。我还探讨了一家公司的道德信誉,或缺乏道德信誉,应该如何塑造利益相关者与它的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Care in Management: A Review and Justification of an Organizational Value 管理中的关怀:组织价值的回顾与论证
IF 3 2区 哲学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1017/beq.2022.31
D. Arnold, Roxanne L. Ross
Care has increasingly been promoted as an element of successful management practice. However, an ethic of care is a normative theory that was initially developed in reference to intimate relationships, and it is unclear if it is an appropriate normative standard in business. The purpose of this review is to bridge the social scientific study of care with philosophical understandings of care and to provide a theoretical justification for care as a managerial value. We review the three different forms of care advanced by the ethics literature: caring relations, organizational care, and care as a virtue. We compare these forms of care to the management litertature. In doing so, we integrate what has previously been a scattered, yet growing, body of research on care. Our review of the literature reveals that care has increasingly been studied in management in relation to an ethic of care. Yet, many of the properties of care have also played a role in other established research domains (e.g., leadership). We discuss and critique the management and ethics literatures on care, paying attention to areas of agreement or disagreeement between the two. We go on to provide a normative justification of care as a value in business. Finally, we close by suggesting directions for future research.
护理越来越多地被宣传为成功管理实践的一个要素。然而,关怀伦理是一种规范性理论,最初是根据亲密关系发展起来的,目前尚不清楚它是否是商业中合适的规范性标准。本综述的目的是将护理的社会科学研究与护理的哲学理解联系起来,并为护理作为一种管理价值提供理论依据。我们回顾了伦理文献提出的三种不同形式的关怀:关怀关系、组织关怀和作为美德的关怀。我们将这些护理形式与管理方式进行比较。在这样做的过程中,我们整合了以前分散但不断增长的护理研究。我们对文献的回顾表明,护理在管理中越来越多地与护理伦理相关。然而,护理的许多特性也在其他既定的研究领域(如领导力)中发挥了作用。我们讨论和批评了有关护理的管理和伦理文献,关注了两者之间的一致或不一致之处。我们继续为护理作为商业价值提供规范性的理由。最后,我们提出了未来研究的方向。
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引用次数: 0
Moral Disjunction and Role Coadunation in Business and the Professions 商业和职业中的道德脱节和角色协调
IF 3 2区 哲学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.1017/beq.2022.32
Rita Mota, A. Morrison
We consider the problem of moral disjunction in professional and business activities from a virtue-ethical perspective. Moral disjunction arises when the behavioral demands of a role conflict with personal morality; it is an important problem because most people in modern societies occupy several complex roles that can cause this clash to occur. We argue that moral disjunction, and the psychological mechanisms that people use to cope with it, are problematic because they make it hard to pursue virtue and to live with integrity. We present role coadunation as a process with epistemic and behavioral aspects that people can use to resolve moral disjunction with integrity. When role coadunation is successful, it enables people to live virtuous lives of appropriate narrative disunity and to honor their identity-conferring commitments. We show how role coadunation can be facilitated by interpretive communities and discuss the emergence and ideal features of those communities.
我们从道德伦理的角度来考虑职业和商业活动中的道德脱节问题。当角色的行为要求与个人道德相冲突时,就会产生道德脱节;这是一个重要的问题,因为现代社会中的大多数人都扮演着多种复杂的角色,这些角色可能会导致这种冲突的发生。我们认为,道德脱节以及人们用来应对这种脱节的心理机制是有问题的,因为它们使追求美德和正直生活变得困难。我们将角色互助描述为一个具有认识和行为方面的过程,人们可以用它来完整地解决道德脱节。当角色合作成功时,它使人们能够过上适当的叙事不统一的美好生活,并履行他们赋予身份的承诺。我们展示了解释性社区如何促进角色合作,并讨论了这些社区的出现和理想特征。
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引用次数: 0
Dark Sides of Data Transparency: Organized Immaturity After GDPR? 数据透明的阴暗面:GDPR后组织的不成熟?
IF 3 2区 哲学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-01-20 DOI: 10.1017/beq.2022.30
F. Schade
Organized immaturity refers to the capacity of widely institutionalized sociotechnical systems to challenge qualities of human enlightenment, autonomy, and self-determination. In the context of surveillance capitalism, where these qualities are continuously put at risk, data transparency is increasingly proposed as a means of restoring human maturity by allowing individuals insight and choice vis-à-vis corporate data processing. In this article, however, I draw on research on General Data Protection Regulation–mandated data transparency practices to argue that transparency—while potentially fostering maturity—itself risks producing new forms of organized immaturity by facilitating user ignorance, manipulation, and loss of control of personal data. Considering data transparency’s relative “successes” and “failures” regarding the cultivation of maturity, I outline a set of possible remedies while arguing for a general need to develop more sophisticated ethical appreciations of transparency’s complex and potentially problematic implications for organized (im)maturity in the digital age.
有组织的不成熟是指广泛制度化的社会技术系统挑战人类启蒙、自主和自决品质的能力。在监控资本主义的背景下,这些品质不断面临风险,数据透明度越来越多地被认为是恢复人类成熟度的一种手段,通过允许个人对公司数据处理进行洞察和选择。然而,在这篇文章中,我引用了对《通用数据保护条例》(General Data Protection Regulation)的研究,即强制性的数据透明度实践,认为透明度在潜在地促进成熟的同时,也有可能通过促进用户的无知、操纵和失去对个人数据的控制而产生新形式的有组织的不成熟。考虑到数据透明度在成熟度培养方面的相对“成功”和“失败”,我概述了一套可能的补救措施,同时主张普遍需要对透明度对数字时代有组织(im)成熟度的复杂和潜在问题的影响进行更复杂的道德理解。
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引用次数: 1
Toward a Theory of Marginalized Stakeholder-Centric Entrepreneurship 走向以利益相关者为中心的边缘化创业理论
IF 3 2区 哲学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-01-19 DOI: 10.1017/beq.2022.29
Rashedur Chowdhury, S. Sarasvathy, R. Freeman
The neglect of marginalized stakeholders is a colossal problem in both stakeholder and entrepreneurship streams of literature. To address this problem, we offer a theory of marginalized stakeholder-centric entrepreneurship. We conceptualize how firms can utilize marginalized stakeholder input actualization through which firms should process a variety of ideas, resources, and interactions with marginalized stakeholders and then filter, internalize, and, finally, realize important elements that improve a variety of related socioeconomic, ethical, racial, contextual, political, and identity issues. This input actualization process enables firms to innovate with marginalized stakeholders and develop marginalized stakeholder capabilities. To this end, firms fulfill both their moral and entrepreneurial claims to marginalized stakeholders.
忽视边缘化的利益相关者在利益相关者和创业的文学流中都是一个巨大的问题。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一个边缘化的以利益相关者为中心的创业理论。我们概念化了企业如何利用边缘化利益相关者输入实现,通过这种方式,企业应该处理各种想法、资源和与边缘化利益相关者的互动,然后过滤、内化,并最终实现改善各种相关社会经济、伦理、种族、背景、政治和身份问题的重要因素。这种输入实现过程使企业能够与边缘化利益相关者一起创新,并发展边缘化利益相关者的能力。为此,企业履行了对边缘利益相关者的道德和创业要求。
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引用次数: 8
Technology, Maturity, and Craft: Making Vinyl Records in the Digital Age 技术、成熟和工艺:在数字时代制作黑胶唱片
IF 3 2区 哲学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-01-18 DOI: 10.1017/beq.2022.26
R. Holt, Rene Wiedner
Drawing from Michel Foucault’s reading of Immanuel Kant’s essay “What is Enlightenment?,” and specifically his definition of ascesis, we associate maturity with a capacity for, and interest in, forming the self. On the basis of an empirical study of making vinyl records following the successful commercialization of digital media, we identify micro-disciplinary techniques of self-forming that emerge as enthusiasts steadily learn the craft of vinyl record manufacturing. It is, we argue, through technology, rather than against it, that organizational immaturity can be resisted. Craftwork involves testing and transforming, rather than just acquiring, traditional skills. Maturity involves an ongoing struggle of selectively and reflectively engaging with technologies via attempts to be the subject of one’s own subjection. The former contributes to the latter.
引用米歇尔·福柯对伊曼努尔·康德的文章《什么是启蒙?》,特别是他对苦行的定义,我们将成熟与形成自我的能力和兴趣联系在一起。在数字媒体成功商业化之后制作黑胶唱片的实证研究的基础上,我们确定了自成型的微学科技术,这些技术随着发烧友稳步学习黑胶唱片制作工艺而出现。我们认为,正是通过技术,而不是反对技术,我们才能抵制组织的不成熟。工艺包括测试和转化,而不仅仅是获取传统技能。成熟包括通过尝试成为自己的臣服主体而选择性地和反思地参与技术的持续斗争。前者有助于后者。
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引用次数: 3
Who Counts in Business Ethics 商业道德中谁最重要
IF 3 2区 哲学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/beq.2022.34
Kirsten Martin
The discipline of business ethics has been slow to include Big Tech as a worthwhile object of examination. My goal in this presidential address is to make the case that the discipline of business ethics is overlooking novel harms and marginalized stakeholders in emerging and impactful technology industries. Furthermore, although the discipline is improving, the persistent narrowness of our field inhibits our ability to identify and examine novel issues in these important industries. I use standpoint theory to suggest one reason why we remain narrow in what we think counts in business ethics as valid objects of concern: because we are similarly narrow in who counts as a business ethicist. As scholars, we are a lens that we train on the world to identify who counts as a scholar, what we study, and who matters.
商业伦理学科在将大型科技公司纳入有价值的研究对象方面进展缓慢。我在这次总统演讲中的目标是说明,在新兴和有影响力的科技行业中,商业道德学科忽视了新的危害和边缘化的利益相关者。此外,尽管这门学科正在进步,但我们领域的持续狭窄抑制了我们在这些重要行业中识别和研究新问题的能力。我使用立场理论来提出一个原因,为什么我们仍然狭隘地认为在商业伦理中,什么是有效的关注对象:因为我们同样狭隘地认为谁是商业伦理学家。作为学者,我们是一个镜头,我们通过训练来观察世界,以确定谁是学者,我们研究什么,谁是重要的。
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引用次数: 1
Guest Editors’ Introduction: The Challenges and Prospects of Deliberative Democracy for Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility 客座编辑简介:协商民主对企业可持续性和责任的挑战与展望
IF 3 2区 哲学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/beq.2022.35
D. Gilbert, A. Rasche, Maximilian J. L. Schormair, Abraham Singer
This introduction argues that the use of the concept of deliberative democracy in corporate social responsibility (CSR) research needs to be theoretically extended. We review three developments that have recently occurred in deliberative democracy theory within political science and philosophy: 1) the conceptualization of deliberative systems (macro level), 2) the considerations of mini-publics (micro level), and 3) the role of online deliberation. We discuss the challenges and prospects that incorporating these three developments into future CSR-related research creates. We thereby also introduce the articles in this special issue and show how they connect to each of the three developments. On the basis of this discussion, we outline the contours for a more general program of distributed deliberative CSR that enables CSR scholars to incorporate an updated understanding of deliberative democracy theory into their future work.
本文认为,协商民主概念在企业社会责任研究中的应用需要在理论上进行扩展。我们回顾了最近政治学和哲学中协商民主理论的三个发展:1)协商系统的概念化(宏观层面),2)对小公众的考虑(微观层面),以及3)在线协商的作用。我们讨论了将这三个发展纳入未来企业社会责任相关研究所带来的挑战和前景。因此,我们还将介绍本期特刊中的文章,并展示它们如何与这三个发展中的每一个联系起来。在这一讨论的基础上,我们概述了一个更通用的分布式协商企业社会责任计划的轮廓,该计划使企业社会责任学者能够将对协商民主理论的最新理解纳入他们未来的工作中。
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引用次数: 1
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Business Ethics Quarterly
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