This paper provides the first causal evidence on the impact of college adviser quality on student outcomes. To do so, we exploit a unique setting where students are randomly assigned to faculty advisers during their first year of college. We find that higher adviser value added (VA) substantially improves freshman year GPA, time to complete freshman year and four-year graduation rates. Additionally, higher adviser VA increases high-ability students’ likelihood of enrolling and graduating with a STEM degree. Our results indicate that allocating resources towards improving the quality of academic advising may play a key role in promoting college success. (JEL I23, I26, J24, J31, O15)
{"title":"Adviser Value Added and Student Outcomes: Evidence from Randomly Assigned College Advisers","authors":"Serena Canaan, Antoine Deeb, Pierre Mouganie","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200778","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides the first causal evidence on the impact of college adviser quality on student outcomes. To do so, we exploit a unique setting where students are randomly assigned to faculty advisers during their first year of college. We find that higher adviser value added (VA) substantially improves freshman year GPA, time to complete freshman year and four-year graduation rates. Additionally, higher adviser VA increases high-ability students’ likelihood of enrolling and graduating with a STEM degree. Our results indicate that allocating resources towards improving the quality of academic advising may play a key role in promoting college success. (JEL I23, I26, J24, J31, O15)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87349228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mandatory disclosure policies are implemented broadly despite sparse evidence that they improve market outcomes. We study the effects of requiring home sellers to provide buyers with certified audits of residential energy efficiency. Using similar nearby homes as a comparison group, we find that this requirement increases price premiums for energy efficiency and encourages energy-saving investments. We additionally present evidence highlighting the market failure—incomplete information by both buyers and sellers—that prevents widespread voluntary disclosure of energy efficiency in housing transactions. Our findings support that disclosure policies can improve market outcomes in settings with symmetrically incomplete information. (JEL D83, K32, L98, Q41, Q48, R31)
{"title":"Mandatory Energy Efficiency Disclosure in Housing Markets","authors":"Erica Myers, Steven L. Puller, Jeremy West","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200539","url":null,"abstract":"Mandatory disclosure policies are implemented broadly despite sparse evidence that they improve market outcomes. We study the effects of requiring home sellers to provide buyers with certified audits of residential energy efficiency. Using similar nearby homes as a comparison group, we find that this requirement increases price premiums for energy efficiency and encourages energy-saving investments. We additionally present evidence highlighting the market failure—incomplete information by both buyers and sellers—that prevents widespread voluntary disclosure of energy efficiency in housing transactions. Our findings support that disclosure policies can improve market outcomes in settings with symmetrically incomplete information. (JEL D83, K32, L98, Q41, Q48, R31)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84074677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timothy J Layton, Nicole Maestas, Daniel Prinz, Boris Vabson
{"title":"Healthcare Rationing in Public Insurance Programs: Evidence from Medicaid.","authors":"Timothy J Layton, Nicole Maestas, Daniel Prinz, Boris Vabson","doi":"10.1257/pol.20190628","DOIUrl":"10.1257/pol.20190628","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"14 4","pages":"397-431"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9945909/pdf/nihms-1867704.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10800045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyze the impact of expanded adult Medicaid eligibility on the enrollment of already-eligible children. We analyze the 2008 Oregon Medicaid lottery, in which some low-income uninsured adults were randomly selected to be allowed to apply for Medicaid. Children in these households were eligible for Medicaid irrespective of the lottery outcome. We estimate statistically significant but transitory impacts of adult lottery selection on child Medicaid enrollment: at three months after the lottery, for every 9 adults who enrolled in Medicaid due to winning the lottery, one additional child also enrolled. Our results shed light on the existence, magnitude, and nature of so-called "woodwork effects".
{"title":"Out of the Woodwork: Enrollment Spillovers in the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment.","authors":"Adam Sacarny, Katherine Baicker, Amy Finkelstein","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We analyze the impact of expanded adult Medicaid eligibility on the enrollment of already-eligible children. We analyze the 2008 Oregon Medicaid lottery, in which some low-income uninsured adults were randomly selected to be allowed to apply for Medicaid. Children in these households were eligible for Medicaid irrespective of the lottery outcome. We estimate statistically significant but transitory impacts of adult lottery selection on child Medicaid enrollment: at three months after the lottery, for every 9 adults who enrolled in Medicaid due to winning the lottery, one additional child also enrolled. Our results shed light on the existence, magnitude, and nature of so-called \"woodwork effects\".</p>","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"14 3","pages":"273-295"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9576198/pdf/nihms-1810780.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40340609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a widely cited study, Fitzpatrick (2015) found that more than one quarter of Illinois teachers were unwilling to pay 19 cents for pension enhancements worth one dollar in present value. We revisit this finding by tracking the same cohort of teachers to retirement, permitting exact measurement of service years and the annuity received. The vast majority of teachers purchased the upgrade. Among those who did not, the net benefit of the upgrade is negative given their retirement timing. The complex relationship between the timing of retirement and potential gain in pension wealth makes drawing inferences about teachers’ willingness to pay for this benefit difficult. (JEL H75, I21, J26, J32, J45)
{"title":"How Much Are Public School Teachers Willing to Pay for Their Retirement Benefits? Comment","authors":"Shawn Ni, M. Podgursky, Fangda Wang","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200763","url":null,"abstract":"In a widely cited study, Fitzpatrick (2015) found that more than one quarter of Illinois teachers were unwilling to pay 19 cents for pension enhancements worth one dollar in present value. We revisit this finding by tracking the same cohort of teachers to retirement, permitting exact measurement of service years and the annuity received. The vast majority of teachers purchased the upgrade. Among those who did not, the net benefit of the upgrade is negative given their retirement timing. The complex relationship between the timing of retirement and potential gain in pension wealth makes drawing inferences about teachers’ willingness to pay for this benefit difficult. (JEL H75, I21, J26, J32, J45)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82745232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Pollakowski, D. Weinberg, Fredrik W. Andersson, J. Haltiwanger, G. Palloni, Mark Kutzbach
We create a national-level longitudinal dataset to analyze how children’s participation in public and voucher-assisted housing affects age-26 earnings and adult incarceration. Naïve OLS estimates suggest that returns to subsidized housing participation are negative, but that relationship is driven by household selection into assisted housing. Household fixed effects estimates indicate that additional years of public housing increase earnings by 6.2 percent for females and 6.1 percent for males, while voucher-assisted housing increases earnings by 4.8 percent for females and 2.7 percent for males. Childhood participation in assisted housing also reduces the likelihood of adult incarceration for all household race/ethnicity groups. (JEL I38, J13, J31, K42, R38)
{"title":"Childhood Housing and Adult Outcomes: A Between-Siblings Analysis of Housing Vouchers and Public Housing","authors":"H. Pollakowski, D. Weinberg, Fredrik W. Andersson, J. Haltiwanger, G. Palloni, Mark Kutzbach","doi":"10.1257/pol.20180144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180144","url":null,"abstract":"We create a national-level longitudinal dataset to analyze how children’s participation in public and voucher-assisted housing affects age-26 earnings and adult incarceration. Naïve OLS estimates suggest that returns to subsidized housing participation are negative, but that relationship is driven by household selection into assisted housing. Household fixed effects estimates indicate that additional years of public housing increase earnings by 6.2 percent for females and 6.1 percent for males, while voucher-assisted housing increases earnings by 4.8 percent for females and 2.7 percent for males. Childhood participation in assisted housing also reduces the likelihood of adult incarceration for all household race/ethnicity groups. (JEL I38, J13, J31, K42, R38)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90874877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I analyze how two reforms, introduced to expand college access in Brazil, impacted enrollments of low-SES students. The first policy centralized applications in a nationwide platform (SISU), and the second expanded affirmative action quotas (AA) to a uniform share of 50 percent of vacancies offered by degree. Results show that SISU changes enrollment decisions of high-SES students, crowding out low-SES groups from the least competitive degrees disproportionately. In contrast, AA increases enrollments of low-SES individuals not only mechanically but also through behavioral responses. Finally, their interaction creates a complementary effect, protecting the low-SES groups from the crowding-out of centralization. (JEL I23, I24, I28, O15)
{"title":"Centralized Admissions, Affirmative Action, and Access of Low-Income Students to Higher Education","authors":"Ursula Mello","doi":"10.1257/pol.20190639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190639","url":null,"abstract":"I analyze how two reforms, introduced to expand college access in Brazil, impacted enrollments of low-SES students. The first policy centralized applications in a nationwide platform (SISU), and the second expanded affirmative action quotas (AA) to a uniform share of 50 percent of vacancies offered by degree. Results show that SISU changes enrollment decisions of high-SES students, crowding out low-SES groups from the least competitive degrees disproportionately. In contrast, AA increases enrollments of low-SES individuals not only mechanically but also through behavioral responses. Finally, their interaction creates a complementary effect, protecting the low-SES groups from the crowding-out of centralization. (JEL I23, I24, I28, O15)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84428766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I measure the effect of child marriage bans on female educational attainment and employment using a difference-in-differences approach employing subnational spatial and cohort variation in a sample of over 250,000 female respondents from 17 low- and middle-income countries banning child marriage between 1995 and 2012. My results using the full study sample suggest that raising the minimum legal age of marriage to 18 increased age at marriage, age at first birth, and the likelihood of employment. In urban areas, the bans also reduced child marriage and increased educational attainment. Effects of the bans typically were smaller in rural areas, in countries with a lower pre-ban minimum legal age at marriage, for cohorts with lower temporal exposure to the ban, and for reducing marriage at ages just below 18, consistent with imperfect enforcement. (JEL I21, J12, J13, J16, J18, K38, O15)
{"title":"Child Marriage Bans and Female Schooling and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Natural Experiments in 17 Low- and Middle-Income Countries","authors":"Nicholas L. Wilson","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200008","url":null,"abstract":"I measure the effect of child marriage bans on female educational attainment and employment using a difference-in-differences approach employing subnational spatial and cohort variation in a sample of over 250,000 female respondents from 17 low- and middle-income countries banning child marriage between 1995 and 2012. My results using the full study sample suggest that raising the minimum legal age of marriage to 18 increased age at marriage, age at first birth, and the likelihood of employment. In urban areas, the bans also reduced child marriage and increased educational attainment. Effects of the bans typically were smaller in rural areas, in countries with a lower pre-ban minimum legal age at marriage, for cohorts with lower temporal exposure to the ban, and for reducing marriage at ages just below 18, consistent with imperfect enforcement. (JEL I21, J12, J13, J16, J18, K38, O15)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83598243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the impact of temperature on mortality in Mexico using daily data over the period 1998–2017 and find that 3.8 percent of deaths in Mexico are caused by suboptimal temperature (26,000 every year). However, 92 percent of weather-related deaths are induced by cold (<12°C) or mildly cold ( 12–20°C) days and only 2 percent by outstandingly hot days (>32°C). Furthermore, temperatures are twice as likely to kill people in the bottom half of the income distribution. Finally, we show causal evidence that the Seguro Popular, a universal health care policy, has saved at least 1,600 lives per year from cold weather since 2004. (JEL I12, I13, I14, O13, O15, Q54)
{"title":"Mortality, Temperature, and Public Health Provision: Evidence from Mexico","authors":"F. Cohen, Antoine Dechezleprêtre","doi":"10.1257/pol.20180594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180594","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the impact of temperature on mortality in Mexico using daily data over the period 1998–2017 and find that 3.8 percent of deaths in Mexico are caused by suboptimal temperature (26,000 every year). However, 92 percent of weather-related deaths are induced by cold (<12°C) or mildly cold ( 12–20°C) days and only 2 percent by outstandingly hot days (>32°C). Furthermore, temperatures are twice as likely to kill people in the bottom half of the income distribution. Finally, we show causal evidence that the Seguro Popular, a universal health care policy, has saved at least 1,600 lives per year from cold weather since 2004. (JEL I12, I13, I14, O13, O15, Q54)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84023315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid expansion of charter schools has fueled concerns about their impact on traditional public schools. I estimate the effect of charter openings on traditional public schools in Massachusetts and North Carolina by comparing schools near actual charter sites to those near proposed sites that were never occupied. I find charter openings reduced public school enrollment by around 5 percent and reduced White enrollment in North Carolina. I find no impact on student achievement, and my 95 percent confidence intervals rule out effects larger than ± 0.05 standard deviations. I find no effects on attendance or suspensions. (JEL H75, I21, I28, J15)
{"title":"The Effect of Charter School Openings on Traditional Public Schools in Massachusetts and North Carolina","authors":"Kirsten Slungaard Mumma","doi":"10.1257/pol.20190457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190457","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of charter schools has fueled concerns about their impact on traditional public schools. I estimate the effect of charter openings on traditional public schools in Massachusetts and North Carolina by comparing schools near actual charter sites to those near proposed sites that were never occupied. I find charter openings reduced public school enrollment by around 5 percent and reduced White enrollment in North Carolina. I find no impact on student achievement, and my 95 percent confidence intervals rule out effects larger than ± 0.05 standard deviations. I find no effects on attendance or suspensions. (JEL H75, I21, I28, J15)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83435952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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